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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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Trauma can positively or negatively contribute to one's daily life. Trauma such as abuse, violence or accidents can negatively impact people by causing depression, anxiety or unhealthy behaviors. However, trauma can also lead people to develop resilience, empathy and strength as they learn to cope and recover.

Understanding trauma is important because it allows individuals, caregivers, and professionals to recognize and address the impact of traumatic experiences on mental, emotional, and physical well-being. By understanding trauma, people can provide appropriate support, interventions, and resources to help mitigate the negative effects and promote healing and resilience.

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Childhood Trauma, Post Trauma Effects, Positive and Negative effects of Trauma, Long-term effects of Trauma, Impacts of Trauma Physically, Mentally, and Socially, Prevention, and ways to treat trauma

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How does trauma positively or negatively contribute to one’s daily life? ( Social, Scientific, Futuristic, and Environmental )

Individual Research Question: How does trauma negatively affect an individual socially and mentally? ( Social and Scientific )

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1.  It is important to consider the social lens because it helps us understand how different groups of people have interacted with each other. That's it is important to understand social lens psychology because it provides a lens into how group dynamics can influence choices and behavior through a range of different perspectives. The reasons why an individual may act in a certain way can be determined by their team environment or by the impact of society.

2.  All of these themes connect first I started with two specific events COVID-19 and 9/11 how these two events had a major impact on people's mental and social but these events traumatic impact on people later and impacted their daily lives and left a long-term trauma effect on people. Next, I moved to childhood trauma and how trauma impacts their lives how childhood trauma impacts adulthood, and also trauma or PTSD disturbs and weakens your neural signals. Also, trauma impacts people physically, mentally, and socially. Next, I moved towards positives, prevention, and solutions. In conclusion, I started with a problem about how trauma impacts people, and later I moved towards specific events and later into prevention and solutions. All of these themes fall under two lens categories which are social and cultural because they explore how daily issues have an impact on our daily, lives, relationships, customs, beliefs, etc.

3.  According to research when it moves things like psychological problems there is no specific solution it varies from person to person. Trauma has no specific solution to resolve it, it can be only treated but it's not curable. Based on the research there are many ways trauma is treated like therapy, lifestyle changes, support, mediation, etc...

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These studies were done on specific events and those events left a major trauma effect on people. Like covid left admitted patients in the hospital with COVID-19 experience social isolation, physical discomfort, and fear for survival. These exposures increase the risk of developing PTSD. And 9/11 left symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the most common health effects of the 9/11 attacks. Up to 20% of adults directly exposed to the disaster or injured in the attack had PTSD symptoms five to six years after the attack; this is four times the rate in the general population.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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The theme changes from childhood trauma continuing into adulthood and having an impact on a person physically, mentally, and socially. And now changes to how trauma can be prevented and solutions, and also positives people take away.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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The theme changes from specific events such as COVID and 9/11 have a long-term impact on people. And moves to how childhood trauma impacts a person into adulthood, and how trauma impacts people physically, mentally, and socially. Just like how these specific events impacted the social and mental life.

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Different factors may promote the development of growth among trauma-exposed individuals. Some of the factors that promote PTG include sharing negative emotions, cognitive processing or rumination, positive coping strategies experiencing multiple sources of trauma, event centrality, resilience, growth actions

Potentially traumatic events have depending on PTSD symptom levels both negative and positive effects on post-event loneliness in favor of affected adults with very low PTSD symptom levels. More negative impacts of trauma

All of these treatments have a large evidence base showing their effectiveness. These treatments are all trauma-focused, which means they directly address memories of the traumatic event or thoughts and feelings related to the traumatic event. Treatments with the strongest evidence should be the first line of treatment for PTSD whenever possible, with consideration of patient preferences and values and clinician expertise.

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These sources talk about Post Traumatic growth how builds resilience over time and how people take good things from the trauma they have been through. And different ways to get over the trauma

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These sources provide solutions to help treat trauma. And how people gets treatedd with different trchniques depending on their needs.

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This article discusses the theoretical and clinical links between the concepts of resilience and post-traumatic growth (PTC). These two concepts are closely related but also distinct. Resilience refers to returning to pre-trauma level of functioning, while post-traumatic growth refers to benefits and positive changes following trauma. The goal is to integrate these concepts into clinical understanding to have a broader vision of resistance and overcoming trauma that does not oppose suffering and recovery.The purpose of this study was to offer a critical examination of several elements that could foster growth in those who have experienced trauma. PTG is facilitated by a number of elements, such as the sharing of negative emotions, rumination or cognitive processing, positive coping methods (like positive reappraisal), personality attributes (like agreeableness), numerous trauma sources experienced, event centrality, resilience, and development actions. Additionally, writers have proposed that some

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This source talks about how childhood trauma influences adult behaviours and sometimes also leads to drug or alcohol abuse but by highlighting that reflecting on trauma can produce feelings of shame within the individual, making it harder for them to seek professional assistance and accept their history. So, bring a new perspective but also talk bout the negative trauma impact on a person.

