# data[].attributes.body
Trail which facilitated westward expansion in the United States

Causes:

Manifest destiny: idea of a god-given right and duty to expand territory across the continent

Economic opportunity of promsies of fertile land, abundant resources, and potential for prosperity caused many middle and upper class folk to travel west

Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity

Effects:

Hundreds of thousands settled in the west

Potential conflicts with natives

Economic growth was stimulated leading to establishment of farms, towns, and trade routes

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Belief that westward expansion was a god-given duty and right.

Causes:

Need for more natural resources

National pride and belief in American uniqueness and superiority (the great experiment in liberty)

Religious influence

Effects:

Regions were acquired consisting of Oregon, Texas, New Mexico, and California

Gold Rush

Forced removal of natives

Debates over slavery intensified

Economic growth through agriculture, mining, and new markets

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Discovery of Gold in California which caused many middle and upper class people to move west to find wealth. Many did not find gold. Instead, people who sold the tools for the mines and supported the business got rich.

Causes:

Discovery of gold

Economic opportunity

Manifest Destiny

Effects:

Population boom

Statehood for california

Urban development

Natives were impacted as they were forced to move out

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War between the United States and Mexico which began due to conflicts in Texas where Americans were immigrating, bringing slaves, and taking control of Mexican territory which angered Mexico.

Causes

United States annexation of Texas during James Polk's presidency

Manifest Destiny

Border disputes over southern border of Texas where the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande as the border whereas Mexico argued for the Nueces River. Americans moved into the disputed territory and a few died. Polk then requested Congress for approval for war and the request was accepted.

Effects:

Large territorial gains

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war where Miexico was forced to cede Territory

Acquisiton of new territory reignited conversations and debates about expansions of slavery

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo/Mexican Cession

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo/Mexican Cession

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Explain the Free Soil Party and its causes and effectsTreaty which ended the Mexican American war and forced Mexico to secede the New Mexico territory

Causes:

Annexation of Texas

Manifest Destiny

Border Disputes

Mexican American War

Effects:

Territorial Gains

Rio Grande was established as the Southern border of texas

U.S. paid Mexico 15m dollars and agreed to pay American citizens' debts owed to them by the Mexican govt

Debates over slavery continue

Long lasting effects on relationship between U.S., Mexico, and treatment of Mexican Americans

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Proposed amendment to ban slavery in acquired territory from Mexico

Causes:

New territorial gains

Northern dislike over political power of slavery, fearing the addition of new slave states as disrupting the balance of power in the Senate

Concern that slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers in the north

Effects:

Tensions over slavery increase (well.. duh)

Path to civil war and formation of republican party

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Series of resolutions proposed by Abraham Lincoln (at that time being a member of the house of representatives) as a response to Polk's message to Congress that American blood had been shed on American soil by Mexican forced (well... disputed territory). The spot resolutions requested Polk to prove that the places where the Mexicans and Americans clashed were REALLY on U.S. soil.

Causes:

Questioning of presidential authority

Congressional oversight, reflecting tensions between Congress's power to declare war and President's role as Commander in Chief

Whig party opposed the war and used the resolutions to criticize Democrat party

Effects:

Debates over the war's legitimacy rose and the President's power in war

Lincoln started gaining a reputation

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Essay written by transcendentalist Henry Thoreau that argued for individual's duties to act according to conscience and resist imposition of unjust laws.

Causes:

Thoreau believed strongly in individual conscience and moral rectitude led him to oppose both slavery and the Mexican-American war

Resistance to injustice

Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax to protest slavery and the war. He got briefly arrested and imprisoned.

Effects:

Influential in civil disobedience, inspiring people such as MLK and even Gandhi

Played a role in social change and reform

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Free Soil party was a political party which opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories

Causes:

Main cause was to prevent the spread of slavery into newly acquired territories

Party was a coalition of anti-slavery democratic Whigs and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party who were discontent with their parties' stances on slavery

Manifest Destiny

Effects:

Free Soil Party eventually absorbed into Republican Party

Rising tensions for slavery

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Compromise proposed by Henry Clay to address the issues of status of slavery in new states. The compromise offered that the states would decide through popular sovereignty in compromise for Northern states to enact fugitive slave laws.

