# data[].attributes.body
First READ attentively what is required to submit.  Please only respond to the specific questions that I am asking (and therefore grading).

You are working as a team here . Support your fellow classmates, watch the videos they submitted, comment if you liked them!

Logical Fallacies

I am asking here to upload the videos on logical fallacies that you found on Youtube or in the movies, but not the videos that I posted in "WATCH " section of Canvas.

Illustrate it with a picture or cartoon. Please do NOT use anything related to the politics. Try uploading the videos that are captioned.

When  picking the video on logical fallacies:

1. Summarize briefly the content of your video

2. Explain, why you chose it.

3. Reflect if your results  make sense in real life.

# data[].attributes.body
Video Submission on Logical Fallacies

Video Overview: I came across a video titled “Logical Fallacies Explained” that effectively explains several common logical fallacies, including straw man, slippery slope, and ad hominem. Each fallacy is accompanied by clear examples that facilitate understanding.

Reason for Selection: I selected this video because it presents a comprehensive overview of various logical fallacies, supported by practical examples that make the content relatable and easy to comprehend. The visuals enhance the learning experience, and the inclusion of captions ensures accessibility for all viewers.

Real-Life Application: The fallacies highlighted in the video are relevant to real-life scenarios, particularly in everyday debates and discussions. Being able to identify these fallacies can sharpen our critical thinking skills and improve our capacity for engaging in constructive conversations, ultimately helping us avoid misunderstandings and manipulative arguments.

# data[].attributes.body
Logical fallacies . This is about 10 different logical fallacies. It breaks down with explanation of each in detail . Example of a logical fallacies A is to B and so B is to A. It's states it but doesn't give a reason why. Watch this video for more ideas on how to spot logical fallacies.

I chose this one becuase as a woman I feel in the work place we are over looked and this video shows how to spot 10 different logical fallacies that can empower us.

You can use this in everyday life. I am always getting the run around of " complete this task. " This takes is to he completed." No details and no questions answered further. Which one applied to you in your work life?

Chavez , Teresa

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to defend against 10 logical fallacies

# data[].attributes.body
Tolkan, Alexander

Summary: Jill Bearup goes over 31 logically fallacies fairly quickly. There are too many to summarize in detail, but some of the highlights include Fallacy Of Composition - that is if something is true of the parts its true of the whole and Affirming the Consequence - which in math terms treats a conditional like a biconditional. She presents these without much unnecessary information while including enough to make sense, in an engaging way.

Reason for Selection: I was already familiar with this channel and knew that Jill is an engaging and well spoken youtuber. After watching the video I found that she presented this topic in an extremely engaging way that kept my attention easily, while also including fallacies I wasn’t familiar with. I also liked how short the video was, she doesn’t try to pad out the content with too much nonsense making it easier to consume.

Real Life Application: I found this information very useful. I think its important to be able to evaluate arguments people are making and not let yourself deceived by faulty arguments. This is true in every aspect of life — politics, your personal life, relationships, and even the way you speak to yourself internally. Jill includes many fallacies that I had never heard of before watching the video.

# data[].attributes.body
The video explains different types of logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning that weaken arguments. It helps viewers learn how to recognize common fallacies, such as ad hominem attacks, false dilemmas, slippery slopes, and straw man arguments. By understanding these fallacies, viewers can become better critical thinkers and avoid being misled in debates or discussions.

I chose this video to improve your critical thinking skills and learn how to identify logical fallacies in arguments. It provides valuable insights into common reasoning errors, helping you become more effective in evaluating discussions or debates, and making more sound arguments in the future. Understanding fallacies can also be useful in everyday conversations, work, and decision-making, especially if you want to avoid being misled by faulty reasoning.

Logical fallacies make sense in real life because they often appear in everyday conversations, media, politics, and advertising. By identifying fallacies, you can better navigate complex discussions, avoid being manipulated, and present stronger arguments yourself. This awareness helps you think critically, make informed decisions, and engage more effectively in debates or problem-solving situations.

Andres Garcia

# data[].attributes.body
Garcia, Andres

The video explains different types of logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning that weaken arguments. It helps viewers learn how to recognize common fallacies, such as ad hominem attacks, false dilemmas, slippery slopes, and straw man arguments. By understanding these fallacies, viewers can become better critical thinkers and avoid being misled in debates or discussions.

I chose this video to improve your critical thinking skills and learn how to identify logical fallacies in arguments. It provides valuable insights into common reasoning errors, helping you become more effective in evaluating discussions or debates, and making more sound arguments in the future. Understanding fallacies can also be useful in everyday conversations, work, and decision-making, especially if you want to avoid being misled by faulty reasoning.

Logical fallacies make sense in real life because they often appear in everyday conversations, media, politics, and advertising. By identifying fallacies, you can better navigate complex discussions, avoid being manipulated, and present stronger arguments yourself. This awareness helps you think critically, make informed decisions, and engage more effectively in debates or problem-solving situations.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hughes, Melissa Logical Fallacies by Philosophy Vibe

# data[].attributes.subject
Hughes, Melissa Logical Fallacies by Philosophy Vibe

# data[].attributes.body
This video goes over the commonly used types of fallacies and how and why they are used. They are using this video to teach you that you should only focus on the arguments that are raised and that a logical fallacy is a flaw in one's logical reasoning; especially when you are in a debate with someone who uses them to discredit you. They go over 13 examples that include but are not limited to such as Strawman fallacy, where one exaggerates one's argument and uses this exaggeration to disprove someone's original argument without paying attention to the original argument. False Cause fallacy, which is where one uses correlation as an example of causation. Ad hominem fallacies when someone attacks the person who is making the argument as opposed to the argument itself; and many more. These types of fallacies "undermine ad arguments logical reasoning and should never be used in philosophical debates or any arguments". (0:35)

I chose this video because I love animation. Additionally, George's monotone enactments make it a bit quirky. I love this duo, and their channel is very educational.

I feel that this video makes sense in real life because it gives just common-sense tips about how to spot a logical fallacy with someone engage in a debate with you. I could even term it as a form of gaslighting during a debate. Logical reasoning is crucial in identifying when someone is trying to use fallacies to discredit your argument.

