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Leaf Erickson discovered America. NOT Columbus! 

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*11th Century (1062 AD)

*Norse explorer Leaf Erickson led the Vikings on a voyage to Greenland.

*Lands on the North American coast after a storm diverts ship.

*Named it "Vineland" and described it as prosperous with grapes.

*Modern-day Vineland= Canada

*First European to set foot on American soil & DISCOVER AMERICA, NOT Christopher Columbus!

*1492 -Christopher Columbus (Italian) left England to find a route to Asia for the spice trade. *Spain (King Ferdinand/Queen Isabella) funded exploration to expand their territories and gain access to the "lucrative" spice trade.

*Took 3 ships-La Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria

*Lands on American shores & discovers thousands living there already.

-Columbus was considered a FAILURE because he never found a route to Asia for the spice trade.

-He started the European colonization of America though!

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*1620 (When ship started voyage)

*King James 1 ruled England; Separatists did not want to pledge allegiance to the Church of England

*The Virginia Company paid the Separatists to settle on the East Coast

*Pilgrims left to look for religious freedom

*Mayflower landed in Massachusetts instead of Virginia!

*Half of crew died; only 53 people left

*Mayflower Compact signed by only men on board before setting foot on land

*Jamestown=1st colony settled

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*1775-83

*Cause of war: "taxation without representation"

*Colonists taxed heavily by England to pay off French/Indian War debts. No benefits for colonies.

*2 sides: Colonists v. England ("red coats")

*March 5, 1770- Boston Massacre

*Dec. 16, 1773- Boston Tea Party led by Samual Adams/Sons of Liberty

*"Shot heard round the world"- 1st shot to start the war (in Massachusetts)

*(April 19, 1775) Battles of Lexington/Concord- Paul Revere rides to warn Samual Adams/Patrick Henry. (700 Red Coats march to Concord to confiscate weapons) (British win Lexington/US wins Concord)

*(June 17, 1775) Battle of Bunker Hill- British victory

*(Dec 25, 1776) Battle of Trenton- Washington/army travel across Delaware River to surprise attack British on Xmas-US victory

*(Sept 19, 1777) Battle of Saratoga- Colonist victory/turning point/France joins US

*Oct 19, 1781- Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

*July 4, 1776- US declares independence from England

*1778- France allied with US

*1783- Treaty of Paris signed

*War ended with freedom from mother country & new nation

*George Washington= War General & 1st US President

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*July 4th, 1776

*Declaration formally states independence/the reasons why the colonies separated from England

*Founding fathers= Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison & George Washington.

*56 Delegates signed the Declaration of Independence

*Father of the Constitution= James Madison

*Thomas Jefferson wrote most of Declaration of Independence

John Hancock has biggest signature.

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*1787- Convention held from May 14th-Sept. 17th in Philadelphia in Independence hall

*Articles of Confederation= replaced by the newly written constitution.

*James Madison= father of the Constitution

*George Washington= in charge of leading convention

*John Adams & James Madison also present

*12 of 13 states had delegates present

*Virginia Plan= Advocated for a Bicameral Legislature/population-weighted representation

*New Jersey Plan= Each state gets one vote

*Connecticut Compromise= "The Great compromise" (bicameral legislature, proportional representation in the lower house, equal representation in upper house)

*3/5 Compromise= determined Southern representation for the next 10 years

*Met in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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*The belief that the United States was destined to expand from East-West coast.

*The belief occurred from late 1900-2000s

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*1803

*France owned the land prior to the purchase (England gave territory to Spain in 1783; Spain transfers to France in 1800)

*Purchase= a land deal between France/US

*827,000 square miles of land west of Mississippi River for $15 million

*Doubled size of the US (now makes up 15 states)

*Thomas Jefferson= US president

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*1812-1815

*Also called "The second war of Independence."