This source talks about how there is disruption of network synchrony and dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. In simple words, it's saying that all cognition and memory is formed from neural ensemble coding, which has a spatial and temporal component distributed throughout the brain and that is linked via axonal connections. TBI has the potential to disrupt the spatiotemporal interaction between ensembles due to changes in axonal latency or via axonal loss due to dysfunction or degeneration leading to changes in synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties.

This source talks about how PTSD re-experiencing symptoms is linked to weakened connectivity in a network involved in providing contextual information. A similar relationship was found in a separate network typically engaged in the gating of working memory, but only in veterans. The source talks about the negative impacts of PTDS ( different kinds of trauma ).

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This two sources talks about how trauma impact a person mentally but also physically and many times even in your adulthood.

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This sources are saying the same thing but in different sources. Basically saying how having PTSD, childhood trauma, or going through anytype of trauma impacts your nerural connections, and also impacts your hippocampus where is memory is saved in your brain.

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Connction to Indivisual RQ for source 10: This source gives a different precpective from my individual research question how we can built resilence from trauma and how Covid lead for some people to do that.

The long-term impact of 9/11 exposures, like combat experiences in military cohorts, is reflected in the substantial percentage with PTSD more than a decade after 9/11 and its strong associations with physical health and psychosocial well-being, especially reduced satisfaction with life. Responders experienced multiple exposures simultaneously and, like other rescue/recovery workers, were at increased risk by virtue of the combination of proximity to the disaster site, duration of work and intensity of the exposures. In short saying the nagative impacts of 9/11 how that left trauma on people mentally and physically

Just bring a new opnion and how trauma is public issue as well

This source bring a differnt opnion from just negative effects of trauma but talks about takeawas and growth

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The 9/11 sources talks about how it left people in PTSD and the next source talks about how people that can prevented and and some ways how we solve it.

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Understanding the risk and protective factors for trauma and its aftermath, developing chances for prevention at various levels of influence, and acting at numerous levels of operation all depend on a public health framework. The main goal of preventative measures should be to stop trauma exposure. Preventing the aftereffects of trauma, especially post-traumatic stress disorder, should be the focus of secondary prevention. The advancement of trauma-related disease and disability should be slowed down by tertiary prevention. Involving families, communities, and policymakers in the public health approach to trauma has the advantage of increasing their knowledge, energizing them, and bolstering efforts at early detection and response. It's not a simple assignment because trauma is a generic phrase that covers a wide range of situations.

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: This study examines differences in resting-state functional connectivity patterns between the anterior and posterior hippocampus in PTSD patients compared to trauma-exposed controls. The authors first identify whole-brain connectivity differences between the hippocampal subregions. They find the anterior hippocampus shows increased connectivity with emotional brain regions and decreased connectivity with self-processing regions in PTSD patients. Connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and precuneus also correlates with PTSD symptom severity. Graph analyses suggest the anterior hippocampus plays a more central role in the brain network of PTSD patients. Two brain networks—one of which was exclusive to veterans with comorbid mTBI—were shown to have lower connection, which was associated with higher levels of PTSD reliving symptoms. Additionally, re-experiencing was associated with reduced effect of important locations on the network, such as the hippocampus, and weaker functional segregation—a prerequisite for specialised processing. The results of this study show that symptoms of PTSD reliving are associated with reduced connection in a network that provides contextual information. Only in veterans with mTBI was a comparable association discovered in a different network that is normally involved in working memory gating

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This study examined how experiencing potentially traumatic events (PTEs) affects feelings of loneliness over time. Researchers used data from a longitudinal panel study in the Netherlands to measure loneliness, mental health, PTE exposure, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in 4,857 adults. They found that adults with high PTSS after a PTE were more likely to report high levels of loneliness one and two years later, compared to adults with very low PTSS or no PTE exposure. However, adults with very low PTSS reported lower loneliness than non-exposed adults. Pre-existing loneliness and mental health problems strongly predicted later loneliness. The study suggests PTEs can have both negative and positive effects on loneliness depending on PTSS levels. Potentially traumatic experiences can have both good and negative impacts on post-event loneliness depending on the severity of PTSD symptoms, with impacted adults with very low PTSD symptoms benefiting most. However, pre-event loneliness levels largely predict post-event levels at subsequent phases. Experiences after the fact of unpleasant or unacceptable lack of specific relationship quality may raise the likelihood of persistently severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Studies conducted in the previous few decades that have not involved trauma have demonstrated a definite negative correlation between health and loneliness, which is defined as the subjective experience that one's social interactions are insufficient. An analysis of 40 systematic evaluations of research on the detrimental effects of loneliness on health concluded that there is recurrent evidence connecting loneliness to poorer mental health, higher all-cause mortality, and worse cardiovascular outcomes.