# data[].attributes.body
I thought I published the last post so if this shows up twice, I apologize. This video is created by a duo named George and John. They go over different types of fallacies such as strawman, which is where one exaggerates another's argument and uses that exaggeration to disprove the original argument without actually addressing it; False Cause fallacy which is where someone uses correlation as an example of causation, and many more. They use a little satire and animation to keep your attention.

I chose this video because I love educational animation. George's monotone dialogue with john accompanied with the animation held my attention. I checked out their channel and they have numerous educational videos such as this one.

I feel it makes sense in real life because they are teaching you how to identify someone's weak argument against you if you are in a debate. I liken fallacies to a sort of gaslighting if you will which is used daily by many. Whether it is by a politician or by a loved one, fallacies can influence opinions in a debate. If you can identify them quickly, you can counter their argument with your own rebuttal, without fallacy.

I am not sure if this is verbatim of my last post but certainly similar. Please let me know if I posted twice. Thank you, and I hope your day is amazing.

# data[].attributes.body
Smith, Jazmin

This video explains a slippery slope fallacy where one thing is jump-cut to another without much reasoning or research. A false analogy is when people forcibly try to make two things that are alike. Authority Appeal fallacy is when a person with Authority says something and people jump on it thinking it is true. These are three examples of how commercials use policies to promote their things.

I picked it out because back in the old days commercials with sometimes fun to watch and a lot of them used these types of fallacies to promote their product. If one were to turn on the TV they probably find another policy in a different commercial.

For a real life connection, these fallacies are more likely used for influencers, YouTubers, and streamers. Authority figures with sponsorship to sell a product that they may not have even used will use these types of fallacies. I have lived a slippery slope fallacy every time I have had a depressive episode where I fear failing a test or something and ending up on the streets which is a long jump cut straight to a false conclusion. What I am trying to say is that they are trying to use their methods to sell people and idea or a product all the time.

# data[].attributes.body
Smith, Jazmin

This video explains a slippery slope fallacy where one thing is jump-cut to another without much reasoning or research. A person’s reasoning will trip and fall and there is no stopping it once you’re rolling down the hill. A false analogy is when people forcibly try to make two things that are alike. Authority Appeal fallacy is when a person with Authority says something and people jump on it thinking it is true. These are three examples of how commercials use policies to promote their things.

I picked it out because back in the old days commercials with sometimes fun to watch and a lot of them used these types of fallacies to promote their product. If one were to turn on the TV they probably find another policy in a different commercial.

For a real-life connection, these fallacies are more likely used for influencers, YouTubers, and streamers. Authority figures with sponsorship to sell a product that they may not have even used will use these types of fallacies. I have lived a slippery slope fallacy every time I have had a depressive episode where I fear failing a class or something, then I will have to drop out, if I drop out then my parents will kick me out, if my parents kick me out then I’ll ending up on the streets which is a long jump cut straight to a false conclusion. What I am trying to say is that they are trying to use their methods to sell people an idea or a product all the time.

# data[].attributes.body
Reason for Selection: I chose this video because it gives quick and efficient illustrations of several fallacies, helping me to become more conscious of faulty thinking in debates.

Real Life Application: The fallacies that are covered in this video are:

Ad Hominem- Attacking the individual instead of the point of contention.

Straw Man- Using someone else's argument as a straw man to make your own is called a straw man assault.

Appeal to Authority- Making a claim without more proof just because someone in a position of authority says it is true.

Slippery Slope- the idea that a tiny first step will unavoidably set off a series of connected incidents.

Circular Reasoning- when a conclusion is used as a premise without sufficient explanation.

False Dilemma- When there are alternative options, two are presented as the sole ones.

Hasty Generalization- Drawing sweeping conclusions from scant data.

Post Hoc- Believing that one occurrence caused another just because it happened after another.

Each fallacy is accompanied by examples and visual illustrations to enhance my understanding and stresses the need of seeing these fallacies in daily debates so that viewers could grow to be more critical thinkers and improved communicators.

# data[].attributes.body
Candace Jenkins

Video Submission: In 31 Logical Fallacies in 8 Minutes the creator gives a short but interesting summary of some common logical errors that people make in arguments and talks.

Reason for Selection: I selected this video because this video illustrated each fallacy clearly, allowing me to understand several concepts in a short period of time.

I've broken down the key fallacies that are covered below:

Ad Hominem: Attacking the individual instead of the point of contention.

Straw Man: Using someone else's argument as a straw man to make your own.

Appeal to Authority: Making a claim without more proof just because someone in a position of authority says it is true.

Slippery Slope: is that a tiny first step will unavoidably set off a series of connected incidents.

Circular Reasoning: When a conclusion is used as a premise without sufficient explanation.

False Dilemma: When there are alternative options, two are presented as the sole ones.

Hasty Generalization: Drawing sweeping conclusions from scant data.

Post Hoc: Believing that one occurrence caused another just because it happened after another.

Real Life Application: The break down of each fallacy helps one recognize these fallacies in daily debates so that viewers like me can become more critical thinkers and improved communicators. It encourages the audience to be more aware of flawed reasoning in discussions.

# data[].attributes.body
Garcia, Carlos

This video is about a logical fallacy is an error in logical reasoning, involving incorrect arguments used in debates to undermine a person's case. Utilizing a logical fallacy renders an argument invalid. In the upcoming video, we will explore the most commonly used logical fallacies and provide examples of their usage. This will serve as a valuable lesson on how to avoid using these fallacies in debates and how to identify them if used by an opponent during a deep argument or discussion.

i chose this video because it provides valuable insights into logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning that can weaken arguments. Understanding these fallacies is crucial, especially if you’re interested in debates, critical thinking, or just making stronger arguments in general. The video not only explains different types of fallacies but also provides examples, making it easier to recognize them in real-life discussions. By learning to identify these fallacies, you’ll be better equipped to avoid them in your own arguments and spot them when others use them, ultimately improving your skills in logical reasoning and debate.

Understanding logical fallacies is extremely useful in real life because they appear frequently in everyday discussions, media, politics, advertising, and even casual conversations. Knowing how to spot fallacies helps you Make Stronger Arguments, Identify Misinformation, and Engage in Better Debates.