Causes:

Territorial expansion

Sectional tensions between free and slave states, both wishing to gain power in the Senate

California request for admission into the union as a free state threatened to upset the balance of power between slave and free states

Effects:

California admitted as a free state, making the free states the majority in the Senate

Fugitive Slave Act required ALL citizens to assist in capture of runaway slaves and heightened tensions. Abolitionists were angered and now all Northerners were brought into the issue. Nobody could ignore it now.

Popular sovereignty allowed states such as Utah and NM to decide themselves whether or not to decide slavery. This caused bloodshed and issues in other states.

The slave trade ended in D.C.

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Law passed by congress as apart of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern and Northern states in regards to interests in slavery vs free-soilers. The law required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, would be returned to the enslaver and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate.

Causes:

Act was passed due to widespread resistance to the fugitive slave act of 1793

Hundreds of enslaved escape to the North, making slavery an unstable institution in border states

Part of compromise between notherners who opposed slavery and southern states who wanted to protect their slaveholding rights

Effects:

Growing polarization of the country over slavey

Forced citizens to assist in recovery of fugitives. Those who were unwilling to help or assited a fugitive were subjected to prosecution.

Many non-slaves were pushed into slavery

Act denied fugitives who claimed to be freemen the right to a fair jury trial --> they could no longer prove their freedom

Many were sent back into slavery

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A network of secret trails and safe houses that allowed enslaved African Americans to escape into free states and Canada

Causes:

Quakers were trying to actively help enslaved people

Vigilance committees were created to protect slaves from bounty hunters and slave hunters in NY in 1835 and Philly in 1838 --> fugitive slave act made capturing enslaved people a lucrative business, therefore there were less places to hide slaves

Effects:

Many slaves were able to escape

Undermined institution of slavery

Slaveholders were angered and grew to hate North

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Realistic fiction novel was a anti-slavery noel by Harriet Stowe which had a profound effect on attitudes towards African Americans and slavery in the U.S. by focusing on the poor treatment of black slaves

Causes:

Abolitionist Harriet Stowe wrote the novel as a response to the second fugitive act

Inspired to create the novel by the slave narrative "The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a slave, now an inhabitant of Canada"

Effects:

Taken up by abolitionists in North and was denounced in the south (possessing and reading the book became dangerous)

Credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 50s

Said to have helped lay the groundwork of the Civil War

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In January 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois introduced a bill that divided the land immediately west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. He argued in favor of popular sovereignty.

Causes:

Proposed act as an attempt to extend slavery into the territories where it had been banned

Consequences of manifest destiny, conflict between North and South over expansion of slavery, and expansionist visions of Illinois Senator Stephen Douglass

Incentive for the organization of the territory came from the need for a transcontinental railroad

Kansas-Nebraska act raised the possibility that slavery could extend into regions where it had once been banned

Different political groups occupied the same area (pro-slavers, free-staters, and abolitionists)

Effects:

Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent civil confrontation in Kansas territory shed by pro-slave and anti-slave groups

demonstrated that armed conflict over slavery was unavoidable

Preface for civil war and bloodshed

Conflict centered on the question of whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave or free state

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Dissolution of Whig Party into Cotton and Conscience Whigs

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Dissolution of Whig Party into Cotton and Conscience Whigs

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The Whig party was a major political party in the U.S. during the 19th century and became divided over the issue of slavery. Scattering of Whig leadership caused third parties such as the Know Nothings and Republicans to be upstarted. Cotton Whigs was the conservative faction of the Whig Party that was based in the South whereas Conscience Whigs were opposed to slavery and sought to limit the expansion of slavery in the United States

Causes

Issues over slavery

Split in Whig party caused the dissolution

Effects:

Whig party was separated and then dissolved

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Significant event in a US Senate Chamber where Charles Sumner was caned by Brooks in retaliation over a speech given by Sumner where he criticized slaveholders.

