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Unit 7 Overview | World History Project AP®

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Unit 8 Overview | World History Project AP®

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Key Ideas

Think about the following questions as you watch the video

1. 01:29 Why did demand for rubber increase in the nineteenth century and what region was one of the largest producers of rubber at this time?

2. 03:30 What was the new imperialism?

3. 04:44 How did industrialization provide the tools and motivation for the expansion of empires?

4. 06:46 How did the new imperialism change social interactions and organization?

5. 07:40 When and why did King Leopold seek control of the Congo Free State?

6. 09:07 How did reformers such as George Washington Williams and E.D. Morel publicize the atrocities that were taking place in King Leopold's Congo Free State?

7. 09:37 How did King Leopold's abusive reign over the Congo Free State come to an end?

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Unit 6 Overview: Consequences of Industrialization

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Industrialization came at a cost. Imperialist nations conquered new colonies rich in raw materials to fuel their factories and expand their economies.

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vocabulary:

Imperialism: when one country takes over a weaker country

Colonialism: the experience of the other groups who are being ruled

"New imperialism": A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries, politically, socially, and economically

rationals (motives ) on why new imperialism happened now was because of technology, racism, nationalism, and industrialization

Technology: medicines treat malaria, communication, guns, and other weapons

Racism: very widespread and common during this era

Nationalism: countries that were better than others

Social Darwinism: furthered ideas that it was justified to colonize other areas

White man's burden: the idea that white Europeans had a responsibility to civilize or improve the lives of uncivilized

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Europeans were interested in Africa because of Palm oil, Diamonds, Gold, and ivory to sell manufactured goods.

Great Britain established several colonies in W. Africa before the mid 19th century, Britain spread W Edu., English, and Christianity

Scramble of Africa: competitive efforts of European to colonize Africa, would lead to war

Berlin conference: was a meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa, and Africans were not invited to this meeting, at the end the Barder agreed to arbitrary- drawn on the map w/o taking consideration of religion, language, or ethnicities

King Leopold (ruled 1865-1909) of Belgium let to efforts to colonize the Congo in central Africa, After the word began to spread about terrible conditions in 1909 the Belgium gov too the colony away from him and took over the administration of the colonies. condition then improved but are still a colony of Belgium.

power shift in Dutch, after 1641 Dutch took control of the spice land (now part of Indonesia) spices were at great demand in Europe. By the mid 19th century, island produced cash crops to support the Dutch economy. produced plantation for tea, rubber, and sugar for export reasons, it resulted as rice being limited and eventually created enormous hardships for Indonesian farmers who relied on rice to survive. the was criticism of the AG policy forcing the Dutch gov. to implement humanitarian reforms but failed to meet the need of Indonesian people.

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Unit 5 Overview | World History Project AP®

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Enlightenment: Intellectual movement that began in the 1700s that valued REASON and LOGIC. It re-examined the role that religion played in daily life. Challenged established traditions in all areas of life, but especially politics and societies. New ideas emerged that would TOTALLY remake the world.

Nationalism: A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture. The idea is that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state.

New Ideas of Enlightenment:

John Locke: Viewed political life as a social contract. Idea of Natural Rights and Social Contract: People agree to give up some of their rights to a government in return for law and order. People had the natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.

Baron Montesquieu: Influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas by separating its executive branch from its legislative branch and both from its third branch. To keep one from becoming too powerful.

Voltaire: Civil liberties, freedom of religion and speech.

Adam Smith: The government shouldn't regulate the economy instead leave it alone. His ideas are the beginning of Capitalism.

Impact to Societies- More new ideas:

Deism: The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion. God probably made the universe, but does not interfere in daily life.

Conservatism: The belief in traditional institutions wanting things to continue in the way they always have been.

Socialism: Public ownership of the means of productions. (Factories)

Liberalism: The belief in natural rights a all costs- individual rights come FIRST, before anything else, Gov should stay out of all decisions.

Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft: Argue for women's rights and Feminism movement really begins here. Olympe de Gouges fought for these rights in the era of the French Revolution. Mary argued that females should receive the same education as males.

Abolition Movement: Gains steam-reform movement to end slavery and provide rights and freedoms to slaves. Basically, end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

The end of Serfdom: European govs begin to end serfdom and with it the system of Feudalism. Russia frees 23 million serfs. Declining as the economy changed from agrarian to industrial.

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1. What inspired the revolutions: Revolutionaries were inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment including individual freedom.

Ideas from the Enlightenment like:

Natural Rights

Popular Sovereignty

Social Contract

Freedom of speech and expression.

Revolutions:

American Revolution: 1775-1783

A Political Revolution

Causes:

After mostly being left alone, Great Britain started
interfering with the lives of Colonists.

Colonists were being taxed by Great Britain without
representation in the government

Great Britain passes a series of acts (rules) that
Colonists do not like

Colonists protest, boycott, and eventually REVOLT.

A POLITICAL Revolution

GOAL :

Independent country, separate from Great Britain.

A representative government, a Democracy
IMPACT:

Colonists achieve independence

Create United States of America

The American Revolution is an inspiration for others
who follow (the French)

French Revolution: 1789-1799

CAUSES

French society was divided into 3 estates
• First Estate: Clergy (church officials)
• Second Estate: Nobility (rich folks, those who own land)
• Third Estate: Everyone else
• Even though 3rd Estate was the largest, they had the least
amount of power
• France was in debt and the king wanted to tax the 3rd
estate. Because they had no power, they couldn’t stop him.
• 3rd Estate REVOLTS, forms their own government.
• A SOCIAL + POLITICAL Revolution
GOAL:

• Abolish Estate system
• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Get rid of absolute monarchy
IMPACT:

• LOTS of Violence
• Estate system abolished
• Napoleon Bonaparte takes over as Emperor
• Development of nationalism: being loyal to a state

Haitan Revolution: 1791-1804
CAUSES

• Saint Domingue (soon to be Haiti) was a French
Colony
• The economy was based on plantation farming
• The majority of the population are slaves, who work
on the plantations and are treated very bad
• Once they got word about the French Revolution,
they seized their chance and REVOLTED!
• A SOCIAL + POLITICAL Revolution
GOAL

• Abolish Slavery
• Independence from France
IMPACT

• Abolition of slavery
• Independence from France
• First and ONLY successful slave revolt
• 1st independent nation in Latin America

Latin American Revolutions: Early 1800s

CAUSES

• The Latin American Revolutions are a series of
revolutions in different parts of Latin America.
• Each one was slightly different from the others, but they
all have similar themes:
• Most are caused by a desire for independence from
Spain
• The Creoles (those born in LA, but of Spanish
descent) wanted more power and were tired of
being looked down on
• Creoles are the ones leading the revolutions
• A POLITICAL Revolution
GOAL

• Independence from Spain
IMPACT

• Several new independent countries formed: Mexico,
Brazil, Gran Columbia (this didn’t last)
• USA starts to interfere in Latin America
• Idea of Nationalism is strengthened

Significance of Atlantic Revolutions:

It was a HUGE HUGE HUGE change!