# data[].attributes.body
Garcia, Carlos

This video is about a logical fallacy is an error in logical reasoning, involving incorrect arguments used in debates to undermine a person's case. Utilizing a logical fallacy renders an argument invalid. In the upcoming video, we will explore the most commonly used logical fallacies and provide examples of their usage. This will serve as a valuable lesson on how to avoid using these fallacies in debates and how to identify them if used by an opponent during a deep argument or discussion.

i chose this video because it provides valuable insights into logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning that can weaken arguments. Understanding these fallacies is crucial, especially if you’re interested in debates, critical thinking, or just making stronger arguments in general. The video not only explains different types of fallacies but also provides examples, making it easier to recognize them in real-life discussions. By learning to identify these fallacies, you’ll be better equipped to avoid them in your own arguments and spot them when others use them, ultimately improving your skills in logical reasoning and debate.

Understanding logical fallacies is extremely useful in real life because they appear frequently in everyday discussions, media, politics, advertising, and even casual conversations. Knowing how to spot fallacies helps you Make Stronger Arguments, Identify Misinformation, and Engage in Better Debates.

# data[].attributes.body
Alma Mangune-Cornejo

Summary:

The video explains the common types of fallacies which is a mistake in reasoning or logic. The types of fallacies covered in this video are circular argument, ambiguous arguments, appeal to emotions, besides the point and straw man. Each fallacy is then provided an example argument, so views get a better understanding.

Reason for Selection:

I selected this video because it provided comprehensive examples of each fallacy and provided visual demonstrations. As a visual learner, I find that when topics are simplified and shown pictorially or explained using interesting pictures it makes it easier to grasps concepts.

Real Life Application:

Understanding and learning fallacies is important when it comes to real life by situations by:

·      Critical thinking skills- enables you to analyze information objectively.

·      Avoiding misinformation- in today overly information saturated world, being able to spot fallacies helps you distinguish credible sources versus uncredible sources.

·      Effective communication- improve persuasive abilities by constructing more logical reasoning.

·      Decision making- can help avoid being swayed by emotional appeals or misleading claims and make decisions on sound logic.

# data[].attributes.body
Raya, Gabriel

Jared Henderson’s video on logical fallacies was very insightful. This video defined what logical fallacies are and explained the many different forms logical fallacies can take while in a discussion with another person. They defined logical fallacies as a pattern of thinking that will lead you to make unreliable inferences based on either false or weak pieces of evidence. Throughout the video, Henderson makes a point that learning to spot logical fallacies will make you a better thinker, especially when it comes to arguing. This is due to the fact that by learning of logical fallacies and how they work; you will take steps to avoid putting them into your argument since they will only serve to weaken your points and the validity of what you are arguing for or against.

I choose this video due to it offering a good definition of logical fallacies and because it explaining a majority of the different types and forms logical fallacies may take in real world arguments. Another reason for choosing this video is that Henderson showcased examples of these logical fallacies and explained how they exactly weaken arguments. By showing examples of these logical fallacies, it allows the audience to get experienced with such fallacies which will make them aware of weak or false pieces of evidence that may weaken their arguments in the future. This video also showcased both informal fallacies and formal fallacies.

Learning of logical fallacies and logic in general does make sense since they do and will appear in real life scenarios. By having knowledge of such things, you will be able to avoid constructing weak arguments and will be able to easily navigate through discussions / debates and  determine the validity of one’s arguments.

# data[].attributes.body
Vargas, Jessica

I chose this video because it was a very simple/easy way to understand of logical fallacies which is pretty essential for developing critical thinking skills. It’s a quick video and I enjoyed watching how they play out all the equations. It shows examples of Correlation does not equal causation: Just because two things happen at the same time doesn’t mean one causes the other. Straw man fallacy: This happens when someone misrepresents another person's argument to make it easier to attack. False dilemma: This fallacy presents a situation with having only two choices, even though there are more options available. Validity of proof: It’s important to check if the evidence really supports the conclusion being made.

The ideas in the video really connect to everyday life. For example, the correlation vs. causation fallacy pops up in news reports when two events are linked without solid proof. Spotting the straw man fallacy can lead to clearer discussions and fewer misunderstandings. Plus, being aware of false dilemmas helps us think of all our options instead of just two. Overall, learning about these fallacies helps us communicate and think more clearly.

# data[].attributes.body
Tranchina, Jacob

Summary

This video explains what a logical fallacy is, as well as where/when it is used. It covers different aspects of a logical fallacy such as false causes and false dilemmas. how to use them and the different ways it can make your arguments and statements stronger or weaker.

Reason for choosing

I chose this video because it does a good job of explaining logical fallacies and the uses for them. Short and concise words that make it easy to understand. It also uses colorful visual which for me make it easier to process and understand.

Real Life Application

This can be applied to real life because it is used in things like politics, debates, media, and other forms of conversation. There are many situations in which they are useful like not getting tricked or wrongly informed. Also proving things right and being able to bring justice to any type of matter. Overall, makes for a much stronger and educated individual who can thrive in solving problems and finding truths

# data[].attributes.body
Tranchina Jacob

Summary

This talks about logical fallacies and how they can be used. describes variables and concepts such as false causes and false dilemmas, as well as how they can be used and how to recognize them. Covers the main points and what to know about, so that we can be aware and use these skills.

Reason for choosing

I chose this video because it was simple and concise when describing logical fallacies. Simple language that made the concept easy to understand and use visuals to help, which for me personally helps. Short enough too, to where it doesn't drag on unnecessarily long and distract the listener.

Real Life Application

This can be used in many different aspects of life. Politicians use logical fallacies and so do other platforms of debating. It can be used in many different fields to prove and disprove statements, bringing truths. Skill tool to use in the real world, to be a stronger and overall, more educated individual.

# data[].attributes.body
To summarize this video the logical fallacies are listed as...

1. Base rate (more attention paid to specific detail than basic information)

2. Conjunction (when there is two probabilities in a single phrase)

3. Masked man (when two phrases seem to cancel one another out but are not related)

This continues for 32 other fallacys. There is also a second video in this as a sequel to better break down each definition. I chose this video because for me they were not hard to understand in a general understanding. I tent to over think new information and this being a more in depth topic I wanted to be able to understand the basics before deep diving into the more intricate definitions. Overall I think this video also gives us good real world examples and how to make sense of it in real life.