Causes:

Brooks who was a pro-slavery democrat from SC attacked Sumner who was an abolitionist Republican from Mass.

Attack in retaliation of a speech given by Sumner where he fiercely criticized slaveholders including Brooks

Sumner denounced the Kansas-Nebraska act and the political power of slave owners

Effects:

Sumner was nearly killed

Contributed to United States polarization over slavery

Symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse"

Foreshadowed future violence

Brooks was applauded as a hero in the South

Sumner was seen as a near martyr as he was unable to return to senate until December of 1859 and the Mass. legislature refused to replace him

Inflamed sectionalism

Strengthened republican party in the 1860 election

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One of the two major political parties in the U.S. in the 19th century following the 2nd two party system.

Causes:

1. Founded as a coalition of smaller political parties to oppose the spread of slavery into the WEst

2. Driven by opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act which could permit slavery into new U.S. territories

3. Goal was not to abolish slavery in the South right away but to prevent westward expansion to maintain balance in the Senate

Effects:

Party sought to protection African American rights after the civil war

Lincoln wins '60 election

Republicans supported progressive social, economic, and labor reforms

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Decision by Supreme court which stated that slaves are property and that slaves cannot file for lawsuits, made it so constitution cannot prevent the movement of property and therefore made slavery legal in all states. Dred Scott was a slave who was owned by John Emerson of Missouri. In 1833 Emerson undertook a series of moves as part of his service in the U.S. military. He took Scott from Missouri (a slave state) to Illinois (a free state) and finally into the Wisconsin Territory (a free territory)

Causes:

Scott lived in free states but was still not granted his freedom because he was an enslaved man and considered another persons property

Scott filed for lawsuits for Freedom against Irene Emerson who was his owner

Effects:

Ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle Dred Scott to freedom

Made slavery legal in all U.S. territories since the constition cannot prohibit the movement of property

Outraged abolitionists and gained momentum to anti-slavery movement

Celebrated by south

Started as a stepping stone in to the civil war

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Series of debates between Stephen A. Douglass and Lincoln during the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign.

Causes:

Held in 1858 illinois senatorial campaign where Lincoln challenged Senator Stephen Douglass

Primary issue was slavery and its extension into new territories

Lincoln opposed K-N act of which was championed by Douglass

Douglass accused Lincoln of being a radical and attempted to link him with leading abolitionists

Effects:

Debates brought national recognition to Lincoln that would propel him into the 1860 election

Debates fundamentally altered national debate over black rights and slavery

Lincoln lost the senate race to douglass but helped him establish a platform for his presidency

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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. It has been called the dress rehearsal for, or tragic prelude to, the Civil War.

Causes:

Brown lived in free states and territories, becoming a radical abolitionist

Believed that the only way to solve the issue is through violence

Raid was an attempt to ignite national rebellion against slavery, arming slaves as they liberated more and more farms

Effects:

Brown was captured, convicted of treason, and hanged

Inflamed sectional tensions

Made any accommodation between North and South virtually impossible

Some states passed harsher slave laws which made it harder for slaves to meet and talk

Slave conditions became harsher

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Election in which Abraham Lincoln won the presidency with no electoral votes from the Southern states.