Absolute Monarchy, a type of rule that had
existed for centuries and was on its way out.

Replaced by democracies or representative forms
of government

Birth of modern political systems and ideas about
the relationship between a ruler and the people

Nationalism:

An intense feeling of loyalty to a NATION, instead of a tribe, culture, or language /ethnic group
• Develops out of the French Revolution and spreads throughout Europe and then worldwide
• The Atlantic Revolutions is also the
birth of NATION-STATES instead of
monarchies.
• So...instead of being loyal to a king or
a religion you are loyal to your
country. This is a new idea!

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1. The Industrial Revolution:

The change from producing things by hand to machines.

Changes the world.

In addition to new ideas, new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economics.

The Industrial Revolution TOTALLY changes the world.
A MAJOR MOMENT in world history!! It completely
remakes societies.

Agricultural improvements like crop rotation = more
efficient farms = more food = increase in population =
more workers for factories
• New technology like the steam engine, and water
frame totally transforms how things are made.
• Water frames provide power first, but have to be
housed in large buildings aka factories
• Next steam power takes over as the main source
of power

2. Agricultural improvements like crop rotation led to industrialization:

Crop rotation(rotating different crops in and out of a field each year). increased food production. As nations grew, their populations grew because more food was available to more people.

3. British Society before the Industrial Revolution:

British developed the cottage industry system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

4. New technology help lead to industrialization and specialization of labor:

Whitney's system directly led to the division of labor. Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborer to craft every component of a product. Instead, with specialization of labor, each worker could focus on one type of task.

Eventually, specialization of labor becomes the way
things are made: each person does ONE specialized
job and then onto the next person who does the next
piece.

5. Why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain:

Had many environmental and geographic advantages. Located on top of immense coal deposits. Located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many seaways, the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.

Britain had all the necessary factors of
production required to industrialize
• Coal: Britain had huge coal deposits
throughout island
• Access to natural resources through their vast
colonies
• Capital: MONEY necessary to build the
machinery and infrastructure needed to
industrialize
• Rivers and ships to ship goods out and bring
resources in
• Laws that protected private property and
allowed businesses to be profitable
• Huge population available to work in factories

British also had the world's strongest fleet of ships, including naval ships for defense and commercial ships for trade.

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Industrialization spread to other Western and European Countries.

France and Germany: Despite some favorable factors for industrialization, France sparsely populated urban centers, which limited the amount of labor available for factories. The French Revolution and subsequent wars involving France and its neighbors consumed both the attention and the capital of France's elites. These Factors delayed industrialization. Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small states, which delayed it's industrialization. However, once Germany unified in 1871, it quickly became a leading producer of steel and coal.

The United States: Began its Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. By 1900, the US was a leading industrial force in the world. Human Capital (workforce) was a key factor in success. Political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants and migrants who provided the labor workforce to work in factories.

Russia: Began to industrialize, focusing particularly on railroads and exports. By 1900 Russia had more than 36,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas. The Russian coal, iron, and steel industries developed with the railroad. Russia became the 4th largest producer of steel in the world.

Japan- the first country in Asia to industrialize and they did it DEFENSIVELY. After years of being
isolated from the West, they only industrialized to
protect themselves from Western powers.

Countries that industrialized also gained a ton of wealth and power.

As industrialization spreads to European and western
countries production MOVES from ASIA to Europe.

How did the arrival of Europeans impact shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia?

Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British official's mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership, during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

How did the arrival of Europeans impact textile production in India and Egypt?

The owners of Lancaster mills pressured the British gov in India to impose an "equalizing" 5% tax on all textiles produced, thus undermining their profitability. Egypt had lost not only its export market in textiles, but much of its domestic marker as well due to Europe's worldwide economic reach. By the mid-19th century, the huge growth in European textile production had changed matters. In the 18th century, Egypt exported carpets, silk, and textiles to Europe.

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The most important invention of Industrialization was the STEAM ENGINE.

Steam Engine: Powed factories and transportation: Railroads and Steamships. Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. In order for a steam engine to work you need COAL. Steam power eventually led to innovation in iron and steel which then
used to build industrial cities: think Skyscrapers!!!

Iron: Improved processes helped iron producers increase outputs. Henry Cort patented the process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron. Each was a valuable component in transportation and industry.

Steel: The mass production of steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer process in 1856. Over the years, Bessemer's innovation was refined and improved, allowing steel to become the strong versatile backbone of the industrial society.

Oil: In the mid-1800s the first commercial oil wells were drilled. Inventors developed chemical techniques to extract Kerosene from petroleum. These techniques led to other developments such as precision machinery and internal combustion engines, which led to automobile and airplane technologies.

Electricity: The harnessing of electrical power had to wait for the development of an effective electrical generator. In 1882 in London, the first public power station began production, Electrification led to street lighting and electrical street trains in the 1890s.

Communications: The development of electricity and electronics over the years helped lead to important developments in communication technology. Telegraph, telephone, and radio are all developed changing communication. These inventions make it quicker and easier to communicate across long distances
• The overall effect of all these innovations is INCREASED trade and migration. Transportation technologies especially are improved to increase the range and amount of trade going back and forth between countries.

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

The US, Great Britain, and Germany were key players in what is known as the Second Industrial Revolution. Which occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The innovations of the first industrial revolution were in Textiles, steam power, and iron.

How did these new inventions IMPACT global trade and migration?

Whereas earlier trade and migration often centered on coastal cities, railroads, steamships, and the telegraph also opened up to exploration and development of the interior regions around the globe. Access to these areas increased trade and migration.