Plass-Tiernan, Angeleena

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Every Logical Fallacy Explained in 11 Minutes

# data[].attributes.body
Egan, Lily

As stated in the video, a fallacy is a flaw in a person’s reasoning where untrue evidence are used to back up a certain point or theory. There is a fallacy called a “Straw Man Fallacy” in which one party will over exaggerate their argument in order to prove someone’s argument to be incorrect without actually having knowledge on what the other’s argument is truly for. There is also a fallacy called a “False Cause” where correlation is apart of the argument but people tend to believe that one factor of it causes the other. “Appeal to Emotion” is another fallacy in which one party neglects the other’s argument based on the fact that they don’t like the argument on an emotional level and tries to say if it’s valid or not. A “slippery slope” fallacy is where a person takes pieces of the other’s argument can twist it to have hypothetical extremes that were not in the intended argument to begin with. Another fallacy is the “Ad Hominem” which one party directly fights with or insults the other party personally and not in regard to what they are saying in the argument. There is also a “Loaded Question” fallacy which is where a person asks a question with a hidden meaning embedded in it so no matter how you answer the question, you will fuel their wrongful assumptions. The “Bandwagon” fallacy is basing your own opinions on what is popular to others which makes it correct in the person’s eyes. The “Appeal to Authority” is another fallacy that is determined by another’s opinion more specifically where a person making the argument will state that a person of authority believes a certain idea therefore the idea is based on facts. A commonly known fallacy is the “Black or White” fallacy which essentially states that the party believes there are only two sides, possibilities, or outcomes of any situation or argument. There is also a fallacy called a “Fallacy Fallacy” in which one party creating an opposing argument believes the other has spoken a fallacy which then in their mind would automatically make their argument false.

I chose this video as it was very informative and helped to give understanding of different types of fallacies and when they may be used. Many examples were given along with each idea which was helpful to understand exactly how they could be used, as well. I feel this video would help many to learn about fallacies, what to look out for, and potentially how to avoid them. The video can also act as a guide to help someone handle a situation in which they believe a fallacy is taking place.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP5imeWMDVg&t=15s

# data[].attributes.body
Egan, Lily

As stated in the video, a fallacy is a flaw in a person’s reasoning where untrue evidence are used to back up a certain point or theory. There is a fallacy called a “Straw Man Fallacy” in which one party will over exaggerate their argument in order to prove someone’s argument to be incorrect without actually having knowledge on what the other’s argument is truly for. There is also a fallacy called a “False Cause” where correlation is apart of the argument but people tend to believe that one factor of it causes the other. “Appeal to Emotion” is another fallacy in which one party neglects the other’s argument based on the fact that they don’t like the argument on an emotional level and tries to say if it’s valid or not. A “slippery slope” fallacy is where a person takes pieces of the other’s argument can twist it to have hypothetical extremes that were not in the intended argument to begin with. Another fallacy is the “Ad Hominem” which one party directly fights with or insults the other party personally and not in regard to what they are saying in the argument. There is also a “Loaded Question” fallacy which is where a person asks a question with a hidden meaning embedded in it so no matter how you answer the question, you will fuel their wrongful assumptions. The “Bandwagon” fallacy is basing your own opinions on what is popular to others which makes it correct in the person’s eyes. The “Appeal to Authority” is another fallacy that is determined by another’s opinion more specifically where a person making the argument will state that a person of authority believes a certain idea therefore the idea is based on facts. A commonly known fallacy is the “Black or White” fallacy which essentially states that the party believes there are only two sides, possibilities, or outcomes of any situation or argument. There is also a fallacy called a “Fallacy Fallacy” in which one party creating an opposing argument believes the other has spoken a fallacy which then in their mind would automatically make their argument false.

I chose this video as it was very informative and helped to give understanding of different types of fallacies and when they may be used. Many examples were given along with each idea which was helpful to understand exactly how they could be used, as well. I feel this video would help many to learn about fallacies, what to look out for, and potentially how to avoid them. The video can also act as a guide to help someone handle a situation in which they believe a fallacy is taking place.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dP5imeWMDVg&t=15s

# data[].attributes.headline
How to defend against 10 logical fallacies

# data[].attributes.subject
How to defend against 10 logical fallacies

# data[].attributes.body
Reed,Genesis

Summary: This video gives examples of how and when people use logical fallacies and how it is trying to persuade someone in an argument without evidence. The video then goes through 10 different logical fallacies including denial, changing the subject, and name calling while describing how each one is typically used during an argument and how to look out for it and defend yourself against it. Each topic has examples, definitions, and helpful text and imagery that makes the video engaging and easy to understand. The video was uploaded in hopes for people to be able to stand their ground when having serious discussions with peers or whoever else in your life without being a victim of logical fallacies or committing them yourself.

Why I chose this video: I found this video to be entertaining and well put together while also being educational and easy to understand. The video has given me more insight to how I might've responded in previous situations and how I can not respond to an argument if I am not feeling fully educated on the topic. It also gave me a lot more ways on how to deflect the fallacies that other people might use without feeling completely defeated. The video touches on a lot of real life situations that can be helpful for people in their day to day lives when at school, work, etc. and how to have an open mind when talking to these people and not let their bad thinking get to you.

Applying the video to me: I feel like this video has helped me rethink personal situations where I've been shut down in arguments and was not sure how to defend myself and how I could’ve handled the situation better and that there are ways to deflect from the argument. It also helped me be able to identify logical fallacies in everyday life and it's important to recognize how often it happens. This video shows not to be persuaded by other peoples faulty arguments and that it can be easy to combat it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to defend against 10 logical fallacies

# data[].attributes.body
Reed,Genesis

Summary: This video gives examples of how and when people use logical fallacies and how it is trying to persuade someone in an argument without evidence. The video then goes through 10 different logical fallacies including denial, changing the subject, and name calling while describing how each one is typically used during an argument and how to look out for it and defend yourself against it. Each topic has examples, definitions, and helpful text and imagery that makes the video engaging and easy to understand. The video was uploaded in hopes for people to be able to stand their ground when having serious discussions with peers or whoever else in your life without being a victim of logical fallacies or committing them yourself.

Why I chose this video: I found this video to be entertaining and well put together while also being educational and easy to understand. The video has given me more insight to how I might've responded in previous situations and how I can not respond to an argument if I am not feeling fully educated on the topic. It also gave me a lot more ways on how to deflect the fallacies that other people might use without feeling completely defeated. The video touches on a lot of real life situations that can be helpful for people in their day to day lives when at school, work, etc. and how to have an open mind when talking to these people and not let their bad thinking get to you.