Causes:

Formation of republican party

Contention over slavery

Democratic party divided over issue of slavery with Southern democrats supporting slavery whereas Northern democrats opposed it (economically, not necessarily morally or ethically)

Effects

Lincoln won

Southern states seceded due to fears that Lincoln would eradicate slavery

Only won 40% of popular vote but received more electoral votes than other parties combined due to the North's population advantage

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Southern states (except border states such as West Virginia and Delaware) seceded from the Union and created the Confederate States of America where states rights were highlighted

Causes:

Tensions over slavery

Lincoln's win of the 1860 election where Southern states feared emancipation of slavery

Southern states believed that slavery was a moral and economic good and that their social and economic structure was threatened by the election of Lincoln

Effects:

Civil war

Border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union though they contributed volunteers to the confederacy

West Virginia divided from Virginia during secession

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Marked the official beginning of the civil war where Lincoln sent a supply ship to a Southern fort to restock to find a reason to start the war - if South Carolina attacks the ship, it means war. Wanna guess what happened? Gee... maybe the next 25 terms will tell you!

Causes:

Attack was the result of tensions over slavery and thought of war

Election of Lincoln where he believed that the Union cannot be half free and half slave caused the secession, where then he believed it was imperative that the Union be reunited

SC seceded

Confederate militia forces began seizing U.S. force and property in the South

Confederate guns around Charleston Harbor opened fire on Fort Sumter and its supply ship

Effects:

Marked the official beginning of the war

Fort was surrendered - no one died

North and South immediately called for volunteers to mobilize for the war

Firing on Fort Sumter was viewed as an assault on the Union and rallied thousands of Northern volunteers

Four states seceded after the attack as Lincoln called for war: (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861

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First major battle of the American Civil War where Federal forces under General Irvin McDowell attempted to flank Confederate positions by crossing Bull Run but were turned back. The end result of the battle was a Confederate victory and Federal forces retreated to the defenses of Washington, DC. People expected the war to be short lived, so people thought it would be a good idea to bring their picnic baskets.

Causes:

Civil War and tensions over slavery

The Union troops, under the command of Brigadier General Irvin McDowell, marched from Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along bull run

Part of President Lincoln's strategy to bring a quick end to war

Effects:

Confederate forces won --> victory for the south

Surge of confidence for south and shocked many northerners

Realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped

Lincoln starts reconsidering 90 day enlistments

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Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. It also gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation at a moment of strength rather than desperation. It was a turning point in the Civil war.

Causes:

well... civil war... I think?

Robert E. Lee was successful in the summer of 1862 so they decided to begin invading North

Lees forces entered Union soil for the first time on September 3, 1862

Effects:

Gave Lincoln the opportunity to give the emancipation proclamation

Lifted Union morale

Seen as a win for the Union

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Executive order by Labraham Incon to free all enslaved people in Confederate states (not border states or northern tates) and transformed the war for slavery rather that reunionizing.

Causes:

Response to growing abolitionist movement in the North

Win in Antietam allowed Lincoln to give the speech

Potential fears of external support for the South (France and England)

Effects:

By making the war about slavery, Lincoln prevented European countries from involving themselves as they had already outlawed slavery

Allowed the union to recruit black soldiers which strengthened the Union's military

Added moral force behind the union cause

Outraged white southerners and also some Northerners

Laid the groundwork for future abolition movements and amendments

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Battle in Gettysburg where it ended after 3 full days of intense battle, on July 3, 1863, the Confederate army launched an assault on the Union army in what is known now as “Pickett's Charge” in which they incurred significant casualties and got pushed back. This resulted in the end of the Battle of Gettysburg, with the Confederate army retreating south. The South never was able to go back up North after this battle.

Causes:

Superior infrastructure in the North and superior manpower

Weak southern economy and low manpower

Lee's forces entered Union soil for the first time on September 3, 1862

Effects:

South was never able to go back up North again

Inspired Lincoln's Gettysburg address

Turning point in the war

Union had won which lifted spirits and morale

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Speech given by Lincoln at the Gettysburg cemetery where he portrayed the scope of the war for slavery and a test to see if true democracy could survive. He said that the lives lost would not be lost in vain.

Causes:

Result of battle of Gettysburg and he was asked to deliver a message in dedication to the Civil War Cemetary

Effects:

Lincoln stated that the war would lead to the new birth of freedom for the nation

Rededication of the living to the war effort to preserve a nation of freedom

Mentioned principles from the declaration of independence and the founding fathers: liberty and the proposition that all men are created equal

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Violent outbreaks in NYC in response to new laws for drafts where upper class people could purchase replacements for their draft. Lower and middle class were outraged.