*Fought between America (Pres. James Madison) & Great Britain (N. America/Native Americans)

*Cause of war: Impressment of Americans (10,000) into British navy, trade restrictions with France from Britian, & British supporting Native Americans fighting against white settlers

*1814- During war, British invaded Washington D.C. & burned the city/White House (pres. flees)

*Britain was also fighting France at the same time

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*September 14, 1814

* Francis Scott Key wrote lyrics to Star-Spangled Banner

*Where the battle took place that the song was written about: Baltimore

*Battle of Fort McHenry (Flag still flying after bombing)

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*1846-1848

*US wanted to gain Texas territory from Mexico

*Mexico was recovering from an intense war with Spain (lasted 11 yrs.) (had no resources to fight with US)

*US military invaded Northern Mexico to Central & defeated Mexico (captured Mexican President/forced him to sign over land)

*Pres. James Polk believed in Manifest Destiny; wanted lands to Pacific Ocean

*1848- Mexico surrenders; US doubles in size

*Treaty of Hidalgo: those living in the territory were offered US citizenship

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*1861-1865

*North= the "Union" *South= the "confederates" (General Robert E. Lee)

*Reasons for war: Southern states wanted to succeed from US & end to slavery

*1861- Confederate States of America= formed with Jefferson Davis as pres. (Lincoln does NOT acknowledge them as a country)

*Ulysses S. Grant= only successful Union General

*Nov. 19, 1863- Battle of Gettysburg (Confederacy defeated)

*Gettysburg Address- Speech given by Lincoln

*Jan. 1st, 1863- Emancipation Proclamation put into effect by Pres. Abraham Lincoln

*It freed slaves in Confederate States

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*Jan. 1st, 1863- proclamation is given to US by President Abraham Lincoln

*Purpose of Proclamation= to free enslaved people in rebellious states during the war (war tactic) & unify US

*Freed 3 million slaves

*Stopped foreign countries from aiding the South

*Proclamation was given using President's special war-time powers. Not a law passed by congress!

*Allowed those who were freed to be enrolled in the paid services of Union army (20,000 troops enroll)

*Paved the way for 13th Amendment

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*1898

*3 Nations involved in war: Spain, Cuba, America

*Cuba wanted independence from Spain; US naval ship sent to protect Americans in Cuba

*US Navy ship that was destroyed in the Havana Harbor: USS Maine

*The Maine exploded Feb. 15, 1898 (Spain blamed)

*April 24, 1898- Spain calls war on US

*April 25, 1898- US declares war on Spain

*1st Battle at Manilla Bay in Philippines (US won)

*July 1st, 1898- Battle of San Juan Heights (US won)

*July 3, 1898- US destroys last of Spanish fleet off Santiago Bay in Cuba

*Rough Riders= 1st US volunteer cavalry (known for charge up San Juan Hill) (Theodore Roosevelt=one of leaders)

*July 10, 1898- Treaty of Paris signed (Cuba=free, US gains more land)

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*1890-1920

*Women's rights= biggest advancement/society is improved for women

*National American Women's Suffrage Movement Association formed-1890

* Amendment #20 was NOT passed during the Progressive Era

*Amendment 18- Prohibition put into law in 1919

*Amendment 19- Women's right to vote ratified in 1920

*Amendment 21- 1933 Ratified/officially ended prohibition

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony= major leaders in women's right movement

*"Muckrakers"= journalists who exposed corruptness in business in articles/news)

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*1914-1919

*"the Great War"

*Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria starts the war

*Allied Powers- Great Britain, Russia, France Belgium, US joined later.

*Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

*1917- Americans join war (German U-boat sunk American passenger/commercial ship) (Lusitania ship)

*Zimmerman Telegram threatens an alliance between Germany/Mexico against US

*On 11th hour of 11th day of November 1918, war ends

*1919 Treaty of Versailles officially ends the war

*Paris Peace Conference- League of Nations introduced by US Pres. Woodrow Wilson

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*1920- it began

*Developed after WW1 & ended in WW2

*Proposed by US Pres. Woodrow Wilson (US didn't even join)

*Purpose: to prevent wars from happening; solve disputes before they erupt into war