Applying the video to me: I feel like this video has helped me rethink personal situations where I've been shut down in arguments and was not sure how to defend myself and how I could’ve handled the situation better and that there are ways to deflect from the argument. It also helped me be able to identify logical fallacies in everyday life and it's important to recognize how often it happens. This video shows not to be persuaded by other peoples faulty arguments and that it can be easy to combat it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to defend against 10 logical fallacies

# data[].attributes.body
This video explains fallacies and how prove if the problem is true or not. The video describes a fallacy as something that appears to be true, but after evaluation is not true.

I chose this video for a few reasons. First, I liked the approach used to teach the subject. There were lots of explanations for why certain steps were taken and reasons for why some problems were considered fallacies. Also, there were several different kinds of problem examples which can help you understand the topic more. This video also was simple and went step by step for each problem.

Fallacies are something that can not only apply to math, but also in real life. For example, you have to be careful what you see on social media. Rumors start up and can quickly escalade. Before you believe something is true, it is always better to actually do research for yourself before believing everything you see.

# data[].attributes.headline
Every Logical Fallacy Explained Using Only Memes

# data[].attributes.subject
Every Logical Fallacy Explained Using Only Memes

# data[].attributes.body
1. Summary: In this video, the speaker breaks down every logical fallacy using using internet memes and example scenarios. For example, a false dilemma argues that there are only two choices and ignores other potential choices that can be made. Appeals to authority place heavy emphasis on the authority of the individual making the argument, such as not believing someone's argument because they are not a scientist. In total the video breaks down 24 logical fallacies in less than 20 seconds each.

2. Why I chose it: I chose this video because it looked like it would be a funny explanation of what different logical fallacies are. I also thought it would be easier to understand since they were using current/popular memes to illustrate the logical fallacies as well. I appreciated how the speaker was able to break them down quickly and efficiently.

3. Reflect on Real Life Implications: Logical fallacies do in fact apply to our everyday lives. People make claims on social media and in person on various topics, and we need to be mindful of the validity of their arguments and whether or not they fall under these logical fallacies. By understanding what logical fallacies are, we can notice when they are being used and can refute/correct them when they pop up.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Every Logical Fallacy Explained Using Only memes

# data[].attributes.body
Gelardi, Marissa

Summary: In this video Jill Bearup goes over 31 logical fallacies in 8 minutes. Some interesting examples she uses though are, Appeal to emotion, these targets people emotions making them feel bad for the person. Appeal to tradition, where she talks about how people use the phrase "People have been doing this for a thousand years" which discredits people who want to try a new way of things. This video covers 31 logical fallacies, they are short but good examples.

Reason for Selection: I chose this video because I like being given so many examples to choose from. Seeing so many examples help to grasp the topic as well. They way Bearup explains logical fallacies was very brief but to the point.

Real life application: I found some of the logical fallacies used as examples in this video applicable to my own life. For example, appeal to emotion. Appeal to emotion is commonly used and it targets your emotions to make you feel bad. Logical fallacies are used every day is many ways purposely or not. After watching this video, I realized more are used than I thought. Whether it be in politics or your personal life. Logical fallacies are everywhere

# data[].attributes.body
summary: in this video, she goes over te ten most logical fallacies and their uses, she gives an exampe for each one and also nicknames that the ten fallacies are also known as. She gives good strong examples, and goes through them quickly.

I selected this video because it is hard for me to undersand some videos with the words that they use, she explains all of the fallacies and gives straight to the point examples without any drawn out long stories. she also has slides on the side, which help the viewer better understand what she is talking about it also has closed captions which is even better for the viewer to comprehend.

Real life application: alot of times in workplaces, or out with friends i see many people use many and different types of these fallacies and to be able to have a name to them and know why people do it, can better understand how to handle a situation with one, and acknowledge when they take place.

johnston, amanda

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Five-minute Exercise on Logical Fallacies

# data[].attributes.body
Sison, Christian

The video gives a question deciding what you think is more probable: a man, who is a portrait artist, or a portrait artist who is also a poker player. The logical fallacy arises in a situation where people think that adding a specific detail in making certain events, makes the situation more probable when the basic chance is more probable statistically. This fallacy makes a point of showing how in some cases, people will deem the likelihood of a certain string of events to be all that probable because of the added detail.

I selected this video because the conjunction fallacy is such a simple yet perfect example of how people can be off on probability in real life. It is one of the types of fallacies that are perhaps not glaringly obvious, and yet it can be found often in important processes, for example when assessing risks or making assumptions about persons. This mistake occurs in real life, for example, when we may think that the individual, possessing several specific traits, undoubtedly corresponds to a stereotype, even in terms of probabilities.

In real life, this makes sense because the brain seeks pattern and often, given the detail which decreases the probability of the event happening, compels the teller of the story to give the detail. Understanding this fallacy enables us enhance choice making and avoid going for complex probable conclusion when the straightforward one can suffice.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Can you outsmart this logical fallacy? - Alex Gendler

# data[].attributes.body
Sergio Leon

1. In the commercial, Dean Winters plays a teenage girl who gets distracted by a text message from her friend about a boy she likes. While she's emotionally compromised, she ends up causing an accident with her pink truck. The ad humorously highlights the need for Allstate insurance to protect against unexpected "mayhem."

2.  I chose the Allstate Mayhem commercial because it effectively demonstrates the use of humor and relatable situations to highlight the importance of having reliable insurance. The ad uses the character of a distracted teenage girl to show how quickly unexpected events can happen, emphasizing the need for protection against everyday "mayhem." It's a great example of how commercials can use everyday scenarios to connect with viewers and drive home the message.

3. In real life, distractions do lead to accidents. While the commercial exaggerates for humor, the core message is accurate: unexpected events can happen when you're not focused, and having reliable insurance is essential. It's a clever way to remind people of the importance of being prepared for the unexpected

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Allstate Mayhem Commercial - Dean Winters is a teenage girl

# data[].attributes.body
1. This video explains that Logical Fallacies are "any kind of error in reasoning that renders and argument invalid". This video emphasizes that that logical fallacies are commonly used in debate and are typically spoken with confidence to sound more convincing. The first kind of of logical fallacy explain is called a "false cause" which is when someone incorrectly identifies the cause of something. The second kind is called "begging the question" which is when someone includes the conclusion as part of their reasoning. The last one is called a "false dilemma" which is when a situation is being presented with an either/or option when in reality there are other choices.

