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Individual RQ: How can American history provide an insight into solving the growing problem of student debt for American middle class families?

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Individual RQ: How can American history provide an insight into solving the growing problem of student debt for American middle class families?

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Subtopic Key

Green: Economic (1, 6, 9)

Blue: Political (2, 5, 7, 10)

Purple: Social (4, 8, 3)

*Sources are ordered alphabetically by citation's first letter [citations can be found on research log]

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Source #1 adds onto Source #6 by introducing a drastic statement by a professional voice, that the total US student debt holds back people enough to threaten the "American Dream".

Sources 1 and 9 also bring in a slight political perspective onto the already existing economic view.

The economic view ties together the social and the political perspective, so I will likely have this as my middle paragraph to effectively transition between the social and political perspectives.

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6. Oxford Academic University Press: A Generation Indebted: Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts - tier 1

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6. Oxford Academic University Press: A Generation Indebted: Young Adult Debt across Three Cohorts - tier 1

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Writer Jason N. Houle from Dartmouth College, NH.

JSTOR is reliable because it is peer reviewed.

Change of student debt has changed across three cohorts of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000s

Debt burdens have increased substantially across the three cohorts of study

The most recent generation of adults has more debt than previous generations of young adults who achieved certain milestones earlier

Second, young adult debt portfolios have shifted towards non collateralized (unsecured) and student loan debt over time, the latter replacing home mortgage debt as the primary form of wealth-building debt among young adults

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9. Brookings Institute Press: Unintended Consequences of Federal Student Aid Policies - tier 1

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9. Brookings Institute Press: Unintended Consequences of Federal Student Aid Policies - tier 1

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JSTOR is reliable because it is peer reviewed.

Author Kathryn Mohrman has a lot of experience analyzing Chinese university structure and government funding

Brookings guest scholar from Brown University.

In analysis of 1980s government philosophy & action, 2 beliefs:

Decline in value of student aid

Total amount of aid AND average award amounts for Pell grants and Guaranteed Student Loans (GSL)

Shift in emphasis from grants to loans

1940s, 1950s, 1960s grants/loans were helpful

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1. Urban Institute Book Chapter: The Evolution of Student Debt in the United States - tier 1

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1. Urban Institute Book Chapter: The Evolution of Student Debt in the United States - tier 1

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Sandy Baum is Senior Fellow in the Income and Benefits Policy Center at the Urban Institute, worked at the CollegeBoard 2004-2013

Previously she had been a Research Professor of Education Policy at the George Washington University and professor of Economics at Skidmore College

Alarmed concern of US student loan debt, exceeding $1t

Secretary of Education Arne Duncan says it threatens the American Dream

Advocates for thorough examination of debt’s role in financing postsecondary education

Believes it’s important to set a scope for data analysis

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2. The Washington Post: "Sen Nunn Takes on Student Aid" - tier 3/4

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2. The Washington Post: "Sen Nunn Takes on Student Aid" - tier 3/4

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Source is reliable because the Washington Post is widespread and trusted by a large audience

Author Kenneth J Cooper is trusted because he is a Pulitzer Prize winner and has worked in many different publication companies (W-Post, Three Bean Press, GBH News, etc)

Incompetent management/ efficiency of Student Loan Programs in 1990:

2.3b in loan defaults in 1990 (not good)

Against William Banks, VP of Chemical Bank, who called it overregulated, Sen. Sam Nunn (GA) called it underregulated

Need for quick action to address fraudulent trade schools and scam operator exploiters

Rep. Marge Roukema (NJ) from House Education and Labor Committee

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8. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Seeing in the Red - tier 1

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8. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Seeing in the Red - tier 1

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JSTOR is reliable because it is peer reviewed.

Author Curtis Marez is Professor in the Ethnic Studies Department at UCSD

Author of “Drug Wars: The Political Economy of Narcotics”, “Farm Worker Futurism: Speculative Technologies of Resistance”

Federal student debt exceeding $1t is a dominating force that influences not only the financial aspects of education but also its pedagogical dimensions.

Historical mass protests against budget cuts and increased tuition

2010 UCSD “Compton Cookout”

Student debt creates a hierarchy of value within contemporary universities, categorizing some groups as “failed”.