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• Nations like Britain and the United States had spontaneous Industrial Revolutions - meaning they started authentically with people solving issues like how to increase goods or agricultural
output. People used ingenuity and creativity to figure out how to build inventions that would make jobs faster and more efficient – like weaving textiles.
• This eventually grows into a full-blown industrial revolution. With giant shifts in production and economic systems.
• But, in other countries it did not happen this way. Instead, governments took it upon themselves to start Industrial Revolutions themselves. They often controlled how they
unfolded and what industries they focused on.

Ottoman Empire during this time period:

Had not adopted Western Technology or Enlightenment ideas. Rampant corruption led to rapid decline. Earned the nickname "The sick man of Europe." Ethnic nationalism among the empires diverse population led to widespread unrest.

China and Japan against Western interference/influence:

China suffered two great humiliations at the hands of Europeans in the 19th century. In the 20th century China shook of foreign domination and briefly became a republic. It's traumatic 19th century left a central government too weak to promote Industrialization effectively for decade.

Japan: The central government grew stronger in its struggle to maintain independence and territorial integrity in the face of western challenges. Japan actively sought western innovations that it felt would help make it equal of western countries.

Changes or reforms Muhammad Ali brought to Egypt:

Began his own reforms in Egypt. Muhammad Ali, a local leader in Egypt takes advantage of this and takes power in Egypt. The Ottoman Sultan, still technically in charge, doesn’t have enough power to do anything about it. At this time, the Ottoman Empire was not modernized at all Ali led a state-sponsored and controlled effort to industrialize and modernize Egypt. He modernized the military after European examples. Took control of the cotton industry and created a
thriving textile industry. He built factories that made
textiles and weapons. Cotton becomes a HUGELY profitable export for Egypt. He relied on local Egyptians who had been sent over seas to Europe to learn and study industrialization
there.

What propelled Japan to modernize?

For 250 years Japan had been isolated from the rest of the world. They did this to protect themselves, especially from Europeans. In the 1850s the US arrived in Japan and forced
them to open their borders to trade with other nations, or else. Japan realized they needed to industrialize quick
to protect themselves from European and Western nations taking control of their country. They figured if THEY controlled the efforts to industrialize, they could maintain their culture. The Meiji Restoration: the time period of rapid
industrialization in Japan. Overthrowing the
Tokugawa Shogun and restoration of the Empire
in charge.

Meiji Restoration: Japan adopted many things from the west, but was still able to maintain their culture.
• Abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy (like Great Britain).
• Created a military based on western models
• Created a new school system and expanded educational opportunities, again based on a western model
• Built railroads and roads
• Adopted western style clothing
• Developed industries in tea, silk, weapons, ship building and sake
• The government financed industrialization on its own without a ton of foreign investment by charging a high agricultural tax.
• Some private investment was allowed in the form of Zaibatsu: Powerful Japanese family business organizations who invested in certain industries. Once new industries were flourishing, they were sometimes sold to Zaibatsu's.

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5.7: Economic Developments and Innovations

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5.7: Economic Developments and Innovations

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Capitalism

It’s an economic system where regular people own all the businesses or means of production. Prices are decided by supply and demand, as well as competition and product quality.
• So, the OPPOSITE of capitalism then, is an economic system where the GOVERNMENT owns all of the business or means of production. This is called socialism. Prices
would be set by the government with no regard to supply and demand. There would be no competition and product quality would not factor into price.
• Free Market: Labor, raw materials, finished
products are bought and sold in a competitive
market where the buyer and seller negotiate
prices. The government interferes very little or
not at all.

Why is the Industrial Revolution such a big deal?
• Part of the reason why the Industrial Revolution
was such a turning point in world history is
because it didn’t just change one part of the
world, it changed the ENTIRE WAY the world
worked.
• The Industrial Revolution had a POLITICAL,
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, impact. It basically impacted ALL the things!
• Economically though, it completely CHANGED
the economic systems that people and societies
and had been living with CENTURIES.
• It helped grow and spread the economic
system called: INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

New Business Organizations:

New ways of organizing businesses were developed during the Industrial Revolution.

Corporations: are large businesses that are owned by multiple stockholders. Stockholders might receive sums of money, known as dividends, from a corporation when it makes a profit. If a corporation experiences a loss or goes bankrupt, the stockholders are not liable for the losses. The most they could lose is what they paid for in the first place.

Monopoly: Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

Transnational Company: Businesses that operate across national boundaries. (usually in just two places) Ex: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: which is a British-owned bank, opened its colony of Hong Kong in 185, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

Changes to mass culture that occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution:

A culture of Consumerism as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain, and for some people living standards rose.

Companies encouraged their workers to participate in Athletics because they believed sports rewarded virtues such as self-discipline and playing by the rules.

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Internal Challenges - Russia was falling behind, Europe in wealth and power, they were not industrialized. Slow to expand education for peasants, build roads or support entrepreneurs.

External Challenges - Lost the Crimean War aganist the ottoman empire, Great Britain and France. Both countries they lost to industrialized countries or supported by industrialized countries.

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7.2 Q: Explain the causes and consequences of World War 1.

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5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy Part 1

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5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy Part 1

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Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution were dangerous and unsanitary working conditions, low wages even lower for women, especially lower for kids, and long hours were common in factory work in the 19th century. It was very dangerous to work around all the large machines in
factories, there were no safety measures really at all – people would be hurt and killed pretty regularly.

Labor Unions: Workers responded to low pay and harsh conditions. They began to form Labor Unions- organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract. They were successful: increased wages, limited the number of hours you can work, 5 days' work week, improved safety.

Voting rights change in the mid to late 1800s: The British parliament passed reform bills to expand the pool of men who could vote. Therefore, giving representation to British cities. These reforms laid the foundation for expansion of the franchise (right to vote) to all men in 1918. British women would not gain equal suffrage (voting rights) until 1928.

Child Labor: Was very common during the Industrial Revolution. Because wages were so low, many families needed kids to work in order to survive. Factories liked to employ kids because they could pay them less. Some jobs were perfect for kids because they needed small fingers (in the textile industry) or small bodies (in the mining industry. Children worked the same grueling hours as adults. Kids who worked in the mines would not see the sun AT ALL. By the mid 1850's child labor started to be restricted and eventually banned. A law in 1843 declared the children under the age of 10 were banned from working in coal mines in 1881, education became mandatory for British children between the ages of 5 and 10. This focus on education, as supposed to work for monetary gain, germanely redefined the role of children in urban society.

John Stewart Mill: Championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories. Many of his ideas eventually became widely adopted in industrial societies. British Philosopher.