2. Truthfully I chose this video because the animations were interesting looking and I thought I could pay attention better if I liked how the video looked.

3. This can be very useful for real-life application knowing how to identify a desperate argument can be helpful in determining your own point of views.

# data[].attributes.body
1.faulty argument great video shows many kinds of logical fallacies for example :
16 yrs old are way to young to vote thats Authoritive Argument . Then there's appeal to tradition , personal attack, false delema and many more.
2. I love this video because it's short and sweet. It tells the definition with the key term and illustrated it with images and gave examples it was so easy to understand.
3. This shows up in every area of like . What came to mind in Authorative Argument,  saying teens are too young to vote just as in classroom today's becuase a person in authority is superior.

# data[].attributes.body
1.faulty argument great video shows many kinds of logical fallacies for example :
16 yrs old are way to young to vote thats Authoritive Argument . Then there's appeal to tradition , personal attack, false delema and many more.
2. I love this video because it's short and sweet. It tells the definition with the key term and illustrated it with images and gave examples it was so easy to understand.
3. This shows up in every area of like . What came to mind in Authorative Argument,  saying teens are too young to vote just as in classroom today's becuase a person in authority is superior.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bandwagon Fallacy in Gatorade Commercial

# data[].attributes.subject
Bandwagon Fallacy in Gatorade Commercial

# data[].attributes.body
Sanchez, John

1. I searched “Bandwagon Fallacy Sports” and I came across this Gatorade commercial with Kevin Durant and Dwayne Wade. In the commercial Kevin Durant has a nightmare about Dwayne Wade blocking his shot in a game. So when Durant wakes up panicking, he goes hard with his training while drinking Gatorade. Game time comes and because he trained hard AND drank Gatorade he ends up making the shot without Dwayne Wade blocking him. At the end of the commercial Dwayne Wade then wakes up panicking because he missed the block. The last statement of the commercial says “Win from Within” then cuts to the Gatorade Logo.

2. I chose this video because it gives an example of the Bandwagon Fallacy. Bandwagon Fallacy is basically an argument to persuade someone that something is true because everyone believes it to be true. With this commercial, it's trying to imply that if you drink Gatorade like the pros, you will be more successful in whatever it is you do, just like the pros. In this case, there’s no proof or guarantee that just because you drink Gatorade that you will perform better or won’t get your shot blocked. Gatorade also isn’t going to make you train or play like an NBA player.

3. Bandwagon fallacies work off of manipulating people to do something, choose something or believe something just because everyone else is doing, choosing or believing the same thing. It relates to real life because it appeals to the human nature of wanting to belong. Being able to really think about the “everyone is doing it so you should too” theory is important in life when it comes to making wise decisions for yourself. Being able to decipher that just because something is believed by the majority doesn’t mean that it's a fact or the right decision for you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kevin Durant & Dwyane Wade Gatorade Commercial

# data[].attributes.body
1. This video describes how to identify valid and invalid fallacies in common arguments.

2. I chose this video because it reviewed fallacies more from a math understanding, and not a philosophical understanding.

3. This video shows step by step and reflects results.

# data[].attributes.body
Avigail Almanza

I chose to share the video " 19 Common Fallacies " by Jared Henderson. This video caught my attention because Henderson stated that to avoid the pitfalls of bad logic, we want to identify common patterns. He shared typical logical fallacies that we might be committing or facing.

He discussed many logical fallacies, including Ad Hominem, which occurs when someone attacks the person rather than the argument. Another logical fallacy he mentioned is the "strawman," which occurs when someone misrepresents someone's opinion. He also noted the circular argument, which occurs when someone assumes what needs to be proved. He also mentions that this can also be known as begging the question. Moreover, Jared also mentioned that comparative fallacy is when someone makes a comparative fallacy by trying to establish a claim. He gave the example, I am taller than my wife, but that does not mean I am tall.

I could only recognize one logical fallacy. For instance, I remember when I was much younger, I would get myself in an ad hominem. I would attack the person and try to offend them rather than pointing out what their opinion was. I was really immature. Thankfully, I have matured over the years.

The reason why I chose this video is because I have heard the fallacies

The main reason I chose this video is that it is an eight-minute video that explains the common sixteen logical fallacies. I continued watching the video because he was good at keeping the examples short enough for me to pay attention.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwUe7T2OKQE

# data[].attributes.body
Avigail Almanza

I chose to share the video " 19 Common Fallacies " by Jared Henderson. This video caught my attention because Henderson stated that to avoid the pitfalls of bad logic, we want to identify common patterns. He shared typical logical fallacies that we might be committing or facing.

He discussed many logical fallacies, including Ad Hominem, which occurs when someone attacks the person rather than the argument. Another logical fallacy he mentioned is the "strawman," which occurs when someone misrepresents someone's opinion. He also noted the circular argument, which occurs when someone assumes what needs to be proved. He also mentions that this can also be known as begging the question. Moreover, Jared also mentioned that comparative fallacy is when someone makes a comparative fallacy by trying to establish a claim. He gave the example, I am taller than my wife, but that does not mean I am tall.

I could only recognize one logical fallacy. For instance, I remember when I was much younger, I would get myself in an ad hominem. I would attack the person and try to offend them rather than pointing out what their opinion was. I was really immature. Thankfully, I have matured over the years.

The reason why I chose this video is because I have heard the fallacies

The main reason I chose this video is that it is an eight-minute video that explains the common sixteen logical fallacies. I continued watching the video because he was good at keeping the examples short enough for me to pay attention.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwUe7T2OKQE

# data[].attributes.body
Summary:

This video goes over all of the different kinds of fallacies and gives different examples of how it would work in everyday lives and situations.

Why I Chose It:

I chose this video because I liked the amount of fallacies it gave and it allowed me to learn more about some that I haven't really heard of before.

Real Life Results:

I feel like this applies more to real life than I kind of realized. After watching this, I noticed that everyday we use more fallacies than we know about and we use it without really even noticing what they are or that we're even using them.

# data[].attributes.body
Villalobos, Aileen

1) I chose a video on YouTube called "Every Logical Fallacy Explained." The video covers various types of logical fallacies, such as Ad Hominem, Hasty Generalization, Red Herring, etc.