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5. Lumina Foundation: Growth of Federal Student Loans - tier 2

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5. Lumina Foundation: Growth of Federal Student Loans - tier 2

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Lumina Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping with students social issues beyond high school

Indianapolis, began 2000

Probably a very good source because of the reliable history of the organization

Using expert opinions from higher corporations and positions, the article retells the story of the expansion of American higher education loan practices and systems 1956 onwards.

Believes politics dictates student debt

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7. Lumina Foundation: How Did We Get Here? - tier 2

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7. Lumina Foundation: How Did We Get Here? - tier 2

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Lumina Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping with students social issues beyond high school

Indianapolis, began 2000

Probably a very good source because of the reliable history of the organization

College importance and borrowing increased after Great Depression in 1920s

NDEA allowed schools to give out student loans

Higher Education Act (1965) by POTUS L. B. Johnson

Public-private partnership

1990s GA Senator Sam Nunn investigation of 22% default rate stat

Higher Education Act modified using Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act

1992 onwards, direct lending idea spread

Public lending, not corporate

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3. Educational Considerations: Student loan debt levels and their implications for borrowers, society, and the economy - tier 1

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3. Educational Considerations: Student loan debt levels and their implications for borrowers, society, and the economy - tier 1

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Luke M. Cornelius is Associate Professor and Program Director of Higher Education Administration at the University of North Florida. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Florida and a J.D. from Georgia State. He has taught also at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas and the University of West Georgia

Sharon A. Frank is a doctoral candidate in Educational Leadership at the University of North Florida. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in psychology from Capital University and a Master’s degree in community counseling from Xavier University

Student debt influences career choices, consumer decisions, and the economy.

High monthly payments lead graduates to favor lucrative private sector jobs over public service careers, affecting critical positions in fields like education.

The substantial debt burden delays major purchases, reducing consumer spending and impacting economic growth.

Discharging student loans through bankruptcy is difficult, limiting the "fresh start" typically associated with bankruptcy.

The societal implications include chronically postponed life decisions, like marriage and starting a family.

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Sources # 4, # 8, and # 3 all portray examples of social outbreak attributable to student debt, especially clear in source #8 and the Compton Cookout. Mentioning that really brings to light the relatively abstract ideas in Source #3.

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Source #2 and Source #7 go together because they both consider the Sam Nunn case where the GA senator provoked a discussion in 1992 to invalidate current (at-the-time) cases of loan defaulting.

Source #5 and #10 point towards flaws in the political system, both suggesting that privatization of student loans is more helpful.

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4. Academic Medicine: A History of Medical Student Debt - tier 1

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4. Academic Medicine: A History of Medical Student Debt - tier 1

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Academic Medicine is helpful because its a peer reviewed journal

Dr. Greysen is Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar, Yale University School of Medicine and West Haven VA Medical Center

Dr. Chen is assistant professor of pediatrics and health policy, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Dr. Mullan is Murdock Head Professor of Medicine and Health Policy, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services

Over previous 50 years, medical student debt has transformed into a matter of national importance

Believes students increasingly rely on loans to fund education

Current mechanisms for financing medical education may be reaching an unsustainable level of debt

Believes there are no standards for the costs of medical school attendance. Such cost variation among different schools, even within the same city, raises concerns about transparency/consistency in expense determination

Rising levels of medical student debt hinder policy efforts to improve physician workforce diversity and address shortages in the primary care workforce

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10. LendingTree: The History of Student Loans (and How to Avoid Repeating It) - tier 3/4

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10. LendingTree: The History of Student Loans (and How to Avoid Repeating It) - tier 3/4

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The source links the author’s bio: he has experience in personal finance reporting

From ASU

May be biased because it is a loan company

Still in a position of expertise, so is credible

Gives overview of legislative actions from 1944 onwards regarding education debt

Gives tips for current adolescents in college funding planning

National Student Loan Debt doubled from 2010-2019

Recent Political Proposals may offer potential solutions

Increase Pell Grants, make public schools tuition-free, invest in Minority Serving Institutions, and adopt alternative income-share agreements.

Streamline federal repayment plans, improve loan forgiveness programs, cancel debt, ease limits on discharging education debt in bankruptcy, and consider fully privatizing the student loan industry.