Karl Marx: Marx thought Capitalism was evil because it took advantage of the working class and created this divide in society between those who are rich and those who are not, those who have power and those who do not. He called the workers the PROLETARIAT. The wealthy or people who owned the factories were
called BOURGEOISIE He believed that eventually the working class, the proletariat would rise up against the wealthy bourgeoisie and that a revolution would occur. The workers would win, because there were more of them, and they would create a socialist society.
Eventually, the final stage would be a communist society in which all class distinctions disappear.

Proletariat: Essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.

Bourgeoisie: Included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.

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Why was WWI one of the most significant events in of the 20th century?

WW1 was known as the great war because of the immense scale of the fighting. WW1 had involved many nations from around the world. (Killed as many soldiers too) WW1 had weakened the Western European powers, growth of nationalism, and self-rule. Treaties set for WW1.

What role did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand play in WW1?

The role it played was it was the immediate cause of WW1. Which included the black hand (a terrorist group) Duke of Austria Hungary is assassinated is Serbia by a Serbian nationalist, because of the alliance system all of Europe is drawn into the war.

Causes of WW1 - Long-term cause below explain WHAT it was and HOW it contributed to starting WW1.

⭐Militarism - Industrialized European powers build up their militaries using modern weapons. They do this as a means of protection and deterring other nations from attacking - problem is, just makes other countries build up their militaries too. So, when fighting does break out - it's deadly.

⭐Alliances - Europe was split into 2 alliances, formed for protection. Each country promised to help it's alliances in war - but that meant it would only take a small conflict to drag everyone into war.

Triple Entente: Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and Russia

Central Powers or triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

⭐Imperialism - European competition over colonies in Africa and South East Asia increased tensions between the nations. One of the most important ways these nations could assert their power and generate wealth. Imperialism was a driving force behind tensions in Europe leading up to the assassination.

⭐Nationalism - The idea that each nation is the "best" just leads to more tension and each country wanting to prove they are the best or strongest. The assassination led to the growth of nationalism, it originates a feeling of pride in one's national identity.

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Describe each technology below and impact it had on warfare.

Trench Warfare (Long ditches) This is the way the war primarily fought. Soldiers dug trenches into the ground and fought from there. Problem was it made for SLOW PROGRESS as you couldn't get out of the trench without being shot. Conditions were horrendous in the trenches.

Poison Gas - Chlorine and mustard gas were developed and destroyed on the battle fields. They would basically drown you form the inside out. Increased the death toll. (gas masks)

Machine Guns - could fire more than 500 rounds a minute which meant a higher death rate. Contributed to slow progress in gaining land.

Airplanes - were still light, small, and unable to carry many weapons, therefore, they weren't a threat to troops, but they were used to observe enemy lines.

--------------------

What is a stalemate? Why did WW1 become a stalemate?

Stalemate is when neither side (of something) can't win, WW1 became a stalemate because both sides (central powers and allies) were using brutal weapons and tatics.

What is total war? - WW1 is considered the 1st total war. Everyone, both military and regular people are involved and committed to winning the war.

What is propaganda? - is communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information; also convinced people to join the military.

Treaty of Versailles - treated Germany harshly. Germany had to pay millions of dollars, give up colonies, limit it's military and accept full responsibility for the war.

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5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy Part 2

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5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy Part 2

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Tanzimat: (reorganization) Began industrialization and modernization, accepted all people equal under the law, and secular (non-religious) laws and schools. Reform movement led by Young Turks who wanted to create a secular society based on European models.

The growth of industry affected men and women differently. Ex: most new industrial jobs went to men. Legal reforms also benefited men more than women.

Why did reform efforts stall after 1876 in the Ottoman Empire?

However, fearful of any "seditious" reform, the sultan and the central gov maintained tight control over the empire. Abdulhamid eventually drove the advocates to reform, known as "Young Turks" into exile. Further, his gov whipped up anger against minority groups particularly Armenians and Assyrian Christians.

China's Self-Strengthening Movement: Started in the 1860's/70's with purpose of strengthening China against foreigners. It developed as a way for the gov to face the internal and external problems confronting China. Gov officials hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology and readiness and by training China in artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals.

Hundred Days of Reform: The reform included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of western-style industrial commercial, and medical systems.

Rejected Reform efforts in China: The emperor's aunt and adopted mother, Empress Dowager Cixi. At first, she opposed reforms and wanted to protect traditional social and governmental systems. She feared the influence of foreigners, so she resisted any new technology that would extend their reach into her country.

Japan- Meji Restoration: US sends a ship and demands Japan open up to the world. Japan realizes they are no match for the industrialized west, and agree after a short civil war.
• 1868: A group of young Samurai take over and “restore” the emperor to power, starting the Meiji Restoration – they realize in order to protect their culture and country they will have to modernize to be able to compete with the west.
• Widespread interest in many aspects of the west, but only borrowed selectively
• Created a new constitution
• Equality under the law
• Developed western based education systems
• Very Successful state guided industrialization program
• Established factories, mines, railroads, postal system,
telegraph and banking systems
• Didn’t acquire any foreign debt
• Opposition was mostly by the Samurai class who weren’t ready for change and didn’t want to lose their culture and the power and prestige that came with their position. Ultimately, they were defeated, and modernization won.

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One consequences of WW1 was it brought anxiety to the people who suffered through it. Many countries lost people due to it.

What caused the Great Depression? - a global economic crisis resulted in the Great Depression. U.S stock market crash.

Stalin manage the economy of the USSR, which was known as the 5-year plan, to transform the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic into Industrial power. Stalin set himself as a dictator, remained in power for 30 years.

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Conditions in the new industrialized cities:

For the first half of the 19th century, Urban areas grew rapidly and with little planning by governments. This development left a damaging ecological footprint and created inhumane living conditions for the city's poorest residents, members of the working class. Working families crowded into shoddily constructed tenements apartment buildings. Tenements were often located in urban slums (areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live.) Where industrial by-products such as polluted water supplies and open sewers were common.

New social developed hierarchy:

New classes of society emerged in Britain, At the bottom rungs of the social hierarchy were those who labored in factories and coal mines. They were known as the working class. A new middle class emerged, consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals. They were white-collar workers, those held by office workers. Most were literate and considered middle class. At the top of the new class hierarchy were the industrialists and owner of large corporations. These were called captains of industry soon overshadowed the landed aristocracy as the power brokers and leaders of modern society.