2)I chose this video because it's interesting to see how many logical fallacies are presented. It makes me wonder if anyone has ever used these methods on me without my realization.

3) These fallacies make sense; people have used these methods in arguments.

# data[].attributes.body
Martinez, Angel

Summary: The narrator of the Video Clay Arnall explains some of the most common Logical Fallacies that we may encounter in the world. These range from Logical Fallacies like Ad Hominem, Straw Man, False Dilemma, etc. The narrator explains what a Logical Fallacy is and compares it to an invalid argument.

Reason For Selection: I watched a few videos before submitting this video for my project. I found this video the most intriguing and most attention grabbing because of the different examples he uses for each Logical Fallacy. The narrator Clay Arnall explains in the video that people in institutions or places in power may use Logical Fallacies and explains how important it is to use logic to challenge the Logical Fallacies. I think it is important for people to recognize logical fallacies in the world because they're so prevalent in lives.

Real Life Application: I think this video has helped me understand Logical Fallacies even more and helped me identify other forms of logical fallacies. In a world with tons of misinformation it is very important to understand how to use logic to challenge logical fallacies. Also understanding logical fallacies will make you seem more intelligent and more credible when debating.

# data[].attributes.body
Fernandes, Brendan

Summary:

This video goes over all of the different kinds of fallacies and gives different examples of how it would work in our everyday lives.

Why I Chose It:

I chose this video because I liked the amount of fallacies it gave and it allowed me to learn more about some that I haven't really heard of before.

Real Life Results:

I feel like this applies more to real life than I kind of realized. After watching this, I noticed that everyday we use more fallacies than we know about and we use it without really even noticing what they are or that we're even using them.

# data[].attributes.body
Toscano, Adelina

Summary: In this video, Alex O'Connor goes over examples of logical fallacies, such as straw man, ad hominem, and appeal to emotion. For each logical fallacy included in the video, he gives examples of how not to use them, and how they could be informal and misrepresented, especially for the straw man fallacy. In the case of straw man, he explains that it is not a correct use of the straw man fallacy to point out the implications of a belief they hold may include other beliefs that they claim to not hold. In the case of ad hominem, it may get misused since it's supposed to only be an attack on their character to weaken their argument, and not their character by itself. There is a difference between this fallacy and just an insult. For appeal to emotion, it is important to be able to differentiate between a statement expressing the existence of emotions and using emotional appeals over valid claims.

Reason for selection: I was originally drawn to this video because it explains logical fallacies in a way that's different from the videos that just give definitions and examples of each type. Instead, this video dives deeper into the ways that each should not be used, which actually gave me a better understanding.

Real-Life Application: This video highlights ways that make sure that accusations of fallacies are actually correct, and how to be more aware of misunderstandings or misrepresentations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How NOT To Use Logical Fallacies (With Examples)

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/HpP71KmmlYQ?si=lRgrzyJIKbp25Wc4

1. Summarize briefly the content of your video

Logical Fallacies by TAMUWritingCenter, goes over the 5 common Logical Fallacies. Hasty Generalization, Non Sequitar, Slippery Slope, Bandwagon, and Red Herring while giving real life scenarios or potential scenarios. Besides that it gives visualization if the evidence matches the claim.

1. Explain, why you chose it.

I chose this video because I felt like it was simple, not too complicated, and a nice short summarization of the 5 key points or common occurrences in Logical Fallacies. Not only that but I like that it added real life situations whether it’s something as serious as a doctor’s knowledge or a social grouping between friends.

1. Reflect if your results  make sense in real life.

I personally think they make sense. Me personally I’ve witnessed a “red-herring”, I only put that in quotes because it was over a high school project of selling a made product. The presenter was the seller and the audience was the “sharks” for the product, and one of my classmates constantly brought up budget and financial issues within each project taking away from the product itself. Other than that I feel like the most common fallacies is actually bandwagon, I think this mainly because of today’s trends and how everyone wants to participate in them besides the reasons of fun but the fear of missing out.

# data[].attributes.body
Rose Tamayo,

Logical Fallacies

https://youtu.be/HpP71KmmlYQ?si=lRgrzyJIKbp25Wc4

1. Summarize briefly the content of your video

Logical Fallacies by TAMUWritingCenter, goes over the 5 common Logical Fallacies. Hasty Generalization, Non Sequitar, Slippery Slope, Bandwagon, and Red Herring while giving real life scenarios or potential scenarios. Besides that it gives visualization if the evidence matches the claim.

1. Explain, why you chose it.

I chose this video because I felt like it was simple, not too complicated, and a nice short summarization of the 5 key points or common occurrences in Logical Fallacies. Not only that but I like that it added real life situations whether it’s something as serious as a doctor’s knowledge or a social grouping between friends.

1. Reflect if your results  make sense in real life.

I personally think they make sense. Me personally I’ve witnessed a “red-herring”, I only put that in quotes because it was over a high school project of selling a made product. The presenter was the seller and the audience was the “sharks” for the product, and one of my classmates constantly brought up budget and financial issues within each project taking away from the product itself. Other than that I feel like the most common fallacies is actually bandwagon, I think this mainly because of today’s trends and how everyone wants to participate in them besides the reasons of fun but the fear of missing out.

# data[].attributes.body
Avigail Almanza

I chose to share the video " 19 Common Fallacies " by Jared Henderson. This video caught my attention because Henderson stated that to avoid the pitfalls of bad logic, we want to identify common patterns. He shared typical logical fallacies that we might be committing or facing.

He discussed many logical fallacies, including Ad Hominem, which occurs when someone attacks the person rather than the argument. Another logical fallacy he mentioned is the "strawman," which occurs when someone misrepresents someone's opinion. He also noted the circular argument, which occurs when someone assumes what needs to be proved. He also mentions that this can also be known as begging the question. Moreover, Jared also mentioned that comparative fallacy is when someone makes a comparative fallacy by trying to establish a claim. He gave the example, I am taller than my wife, but that does not mean I am tall. I could only relate one logical fallacy. For instance, I remember when I was much younger, I would get myself in an ad hominem. I would attack the person and try to offend them rather than point out their opinion. I was immature. To reflect on the results, I now learned to avoid doing so because it improves communication by addressing the main principle in the argument.