*Consisted of 48 countries

*Precursor to the United Nations

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*Women against the Cult of True Womanhood

*1848 Seneca Falls Convention-abolitionists gathered to discuss women's rights/problems

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton-one of 1st leaders/gave speech at convention

*Susan B. Anthony- "Pioneer" of the movement/Pres. of National Women's Suffrage Association

* 19th Amendment= ratified in 1920

*Purpose of the Declaration of Sentiments= laid out what women's rights should be

*Lucretia Mott- not well known for her contributions

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*1929 Stock Market crashed

*Pres. Herbert Hoover

*11% drop in stock market causing billions of dollars to be lost

*Press broadcast the problems in stock market/causing panic/leads to people pulling funds out of bank/bank runs

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*1933-1945

*6 million people murdered

*People Targeted: Jewish, Romanian, LGBTQ, people of dark skin, people resisting Hitler, & people with special needs died of starvation, disease, torture, & murder

*Arian nation ideal pushed by Nazis- white with blond hair/blue eyes=superior race)

*Hitler believed Germans were superior

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*1939-1945

*Hitler's invasion of Poland started war

*1941- US joins war (Japan bombed Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th, 1941)

*Italy/Germany declare war on US after we declare war following Pearl Harbor

*Estimated 50-85 million dead ("deadliest war")

Japanese Internment Camps ordered by Pres. Roosevelt fear of Japanese spies in US)

* D-Day: Allied troops storm Normandy beaches/win battle (June 6, 1944)

*Soviet troops invade Auswitch (Nazi concentration camp; world realizes how gross war/German purpose is)

*August 6, 1945- US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

*Sept. 2, 1945- US drops another on Nagasaki, Japan ending war

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*December 7, 1941

*Japan attacked Pearl Harbor to destroy American Pacific fleet so the US couldn't prevent Japan from taking over Philippines/Malya

*USS Arizona exploded/sank

*US Pacific carriers were away from base/saved

*US declares war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)

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*Built as a result of bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan

*Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt orders internment camps

*Fear of national security being compromised & racist/discriminatory treatment of Asian immigrants

*1983- Pres. Reagan/Congressional Commision acknowledges camps were a form of racism/issues official apology.

*Camps did not end until end of war in 1945

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*193 countries currently in the United Nations now

*Originally 26 countries worked together against the "Powers."

*October 1945- 50 countries meet/draw up United Nations' charter/starts

*Originally founded by US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt

*UN's purpose: maintain international peace, security, promote human rights, foster social/economic development, protect the environment, & provide humanitarian aid in case of natural disasters & amend conflict

*Headquarters in New York City, New York, USA

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*March 12, 1947- Truman's Speech is given to congress

*Truman's speech started the Cold War

*Doctrine= a foreign policy aiming to stop communism from spreading globally

*3 Levels when deciding how to aid a conflict: diplomacy, weapons, & troops/weapons

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*1947-1991

*Cold War= a state of political/military tension between the US & Soviet Union after WW2

*US Pres. Ronald Reagan & Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev worked together to end the cold war (Berlin Wall destroyed)

*Arms race-August 1949-Russians develop atomic bomb (Americans' lifestyle is threatened)

*Race to moon: Sputnik launched by Russians in October 1947 & US launched Explorer 1 in 1948

*1961- Soviets launched first man into space

*1969- US launched man onto moon

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*1950-53, 2018

*June 1950- N. Korea invaded S. Korea with permission from Russia; US sends troops to S. Korea

*US sent troops to stop spread of communism-Truman Doctrine (pres. Harry S. Truman)

*Oct. 1950- China (communist country) joins N. Korea

*Feb. 1951- Peace talks begin (neither side is winning before the talks)

*July 1953- N. & S. Korea agree to a cease-fire

*Korea= still split into 2 countries but agrees to have neutral land between N/S Korea. A "Demilitarized Zone".

*2018- A formal treaty is signed

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*1955-1975

*Started due to cold war.