Industrialization changing the way people work:

Before industrialization, family members worked in close proximity to one another. Industrialization disrupted this pattern. Industrial machinery was used in large factories, making it impossible to work from home. Thus, individuals had to leave their families and neighborhoods for a long workday in order to earn enough money to survive. In a factory, work schedules were nothing like they were on a farm or in a cottage industry.

Impact industrialization on children:

The low wages of factories workers forced them to send their children to work also. In the early decades of industrialization, children as young as 5 worked in textile mills. Because of their small size and nimble fingers, children could climb into equipment to make repairs or into tight spots in mines.

Industrialization impacted women's lives:

Affected women in different ways, depending on their class position. They were primary laborers in textile factories. Middle-class women were spared factory work. Industrialization also spurred feminism. When men left a community to take a job, their absence opened up for new opportunities for the women who remained home.

How did the Industrial Revolution impact the environment:

The industrial revolution was powered by fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Although burning coal produced more energy than burning wood, the effects were extremely harmful. Industrial town during the 19th century were chocked by toxic air pollution produced by coal-burning factories. Smog (Smoke and Fog) from factories led to deadly respiratory problems. Water became polluted. Also, as the new industries dumped their waste into streams, rivers, and lakes.

Positive impact: Mass production made goods cheaper. More abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than before.

Negative impact: natural by-products of industrial revolution production polluted water and supplies.

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8.1 : Setting the Stage for the Cold War

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8.1 : Setting the Stage for the Cold War

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Compare how WWII impacted Western and Eastern/ Central Europe.

Western Europe:

Did much better, but still had to recover from the war and massive destruction and loss of life

Education and Business is still helping them

Eastern/ Central Europe:

Suffered more losses than the East and had the dominating presence of the Soviet Union to deal with

Describe the US after WWII. Why did they emerge as a super-powerful country after the war?

The US suffered WAY fewer casualties than other countries

No fighting (except Peral Harbor) occurred on US lands

Industry and infrastructure remained intact = wealth

Developed and deployed the Atomic Bomb to end WWII

What is a Cold War?

A conflict that did not involve direct military confrontation, so there wasn't a direct fight between the US and the Soviet Union

How did the Cold War play out between the Soviet Union and the US?

Played out in propaganda, secret operations, and an arms race

Where did most of the destruction of the Cold War happen? WHY?

occurred outside the lands of the superpowers

The US and Soviet Union rivalry led both countries to arm opposing sides in conflicts around the world. Thereby transforming small civil wars and regional conflicts into much larger events

What was the arms race? What role did it play in the Cold War?

Fostered close ties between the military and the industries that developed weapons

was the competitive build of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union

Each side stockpiled more and more weapons, even though both sides knew they would never use them because nuclear war would kill everyone including themselves.

What is self-determination? Who wanted this?

The idea is that each country should choose its form of government and leaders

Austria, Turkey, and Russia were multiethnic, but each was dominated by one group, leaving others feeling discriminated against.

Explain how/why the stage was set for decolonization after WWII.

In the colonized world, movements for self-determination grew. Often, they included both advocates of self-rule and proponents of full independence

War World II had so weakened Great Britain, France, and the other colonial powers that they had fewer resources to resist independence

The Cold War between the Unites States and the Soviet Union gave anti-colonial activists two superpowers to recruit supporters.

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What impact did WW1 had on colonial peoples? - Colonized people had higher expectations, they thought that the principle of self-determination would get them closer to self-rule. But now wanting to free the colonies.

Mandate System - territories of the ottoman empire were put into this system and controlled by Europeans countries. Basically just another form of colonialism.

What impact did the Massacre at Amritsar have on the Indian Independence Movement - the massacre people killed 379 people and wounding 1,200 more.

Gandhi's efforts - lead boycotts, gained 1940 independence.

Resistance efforts of West Africans against French colonization - railroad strikes and general.

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Fascism - appealed to extreme nationalism, glorified the military and armed struggle and blamed problems on ethnic minorities.

Describe the rule of Fascist leaders - suppressed other political parties, protests and independent trade unions. They justified violence to achieve their goals and trade unions.

Axis powers : Germany, Japan, Italy, and Rome-Berlin, shared political ideology and economic interests.

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Compare how the US, Germany, and Japan mobilized for war.

US- provided factories, ramped up production of the resources for war. Women worked in factories and offices.

Germany - relied on forced labor, some on concentration camps, german war plants and POW camps.

Japan - optimistic view of the war (confused), not using women in war effort, rationing food.

Explain the impact of the attack at Pearl Harbor - Japan attacked pearl harbor and the U.S was no longer isolated, which caused the U.S to join the war and very quickly after the tide turn towards the allies and they start winning.

Japans strategy was to create a "new order in East Asia."

What was significant about the year 1942? - The United States joined the other allied powers, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Achieve a military victory, and unconditional.

U.S strategy in the Pacific - called the Island hopping-basically they would slowly "hop" from Island taking back each island from Japan until they reached the strongholds, Japan had in Asia. It was so successful.

The end of war in Japan. Japan wouldn't give up and the U.S is considering a land invasion of Japan which would have come at great cost and time to U.S. forces. Instead, the U.S. drops 2 nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Aug 1945. This quickly ended the war in Asia.

2 consequences of WW2 - deaths of 75 million people, 2/3 of who were civilians and changed people thoughts about racism, colonial empires and international relations.

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Genocide: The killing or attempt killing of a group of people based on their race, religion, or ethnicity.

Armenian genocide (1915-1917): the ottoman empire said that the Chistian Armenian were cooperating with the ottoman empire, as punishment they deported them to camps or just outright killed them. more than 1.5 million Armenian in turkey died.

Famine in Ukraine (1932-1933): peasant resist starlings' collectivization of ag the hid or destroy crops, killed livestock rather than giving it to the state famine kill 7-10 million

The holocaust (1935-1945ish): Hitler and nazi party tries to "purify" the German race by removing anyone not deemed "Aryn". jews disabled people, homosexual, gypsies.Death of 6 million jews.