The reason why I chose this video is because I have heard the fallacies

I chose this video because it is an eight-minute video that explains the common sixteen logical fallacies. I continued watching the video because he kept the examples short enough for me to pay attention.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwUe7T2OKQE

# data[].attributes.body
Yanez, Jolene

I watched this video of common fallacies. it explains five of the most common fallacies including hasty generalization, Non sequitur, slippery slope , bandwagon, and red herring. It talks about each fallacy in detail and gives us information on how to avoid them.

I selected this video because it described the five most common fallacies and it looked very easy to understand. its overview on the five most common fallacies was very informative and it showed the Fallacies with pictures so it was easy to understand.

In real life I think that this video helps us not make assumptions and instead be able to recognize when we are not using facts to come up with conclusions. It helps us recognize these fallacies and avoid making decisions based on these fallacies.

# data[].attributes.body
The video I chose summarizes 12 common logical fallacies including bandwagon, false cause, ad hominem, hasty generalization, slippery slope, and strawman. Each fallacy represents statements that may or may not be true, information miscommunication, and distractions.

0:02 / 2:19

# data[].attributes.body
The video I chose was 12 Common Fallacies which explains some of the fallacies of Hasty Generalization, Slippery Slope, Strawman, Bandwagon, and False Cause. I found this video to be informative and easy to learn for everyone. These fallacies represent how words can be moved around to have various meanings that take away from the actual issue.

# data[].attributes.body
Wilson, Justiz

"Understanding All The Logical Fallacies” looks into many logical fallacies used in arguments and reasoning that render them untenable. Various types of fallacies are demonstrated for the viewer, some formal and others informal, with examples of their possible occurrence through conversations, arguments, and writing attempts to persuade. Every nonadherence to logical reasoning is backed with an example to show how they make people think of unfortunate fallacies. It further emphasizes the need to avoid such fallacies in order to promote one’s critical thinking abilities and communication skills.

During the entire presentation, the narrator makes it easy by properly defining and explaining one fallacy after another, such as the ad hominem fallacy or straw man fallacy. The aim of the video is to make people wise enough to be armed with knowledge to show them wrong in their arguments as much as the audience is also wrong in their own arguments. It is for this reason that these fallacies need to be understood to make one better able to advocate for the positions they support.

I chose the video "Every Logical Fallacy Explained" as one of the videos to research fallacies for a number of reasons. The first one, the video has an appealing imagery visual or even new concepts and trends which is more readable. Further, helps in illustrating better how each fallacy works so that people can apply them in their own arguments or debates.

Furthermore, it is worth noting that the video does not miss any important fallacy as it gives a sizable treatise on the subject. This may be particularly beneficial for students, writers, or other people who are in the know and seek to up their critical thinking skills. The viewers can strengthen their reasoning skills and therefore become better communicators which are a useful asset in both learning and job pursuits.

Reflection: My reflection, "Every Logical Fallacy Explained" could be in a workplace meeting where team members are discussing a project proposal. For example, if one colleague argues against the proposal by attacking the character of the person who presented it (an ad hominem fallacy), others in the meeting can recognize this fallacy and redirect the conversation back to the merits of the proposal itself. By applying the knowledge of logical fallacies, team members can foster a more constructive dialogue. They might point out when someone is using a strawman argument—misrepresenting the proposal to make it easier to attack—or a slippery slope argument—suggesting that one decision will inevitably lead to disastrous outcomes without evidence. This awareness not only improves the quality of the discussion but also helps create a more respectful and collaborative work environment.

# data[].attributes.body
The video I chose was 12 Common Fallacies, which explains some of the fallacies including Hasty Generalization, Slippery Slope, Strawman, Bandwagon, and False Cause. I found this video informative and easy to learn for everyone as explained in each case where words can be moved around to have various meanings that distract from the actual issue.  If you think about these fallacies, they are used in everyday life via social media or television, and by improving our critical thinking and communication skills more effectively, we can understand and avoid common fallacies.

https://youtu.be/qGeV-vbTC-Q?si=mLJaveN00wjSUEKH

# data[].attributes.body
The video I chose was 12 Common Fallacies, which explains some of the fallacies including Hasty Generalization, Slippery Slope, Strawman, Bandwagon, and False Cause. I found this video informative and easy to learn for everyone as explained in each case where words can be moved around to have various meanings that distract from the actual issue.  If you think about these fallacies, they are used in everyday life via social media or television, and by improving our critical thinking and communication skills more effectively, we can understand and avoid common fallacies.https://youtu.be/qGeV-vbTC-Q?si=mLJaveN00wjSUEKHLinks to an external site.

# data[].attributes.body
Rath, Lillieanna

In this video, Jared Henderson explains what logical fallacies are and how to acknowledge them. He explains a few simple forms of logical fallacy like giving an excuse as to why someone would insult another, as well as explaining a few harder to acknowledge fallacies.

Reason I chose this video: I chose this video because the way Jared Henderson explained what logical fallacies are seemed very simple and straight to the point. I liked how he used different screens to show when he was talking about a different form of logical fallacies and used fun transitioning screens which helped with my short attention span and kept me a little more focused on the video.

Real life reasoning: I believe that most of everyones every day life consists of logical fallacies. I feel that creating a fallacy is too easy and so commonly ignored as ignorance or rudeness when in realty it's just the person trying to create a valid reason for their actions and intentions.

# data[].attributes.body
In this video, they explain how different types of logical fallacies weaken areguments. Including false dilemmas, slippery slopes, and straw man fallacy. These are all arguments that help us to understand that there are multiple ways on can be persuaded, misled, and manipulated if they do not know the causations of reasoning behind an argument or debate. Understanding each logical fallacy can help us communicate more critically and effectively in our everyday lives.

I chose this video because I like the way they broke down each fallacy in segments that were quick and to the point. They provided examples and correlated each logical fallacy with real life circumstances. Although I has to watch a few times over, I was able to retain more information each time, simplifying the definitions after each watch.

I believe each fallacy defined in this video can happen in many areas of our everyday life. Whether it is in the news and media, in our personal everyday lives and the way we communicate with others, and even in how we follow politics. The most important idea behind it, in my opinion, is developing the skill to recognize these logical fallacies when they appear in our lives, and being aware enough to respond in a way that reflects our understanding.