*N. Vietnam (communist & supported by China/Russia) v. S. Vietnam (supported by US/other allied countries)

*War mostly between the superpowers: US v. Soviets

*War had significant affects: 58,00 died, many psychologically destroyed

*US Pre. John F. Kennedy

*Guerilla Warfare Tactics

*Fighting against communism!

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*1954-1968

*1954 Ruling in Brown v. The Board of Education= ended legal segregation in public schools

*1955 Rosa Parks arrest in Montgomery for refusing to give up her seat for a white man= desegregation of buses

*1957 US Congress passes the Civil Rights Act- federal gov. has power to oversee the voting process of states to make sure it is fair

*1957 Little Rock Nine= 9 black students who enrolled at public white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. (Gov. Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block student's entrance on first day of school) (US Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the nine to school/classes.)

*March on Washington & MLK's "I Have a Dream Speech" 1960-thousands gathered to peacefully call for civil rights

*1964 24th Amendment to US Constitution Ratified- purpose was to protect voting rights of black people.

*1965 Bloody Sunday= African American demonstrators were attacked by Alabama State troopers; white Americans realized how violent things truly were.

*Voting Rights Act of 1965

*Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated 1968- shot at Loraine Motel in Memphis, TN

*Pres. John F. Kennedy= an advocate for Civil Rights for Blacks until his death in 1963

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*1954

*Oliver Brown sued schools in Topeka, Kansas on behalf of Linda Brown

*District court in Kansas ruled it was "detrimental" but still upheld the "separate but equal"

*Dec. 1652-May 1954 Thurgood Marshall

*Plessy v. Ferguson court ruling was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education

*Supreme court justice Earl Warren helped change the ruling

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*June 1972-August 1974

*The Nixon Administration was found to have sent the man to break into the Watergate building.

*Nixon abused his power because he had the FBI, CIA, & other groups spy for him

*This scandal= the reason distrust has been built between the govt. & people

*FBI source confessed Nixon's involvement

*Nixon denied his connection to the scandal & was about to be impeached from office but left office early to avoid being impeached

*Nixon had erased key parts of his tapes

*Nixon's VP became Pres. & pardoned Nixon for his mistakes

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*1990-91

*Pres of Iraq Saddam Hussein proclaimed the Iraq War when he ordered the invasion/occupation of Kuwait

*Arab powers called on the US/Western nations to intervene

*Hussein went against United Nations Security Council's command to withdraw & operation Desert Storm commenced

*2 operations of war: Operation Desert Storm and Desert Sabre

*Operation Desert Storm- Jan. 17, 1991 (US led air attacks for 42 days afterwards)

*Feb. 24, 1991- Operation Desert Sabre (Troops move on ground from North Saudi Arabia to Kuwait and Southern Iraq)

*Fe. 28, 1991- Pres. Bush ordered a cease-fire & war was over

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*Known as "9/11" (Used our code for help against us)

*Osama Bin Laden headed the attacks

*Why: Osama bin Laden believed the US was supporting violent/discriminatory treatment of Muslims in other countries like Israel for example

*How: 4 West Coast bound planes were hijacked/taken over by terrorists, hijackers used knives/fake bombs to take over plane, then steered planes into targets at full speed, killing everyone on board

*Targets: Twin towers (world trade centers), the Pentagon, capitol & or the White House

*The twin towers were hit & collapsed

*American Airlines 11 hit North tower, United Airlines 175 hit South tower, American Airlines 77 "impacted" the Pentagon, & United Airlines 93 crashed into a field near Shakesville, Pennsylvania instead of White House because passengers fought the hijackers

*Effects: higher security/especially in airports, unified the US, memorials erected, cause for rebuilding (took months to clear the wreckage/find bodies), 2,976 victims (deadliest terrorist attack in history)

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*2003-2011?

*Why: destruction of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction & to end the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein

*Saddam was captured, tried, and hanged for crimes

*Dec. 15, 2011- US declares end to war after nearly a decade of fighting

*The US did not pull troops out of Iraq until Dec. 31, 2021, because they needed to assist rebuilding/protect from communism