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6.3: Indigenous responses state expansion

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6.3: Indigenous responses state expansion

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People in Balkan peninsula seeked revolution getting the idea from the French revolution, ethnic nationalism emerged as the people of the Balkan sought independence

Tupac Amaru ll (born 1780: 1780 he arrested/executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty

- general Indian revolt against Spain supported by criollos (Spaniards born in America)

- the revolt spread throughout southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, then Tupac's family was captured 1781 and were killed Infront of him before he was tortured to death

Indian rebellion (1857): British used weapons greased with grease; Hindus took cows as sacred and Muslims who refuse to slaughter pigs, and because of this they were furious. They were convinced that the British were trying to convert them into Christianity, led to an uprising Indian rebellion also known as sepoy mutiny, spread throughout cities in North India. The British crushed the rebellion, killing thousands the event marked the emergence of Indian nationalism.

(Sovereignty: self-govern/ power w/ people or the ability to self-govern becomes desire.)

Sokoto caliphate: establish slave trade as a mean of economic growth at a time when the British were trying to stop, they then set them free and relocated, them in their colony Sierra Leone, 1903 British made it part of their colony Nigeria

Xhosa cattle killing: cattle died of diseases/sickness, Xhosa began killing cattle's and destroyed their crops in belief that these action cause spirit to immediate result of Xhosa cattle killing. Famine and the deaths of thousands of people

Mahdist revolt: A major religious and anti-imperialism uprising in Sudan against Egyptian and British rule. British returned to Sudan 1986, finally defeated Mahdist in September. led to rebellion against ottoman-Egyptian rule in Sudan. Mahdist movement distinguished, weakened by infighting among rival leaders.

Yaa Asante Waas war (5th final war, war of golden stool): 1823, British made several attempts to subjugate the Asante empire (Ghana in India). British demanded the golden stool, symbol of national unity. A warrior queen led rebellion against the British, resulted of 2,000 Asante and 1,000 British deaths for a darn stool. war ended in sept. 1900 British VICTORY.

Common theme: Nationalism, enlightment ideas, and sovereignty

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Railroads: the introduction lowered costs of Transporation and helped manufactured goods. (raw materials)

Steamships: helped transport people and good on navigable rivers. they became practical for long distances

Telegraph: allowed communication (ex: Portugal and Brazil or south America and Europe)

used forced labor to get the indigenous people to stay in one place, production costs stayed low. the imperial powers wanted to maximize farming output and export crops to make profits. (cash crops)

Export economy: a country where international trade makes up a large % of its economy. (export= to bring out)

Raw material like rubber, cotton, palm oil, and meat were very important and high on demand most came from Africa and Egypt, most demand came from europe.

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Economic Imperialism: a situation in which business interest have great economic power or influence, developed as business took advantage of natural resources exploited.

Opium wars: Chinese emperor criminalized the use of opium 1729, the first opium war was in 1839 and lasted till 1842. it was fight between China and 1842. China lost both wars. The British military coerced the Chinese empire to accept the import of Indian opium in exchange for tea.

Europe sought to control over Africa's resource but Africa rebelled

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LOW wage = exploitation of natural resources in system of economic imperialism, they enslaved workers, demand on AG goods increased

Chinese and Indians substituted slave trade (some were forced or tricked into servitude

British imported 200 chines, British, French, Dutch, and Spanish imported 250,000 and 500,000 workers. (80% were taken to Cuba for sugar plantation)

Diaspora: a large group of people who may share a national or regional origin, but for a variety of reasons, are living outside of this traditional homeland. applied to mass emigration from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years

people migrated during this period because of poverty, unemployment, political unrest in their home countries (famine and for better opportunities)

emigrated to southeast Asia, emigrated Americas, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand (middle century)

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migrant workers were often male in some society's men waited to emigrate until a male relative joined to help support the women and children.

some women stayed with the same gender role other women gained autonomy and authority they took responsibility.

Ethnic slaves: Clusters or neighborhood of people from the same foreign country, formed in many major Chinese cities of the world, and Influenced culture.

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What issues caused a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union?

Ideologies differences between the Soviet Union and the United States

Disagreed about how to rebuild Europe, and their efforts to increase their security often conflicted

Compare the world views of the Soviet Union and the United States

-Soviet Union

Founded on a communist system controlled by a centralized state and a single political party

Redistributing wealth (taking from the rich and giving to the poor) and promoting workers and state-run economies

Viewed organized religion as dangerous

-United States

In a capitalist system of free markets and multiple political parties

Led to free markets determining the production and distribution of goods, and promoting freedom of religion

What are the 3 key features that define the Cold War?

The threat of nuclear war

Competition over the allegiance (loyalty) of newly independent nations

military and economic support of each other's enemies around the world

Examples

As former colonies of Europe begin to gain independence, they start to take sides: Either the US or USSR

Each side built up their nuclear weapons as a determent to the other side

Proxy Wars are fought in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan

Explain how/why Europe was divided during the Cold War.

Soviet leader Josef Stalin wanted to expand its territory and buffer between the Soviet Union and Europe

Established strong communist parties that took power in central and Eastern Europe

The United States provided over $12 billion in aid for rebuilding Western Europe nations who agreed to open trade

Describe the policy of containment

Not letting communism spread

Some politicians criticized Kennan for accepting the status quo. They argued for a more aggressive policy of overthrowing existing regimes to "roll back" the spread of communism

Describe the Non-Aligned Movement. What was their goal? WHO participated?

In 1961, some of these nations joined together to form the Non-Aligned Movements

Their goal was to stay out of the Cold War, not be forced to pick a side

Instead, they wanted to focus on the affairs in their own countries -often, times they had to build new governments from the ground up they were busy

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What is a proxy war?

a major power helps bring about a conflict between other nations but does not always fight directly

What was the Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift?

The Soviets wanted to stop these Western plans and control all of Belrin

Set up a blockade of the Western zones in Berlin to prevent the West from moving supplies into the area and land

Did not want to risk a military confrontation with the Soviets and ultimately began the Berlin Airlift

What was the purpose of the Belin Wall? Why was it built?

Keep the East-Germany people in East Germany and not in West Germany because the exodus to the West reflected poorly on the communist system, and it was hard on their economy

What is NATO? Why was it formed?

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 (April)

Out of the desire to coordinate their defenses in case of conflicts with the Soviets

What is the Warsaw Pact? Why was it formed?

Response to NATO was the Warsaw Pact created in 1955

Combined their armed forces and based their army leaders in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union

Known as the communist Bloc

Describe the Korean War

The Soviets occupied the North while the United States and its allies occupied the South

The Korean War (1950-1953) began when North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the country under its leadership

The Soviet Union did not send troops, but it sent money and weapons to North Korea

The UN forces drove towards North Korea's border with China

China sent troops across border and entered the war against the US and its allies

Ended in a stalemate and both parts of Korea remained divided

Why did the US get involved in the Vietnam War?