Causes:

Introduction of a new federal draft

Law made all male citizens between 20 and 35 and all unmarried men between 35 and 45 subject to military duty

Wealthier men could hire a substitute

Black men were exempt from the draft as they were not considered citizens

Effects:

Anti-war newspapers published

Riots resulted in bloodshed and destructive rioting, hundreds of people killed and many seriously injured

Black NYC were prime targets

Rioted led to greater military presence

Deep social divides

Classism

Demographics changed where black people left Manhattan

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The largest and most destructive civil disturbances throughout the South where, because of food shortages, thousands of working-class Southern women were looting stores

Causes:

Food shortages

Hyperinflation

Government policies such as impressment acts which allowed confederate forces to seize food and supplies when needed

Class resentment where working-class white women were angered at wealthy who were not affected very much by conscription and economic struggles

Effects:

Largest civilain uprising in the civil wra

Led to desertion from army and threatened war efforts

action of women were alarming to leaders

Changed perception of women's roiles and willingness to participate

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Significant military campaign where General Sherman destroyed military targets and infrastructure through their path in Georgia

Causes:

Atlanta fell which was a major Confederate hub for munitions, factories, foundries, and warehouses

The march was aimed to frighten civilian population into abandoning Confederate cause

Sherman believed that destroying the resources would undermine coinfederate war effort and morale

Effects:

Military targets, industry, infrastructure, and civilian property were all destroyed, disrupting confederate economy, communication, and transportation

Lead to end of the civil war

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Battle of Appomattox court house which was the final battles of the civil war. Confederate General Robert E. Lee and General Ulysses S. Grant agreed for Confederate surrender in 1865 and Union troops allowed Confederate troops to return home safely.

Causes:

Confederate infrastructure destroyed

Confederate retreat

Union successful offenses

Lee was trapped near Appomattox Court House with no viable options left for combat

Effects:

Surrender

End of civil war

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why were federal troops withdrawn from the south in 1877\Period where follow the civil war, U.S. attempted to redress slavery and its political social economic legacy and solving its problems arising from the readmission of 11 states that seceded. Lincoln believed in a gradual reintroduction where states had to institute the 13th amendment and have 10% of the male population give loyalty oaths

Causes:

Emancipation of slaves: more than 3m slaves were released

Reintegration of south

Political power shifts leading to Republican dominance in south

Effects:

13th, 14th, and 15th amendment all passed

Social and economic tensions continued

Racial tensions kept going even in the North

Lincoln believed in 10% plan but was killed shortly after the war ended.

Andrew Johnson believed in a more aggressive reconstruction plan

Reconstruction ended in 1877 when federal troops were withdrawn from the South due to the compromise of 1877 due to the issues of the "Stolen Election"

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Federal funded Bureau which assisted millions of black slaves and poor whites in the aftermath of the Civil War by providing food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land. It did not advocate for political rights for blacks.

Causes:

Post civil war challenges where slaves needed land and education

Effects:

Bureau provided food, housing, medical aid, established schools, and offered legal aid

Attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war

Bureau faced resistance freom white southerners and even Andrew Johnson

Bureau laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and established institutions such as Howard University

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System of agriculture which emerged in the South following the civil war where land owners would provide land and tools for farming but in return would take part of harvest.

Causes:

Southern economy in disarray

Many freed black and white people did not own land or a means of subsistence

Landowners needed to reestablish a labor force to work their lands after the end of slavery

Effects:

System severely restricted economic mobility of laborers

Sharecroppers highly relied on landowners

Workers found themselves in a cycle of debt

Soil exhaustion

One-crop economy (cotton) did not benefit southern agriculture in long term

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Impeachment of Andrew Johnson due to his behavior where Congress stated that it required congressional approval to add members to his cabinet, therefore also requires congressional approval to fire members of cabinet. Johnson then fired members of his cabinet. Impeachment occurred after.