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This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma (CT) and depressive and anxiety symptomatology in adulthood using data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. The study found that individuals who experienced CT, especially severe CT, reported higher severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms across domains like mood, cognition, melancholia, general distress, and somatic symptoms. These effects were consistent across different types of CT and persisted over the 6-year study period. The study concluded that CT is a risk factor for more severe and chronic manifestations of depressive and anxiety disorders.

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This study examines rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among responders to the 2001 World Trade Center disaster in New York City 11-13 years later. Researchers interviewed 3,231 responders using structured clinical interviews and assessments. Nearly one-fifth of responders had developed DSM-IV PTSD after 9/11, with over half of those having active disorder at the time of interview. PTSS symptom trajectories and health outcomes were analyzed in relation to exposure levels and risk factors. Higher disaster exposures, such as death of colleagues, were strongly associated with increased PTSD risk over a decade later. Active PTSD was strongly linked to impaired health and well-being even after adjusting for confounding factors. The significant percentage of people with PTSD more than ten years after 9/11 and its strong associations with physical health and psychosocial well-being, particularly decreased life satisfaction, reflect the long-term effects of 9/11 exposures, similar to combat experiences in military cohorts. Responders were exposed to several risks at once and, similar to other rescue/recovery workers, were made more vulnerable by their proximity to the scene of the accident, the length of their shifts, and the severity of their exposures (Benedek et al. Reference Benedek, Fullerton and Ursano2007). The respondents with active PTSD in particular showed notable contemporaneous connections with worse health and psychosocial well-being, even though the remitted group also had a 2-fold increase in life dissatisfaction and bad subjective health. These findings point to the necessity of monitoring programmes that take into account mental, bodily, and social well-being—the three pillars of the World Health Organization's definition of health. Future long-term studies are required to ascertain whether PTSD will persist in this group, whether remitted cases may relapse, whether delayed onset will occur in the unaffected group, and how much the course of PTSD predicts declines in health and psychosocial well-being in the decade that follows 9/11.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to cognitive dysfunction that may last for many years after injury. Axonal injury to axons in the white matter is prevalent in many TBIs. The brain is envisioned as a series of dynamic, interconnected networks that communicate via long axonal conduits termed the “connectome. Penetration of axons may disrupt the timing of neuronal communication within and between brain networks, which may underlie aspects of post-TBI cognitive dysfunction. Diffuse axonal injury is the hallmark neuropathology resulting from inertial brain injury, detected histopathologically post mortem as the Hallmark of Inertial Traumatic Brain Injury (IBI). Axonal injuries can result from ischemia, raised intracranial pressure, and other complications of diffuse brain injury Treatment for IBI requires the tools of systems neuroscience, including electrophysiological analysis of ensemble neuronal activity and circuitry changes in awake animals after TBI The failure of network-level communication may lead to memory and executive function impairment and cognitive dysfunction in the hippocampus Neural network communication on multiple scales may also be disrupted post-tBI. Neural ensemble coding, which is linked by axonal connections and has a spatial and temporal component dispersed across the brain, is the foundation of all cognition and memory. Through alterations in axonal delay or axonal loss as a result of malfunction or degeneration, TBI may impair the spatiotemporal interaction between ensembles and alter intrinsic and synaptic characteristics. We need to start using systems neuroscience techniques to "listen to the neuronal ensemble" and start modulating these connections in order to gain a better understanding of these post-injury changes in the brain. This will help us create neuromodulatory and molecular therapies for this condition.

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This article reviews evidence-based psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that were strongly recommended by the 2017 treatment guidelines from the Veterans Health Administration and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Both guidelines strongly recommended Prolonged Exposure (PE), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), and trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). PE, CPT, and CBT directly address traumatic memories or thoughts and feelings related to trauma. The article discusses each treatment and the evidence supporting them. It also addresses implications and future directions, such as improving outcomes for these treatments and identifying predictors of treatment response.

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The COVID-19 crisis can and should be viewed from the perspective of trauma. Trauma experts, from both academia and practice, should play a significant role in this crisis, as they potentially have a knowledge base to provide critical support and care during this time and into the future. However, COVID-19 is also forcing us to reckon with many of the persistent gaps that remain in this field. If we are to be resilient as a field, we must adapt, coordinate, and mobilize our efforts to close these gaps. The difficulties we are facing globally are unprecedented, and we know from countless studies that threat and fear often lead to flight or freeze. We will have to fight, together, in a way to bring our decades of hard work to this challenge, while at the same time leveraging the urgency of this issue to innovate and grow in ways that would allow us to most effectively protect and care for those who are in most need.

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 3 Prevention, Positives, and Solution

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 3 Prevention, Positives, and Solution

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 2 Childhood trauma, Long Term effects, Trauma continuing in adulthood

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 2 Childhood trauma, Long Term effects, Trauma continuing in adulthood