The US was supporting an undemocratic and unpopular South Vietnamese ruler, Ngo Dinh Diem

Also sent military advisors to South Vietnam to train them to prevent a communists to take over by North Vietnam

Sent more US troops to South Vietnam. Johnson believed in the domino theory

the idea that if one country in the region became communists other countries should soon follow

What happened at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba?

Cuba nationalized business and properties of the national telephone and electricity companies; Texaco, Esso, and similar Sinclair oil companies and 36 sugar mills owned by the US = US broke off trade with Cuba and cut diplomatic ties

Failure worse for the US, it cemented the Cuba - Soviet alliance

Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet send nuclear missles in CUba

US learned the Soviet was going to send more nuclear missles so they tried to stop it from happening

called a "qurantine" because a blockade was technically an act of war

threatned nuclear war

What was the test-ban treaty? What was the purpose?

agreement outlawed testing nuclear weapons abovve ground, underwater, and in space

cut down amount or radiation that people were exposed to as a result of weapons testing

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty called on nuclear powers to prevent the spread of military nuclear technology and materials to non-nuclear countries

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Why did Mao Zedong and the Communists win the Chinese Civil War?

won popular support because they redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians

Peasants saw communists as more nationalist and less corrupt than the nationalist

What was the Great Leap Forward? What happened as a result?

through more land reform as part of the policy called the Great Leap Foward

Peasants lands were organized into communes, large agricultural communities where the state held the land, not private owners

Those who protested this policy could be sent to "reeducation camp" or get killed

What was the Cultural Revolution? What happened as a result?

silenced critics of Mao and solidified his hold of power

Mao ordered the Red Guards, groups of revolutionary students, to seize government officials, teachers, and others and send them to the countryside

Who held power in Iran and how did they get it?

During WWI after Iran looked like it supported Hitler, the West installed a Shah (King) in power in Iran, Muhammad Keza Pahlaui. He rules as a dictator supported by the US

In the 1950's a democratically elected leader was chosen by the people, Muhammad Mosaddgh, but he nationalized the oil company (made them property of the states, instead of privately owned). This angered the US, who owned many of those oil companies

What was the White Revolution?

Once reinstated the Shan instituted the White Revolution: reforms that came without bloodshed

Describe the land reform that occurred during the White Revolution.

Women could vote, created a social welfare system, funded literacy programs

Land reform: The government bought land and resold it for a lower price to peasants

What happened during the Iranian Revolution in 1979?

Many Iranians supported the revolution because they vividly remembered the overthrow of the Mosaddegh government in 1953

The new government was a theocracy, a form of government in which religion was the supreme authority

headed by a cleric and a guardian council, a body of civil and religious legal experts who were responsible for interpreting the constitution and making sure all laws complied with Shariah

Iran opposed Western policies in the Middle East and the state of Israel

Describe land reform in Venezuela.

The land reform, beginning with a 2001 law, was not popular with the landowners who claimed that the state seized their property while it was under cultivation. Additional problems arose from illegal squatters who moved in to settle on lands that were not scheduled for land reform. Land reform efforts had political repercussions as well; those who benefitted were more willing to vote for the government instituting the reforms, while those from whom the land was confiscated too did not support the states that seized it. Land reform in Latin America varied in detail in each country, shaped partly by environmental papers

Describe Ethiopia's political situation after WWII.

In 1974, a group of military and civilian leaders deposed Selassie. One of the primary figures was Mengistu Halie Mariam, an Ethiopian native and major in the military. He ordered the assassination of 60 former regime officials. The new government declared itself socialist and received aid and weapons from the Soviet Union and other communist countries. Kamine, failed economic policies and rebellion marred Mengistu's leadership. By 1991, he had resigned and fled to Zimbabwe.

Describe India's political situation after WWII

Southern Asia had been under British rule since 1858. That changed in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi had led the independence movements against England since the 1920s but it wasn't until after World War II that India became independent. India was partitioned in 1947, creating two countries: Pakistan and India. Pakistan was overwhelmingly Muslim, and India was largely Hindu.

Describe India's economic reforms after gaining independence.

1960: The state passed land reform, but they were overturned by court

1963: Tenant won the right to purchase land from landowners

1969: New laws allow tenants to become full owners of land

1974: Laws provide for fixed hours of work and minimum wages despite the popularity of the land reform program, the Indian central government took direct rule of Kerlalo to slow down or reverse the program.

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Independence Movement

India and Pakistan

-How did they seek/gain independence:

Indian National Congress

Hindu and Muslims groups united by their desire to get rid of the British, supported the independence movement in South Asia

Protesting a lot against the British rule

-Details

The National congress tactics included mass civil disobedience and it remained a powerful governmental force after Indian Independence.

The Royal Indian Navy Revolt in 1946 was instrumental in bringing Britain to the realization it could no longer rule India

Pakistan and India both gained independence in 1947

Ghana

-How did they seek/gain independence

Negotiations led by the United Nations helped bring about Ghana's independence in 1957

Ideas from modern nations-states influence Ghanian nationalism

-Details?

First sub- Saharan African country to gain independence

Nkrumah emulated nationalistic traditions he learned during his time in the US and Britain

Some accused him of running the country into debt and allowing widespread corruption

Algeria

-How did they seek/gain independence

Resulted in political protests

Manu Algerians, driven by feelings of nationalism, campaigned for independence after WWII

The FLN (National Liberation Front) led to Algerian movements for independence

-Details:

Endured more violence

Began in 1954 and involved many groups

With the coming of independence in 1962, war broke out again in Algeria

The FLN continued in power under different leadership, making Algeria a single-party state for a number of year

A Bloody Algerian Civil War (1991-2002)

Vietnam

- How did they seek/gain independence

had normally became an independent kingdom in 1922 however the British retained some of the same treaty rights

-Details:

Gamal Abdel Nassar set up a socially type of economic system

He nationalized other business and most problematic the Suez Canal which had been owned by and operated by the British

Nigeria

-How did they seek/gain independence

They gained independence from Britain in 1960

The Bethan Civil War began in 1967, ended 1970

-Details:

A series of military coups with generals in command of the government continued until 1999 election of Olusegun Obasanjo, who presided over a democratic civilian government called the Fourth Republic of Nigeria

Problem remained in the Niger River Delta, which had rich oil deposits

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Describe the founding of the state of Israel.