Causes:

Johnson attempted to replace Edwin Stanton who was the secretary of war without the senate's consent

Violation of tenure of office act

Johnson's lenient approach to recosntruction clashed with Radical Republicans in Congress who sought stricter measures

Impeachment reflected a power struggle between preisdent and congress over reconstruction

Effects:

Johnson was qcuiqtted by the senate and escapedd removal by one vote

Impeachment trial set a precedent for the limits of presidential power

Exacerbated political tensiojnms during the time and influenced the balance of power between legislative and executive branches

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Radical Republicans (Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner)

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Radical Republicans (Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner)

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RR were a faction within the Republican Party during the Civil War and Reconstruction era , led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, greatly opposed slavery.

Causes:

Abolitionism and opposition to slavery

Sought to secure civil rights for free slaves and integrate them within society

Disagreed with Lincoln's 10% plan and leniency

Effects:

Influenced legislation such as the civil rights act of 1866 and reconstruction acts

Helped pass the 13 14 and 15th amendments

Punished and reshaped south after civil war

Conflict with Andrew Johnson

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Laws for black people that recreated conditions from slave time South which limited freedom of Africans and ensured availability of cheap labor

Causes:

Need to control newly freed African American population

Need to maintain a lab or force

Desire to restore southern power and pre-war economic and agriculture

Reluctance of white southerners to accept end of slavery

Effects:

Limited movement and freedom of african americans to own property, conduct business, get education, and move

Forced many blacks into exploitative labor arrangements

Legal inequality

Contributed to rise of civil rights movements

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Bill to protect rights of all citizens, especially the African Americans free after the civil war, ensured that all person born in the Unites States were citizens with full rights under the Constitution. It was developed separately from the 14th amendment but overlapped in this sense.

Causes:

Abolition of slavery

Dred Scott Decision

Black codes

Radical Republican influence

Effects:

First federal law to affirm that all U.S. citizens are equally protected under the law and define citizenship

Gave legal protection

Laid the ground work for hte 14th amendment which gave citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US

increased tensions between Johnson and Republicans

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Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. Seceded states had to ratify this amendment in their state constitutions to rejoin the union.

Causes:

End of the civil war

Emancipation proclamation

Anti-slave sentiments

Effects:

Abolition of slavery

Legal foundation for equality

Shift in labor practices

Discrimination against blacks continue

Seceded states rejoin outlawing slavery (but not cheap labor nor unjust laws)

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Piece of legislati0on which granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated.

Causes:

Civil Rights act of 1866 provided the groundwork for the amendment

Dred Scott Decision

Black Codes

Effects:

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

Rights were later reduced

Equal protection

Authorized federal govt to punish states that violated their citizens rights to vote by reducing their representation in congress

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Series of laws passed by Congress during the reconstruction era where it empowered the U.S. govt to end violence in the SOuthern states against Blacks by giving president the power to use military force

Causes:

Racial violence against blacks

KKK

Need to enforce constutitional rights

Inadequacy of state govts in SOuthern states to protect African American rights

Effects:

groups such as the KKK got smaller

Allowed federal protection for civil rights and authorized use of military force to suppress violen ce

Temporary reduction in violence

Set a precedent for federal intervention in states to proect civil rights - invoked later in civil rights legislation

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Otherwise known as Military Reconstruction Acts, series of 4 bills passed in congress that outlined conditions where southern states would be readmitted into the union. It divided Southern states (Excluding tennessee) into 5 military zones

Causes:

Need to establish process for southern states to be readmitted

Civil rights protection

Radical Republican influence

Effects:

Division into military districts

Southern states rejoined and ratified new amendments

Increased federal power

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Amendment which gave African Americans and any enslaved persons the right to vote

Causes:

Civil rights progress

Discriminatory practices

Radical Republicans

Effects:

Gave voting rights to people of color

Increased political participation

African Americans were elected such as Hiram Rhodes Revels, first African American to sit in U.S. congress

Amendment was followed with implementation of discriminatory practices such as poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting

KKK attempted to prevent voting

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Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis and depression in Europe and North America following a stock market crisis.

