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1. Economically Weak- The government has deficits and must tax

2. Politically Weak- the government is ineffective and cannot enforce policy

3. Intellectuals Desert- reformers speak out against the government

4. Class Antagonism- there is conflict between social classes

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1. Slow, Uneven Return to Quieter times - First recovery period from all of the fighting

2. Moderates Rule (again) - new norms are established between different factions

3. Aggressive Nationalism- Extreme pride in one’s nation

4. Resolution- Intended change is implemented

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1. Financial Breakdown

2. Symbolic Actions- Rallying point against the old government

3. Role of force- The government cannot repress the rebellion

4. Dual Sovereignty- There is a better organized and obeyed government

5. Moderates Attain Power- make a new constitution; fight a war

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" Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . Encyclopedia.Com. 15 Nov. 2023 .” Encyclopedia.Com, Encyclopedia.com, 6 Dec. 2023, www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dutch-republic.

“The Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814–1918).” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands/The-Kingdom-of-the-Netherlands-1814-1918. Accessed 6 Dec. 2023.

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1. Radicals Take Control - begin to govern

2. War- Civil and foreign

3. Centralization of power in a revolutionary council

4. Terror and Virtue- Forced conformity or punishment

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1. Economically Weak- French Revolution and Napoleon's war with many European powers leaves France out of money

2. Politically Weak- Napoleon's brother, Louis, is removed and exiled because he acted in the best interests of Holland and against Napoleon. Napoleon decides to integrate Holland directly into the French Empire

3. Intellectuals Desert- As Napoleon takes heavy losses in battle, influential Dutchmen begin planning for a new government

4. Class Antagonism- A lot of the Dutch people still supported Napoleon as the exiled prince gave them permission. However with Napoleon's collapsing empire some began to question the French.

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1. Financial Breakdown- Napoleon's defeats in Russia led to panic and it became clear the empire was collapsing

2. Symbolic Action- France retreats from the Netherlands after defeats

3. Role of force- French rule ended without bloodshed

4. Dual Soverignty- William Fredrick is invited back to the Netherlands to become the soverign prince

5. Moderates Attain Power- William Fredrick establishes a constitutional monarchy

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1. Radicals take power- Congress of Vienna insists that William take the throne and he becomes William I

2. War- Dutch troops help defeat Napoleon after he escapes exile at Waterloo

3. Centralization of power in a revolutionary council- Parliament and States General are formed to represent the people

4. Terror and Virtue- Nobody was punished

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1. Slow, Uneven Return to Quieter times- William I puts the countries interests first, using his own wealth to revive the dutch economy

2. Moderates Rule (again)- William I stays as king and monarchy continues to present day

3. Aggressive Nationalism- Belgian attempts for independence were fiercely put down but later recognized due to other countries pressuring the king

4. Resolution- Monarchy remains and the Netherlands becomes a independent thriving industrial nation