Causes:

Rampant speculative investments such as in railroads created an unsustainable economic bubble

Financial failures in Austria spread to most of Europe and NA

Demonetization of silver in Germany and U.S.

Inflation following civil war

Effects:

Economic depression that lasted until 1877

Bank failures

Unemployment

Economic stagnation

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Supreme Court Cases limiting civil rights

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Supreme Court Cases limiting civil rights

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Supreme Court had limited civil rights such as the Slaughter House cases where the privileges or immunities clause of the 14th amendment only protected rights associated with federal citizenship, not state citizenship.

Causes:

Monopoly concerns where butchers in New Orleans challenged a Louisiana law granting a monopoly to a single slaughterhouse company

The butchers argued that their rights under the 4th amendment were being violated

Effects:

Narrowed privileges or immunities clause

Limited federal protection of individual rights

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Informal unwritten deal that resolved the 1876 presidential election which resulted in Republican Candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. Tilden won popular and electoral college vote, but there were rumors of voter fraud, suppression, and a recount was demanded. The democratic party allowed Rutherford to win the election in demand for all federal troops to be removed from Southern states.

Causes:

Disputed election in Florida, Louisana, and SC, only three states in the South with Reconstruction-era Republican governments in power

Political deadlock that needed to be resolved to avoid a constitutional crisis

Democrat demands

Effects:

End of reconstruction

Democratic control over the South

Jim Crow laws emerged

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African American migrants who left Southern States from abolitionist republican majority Kansas to escape black codes and harsh treatment in the South.

Causes:

End of reconstruction and withdrawal of federal troops in the south meant harsher conditions

Economic hardship

Racial violence

Effects:

Roughly 40,000 Africans moved to kansas seeking political freedom, education, and economic opportunity

Homestead act of 1862 allowed Africans to claim free land in the West

Several all blank towns and communities were created

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Career military officer who was not strongly affiliated with any political party and was ambiguous on slavery. His VP Milliard Fillmore succeeded him after Taylor died of cholera.

Helped win Mexican American War

Opposed extension of slavery into new territories (Wilmot Proposal)

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Filmore was a Whig and later Know Nothing after his presidency, known for supporting the compromise of 1850, opening trade with Japan, acquiring a strip of land from Mexico in order to build a southern transcontinental railroad, and played a role in passing the compromise of 1850

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Northern democrat who held Southern sympathies, being a strong believer in popular sovereignty. He repealed the Missouri Compromise which allowed for slaves in territories above the 3630 line and helped pass the Kansas Nebraska Act

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Democrat who believed in preserving the union, avoiding confrontation due to slavery, grappled with the panic of 1857 which contributed to his poor presidency

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Republican and was elected on an anti expansion of slavery platform, believing in preserving the Union and eventually changed his goals to the abolition of slavery entirely. Believed the war was a testament of freedom and liberty with slavery as the main issue.

Accomplishments: Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, Homestead act, Pacific Railway Act, 10% reconstruction plan

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Democratic VP to Abe Lincoln who earned the role of Presidency after Lincoln's assassination.

Southern Democrat what believed in a quick restoration of the Southern states, hated wealthy plantation owners, continued 10% plan, attempted to veto Civil Rights act of 1866, and first president to be impeached by the HOR

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Republican general who supported African American rights and worked to enforce reconstruction policies in Southern states. Good general, bad president, and corrupt office. Advocated for 15th amendment, signed civil rights act of 18871 which protected African Americans from KKK, and completely the transcontinental railroad.

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Republican who won off of the 1877 Compromise and ended reconstruction.Used troops to restore order during Great Railroad strike of 1877.