British officer T.E. Lawrence of Arabia" promised certain Arabs an independent state as well

Zionists began to immigrate to Palestine from Europe and other Middle Eastern areas. As immigration increases, the Arabs in the area protest their loss of land and traditional Islamic way of life

Britain, trying to hold the line on Jewish immigration in the face of Arab opposition, turned the matter over to the United Nations

In 1948, after the UN divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab sections the Jewish section declared itself to be a new country Israel.

What happened as a result of the creation of Israel?

1956 Israel, with support from France and Great Britain, invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, in part to liberate the Suez Canal, which the Egyptian government had nationalized under Gambar Abdel Nasser's economic programs, following international protests, Israel and its allied forces were ordered to withdraw from Egypt

In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel fought on three fronts at once Israel gained the Gaza strip from Egypt, the West Bank East Jerusalem from Jordon, and the Golan Heights from Syrid

In the Yuen Kippur War of 1973, Israel repelled a surprise invasion by Egypt and Syria

Summarize the conflict that exists today between Israelis and Palestine.

The Fatah faction controlled the West Bank

The Hamas faction controlled Gaza

These controls amounted to economic sanctions, severely restricted normal activity for hundreds of thousands of Palestine and fermented anger

Without a peace process, violence continued

Describe the conditions that surrounded the India/Pakistan split or partition.

India's population was about 10 times larger than Pakistan's

Violence broke out within the religious line

Hindus and Sikhs fled their home in Pakistan to resettle in India and Muslims fled India for Pakistan

Moderated countries confronted powerful conservation religious movements that opposed compromise with the other country

Summarize the conflict that exists between India and Pakistan.

Tensions between India and Pakistan were over Kashmir, a border region in the mountains of North

Most people in Kashmir were Muslims, but its leader was a Hindu

Developing nuclear weapons as conflict would break out

Describe Indira Gandhi's economic policies. Were they successful?

War with Pakistan took a toll on the economy, though India won the conflict with the help of military support from the Soviet Union

Declared a national emergency in 1975 and jailed many opposition leaders

Her 20-point economic program proved successful, evaluating inflation, reforming corrupt laws, and increasing national production

In 1977, Gandhi lost the election; returned to power as prime minister in 1980 but was assassinated in 1984

Describe migration during this time period.

People from these newly independent countries sometimes moved to the former colonial powers

A large number of refugees and immigrants from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh moved to London after the chaos of WWII and other conflicts

Vietnamese, Algerians, and West Africans migrated to Paris and other cities in France and Filipinos migrated to the US

Many migrates found jobs in the Medical Field

Others worked in railroads and airports

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8.7 : Resistance to Power to Power Structures

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8.7 : Resistance to Power to Power Structures

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Describe each non-violent movement. What was the goal of each movement?

Mohandas Gandhi

Led non-violent marches, boycotts, and fast to oppose British colonial rule in India

For India's independence

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil Rights Leader

Baptist minister

Civil rights movement

Used various tactics to achieve its goals these efforts provided the foundation for the movement's biggest successes

Ex. Civil Rights Acts in 1965

The US for equality for all blacks

Nelson Mandela

In South Asia, the white minority government codified a system of racial segregation called apartheid. Into law in the 20th century

Leading the black resistance to apartheid was a socialists lawyer (1918-2013)

Describe what happened in Hungary as they tried to pull away from the Soviet Union. How did the Soviet Union react?

Nagy vowed to support free elections in which non-communist parties would participate

Announced Hungary's neutrality in the Cold War and the Withdrawl from the Warsaw Pact

Soviet leaders responded by invading Hungary, gaining control of Budapest in 1956

Soviet captured and executed him

Hungarians fled to the West as refugees

Describe what happened in Czechoslovakia. How did the Soviet Union react?

The reform movements in Czechoslovakia reached a peak in the Prague Spring of 1968

Alexander Dubcek, the first Secretary of the communist Party, acceded to the demands of the Czech people by increasing freedom of speech and the press and following greater freedom to travel

Make the political system more democratic

Soviet leaders feared the Prague Spring's Independence

Armies of Warsaw Pacr nations crushed it

This doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies would intervene if an action by one member threatened other socialist countries

Why is 1968 called the year of the revolt?

In Yugoslavia, students marched against an authoritarian government

In Poland and Northern Ireland, people protested over religious issues

In Brazil, marches demanded improvements in public education and fairer treatment of workers

In Japan, students protested both universities' financial policies and government support for the United States in Vietnam

Most protests took place on a university campus

Describe two examples of terrorism form this time period.

During the 1970's, former philosophy prrofessor Abimael Guzman built a revoluntiary organization called Shining Path based on the ideas of Mao Zedong and Cambodia's Khmer ROuge. In 1980, the Shining Path began decades of bombing and assassination in Peru in order to overthrow the existing government, and replace it with a communist one. There 20 years of terrorism caused 37,000 deaths. Guzman was arrested and sentenced to life in prison in 1992, through the Shining Path continues its attacks throuth the late 1990's

How did the response of Spain's government make the conflict worse?

The dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975.

He had come to power by overthrowing a popularity elected government that included many leftists. Fanco's servant anti-communism made him an ally of the US. It also led his government to execute, imprison, or send to labor camps hundreds of thousands of political dissenteers. However, opposition to his authoritarian reminded when Franco died, Spain took the opportunity to move towards democracy.

How did the response of Uganda's government make the conflict worse?

Ruled from 1971 to 1979 by Idi Amin, a military dictator so brutal he was known as the "Butcher of Uganda". He declared himself president for life and set policies that worsened ethnic tension, denied people basic human rights, and undermined economic stability. In 1972 he forcefully expelled 60,000 Asains from Uganda, most of whom were of Indian descent, and turned over their businesses to his supporters. He is believed to be responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among targeted ethnic groups during his reign.

What was the military industrial complex? Why did it expand during this time period?

Militarry forces required large factories to build planes, tanks and other goods, since many countries lacked facilities to make their own weapons, the international weapons trade expanded greatly

As the defenses industries expanded, so did the number of people who relied on them for jobs. Cutting back on defense spending then became difficult

In 1961, US president Dwight Eisenhower, a highly decorated general in WWII called this combination of government defense departments and private bissnesses supplying their demands the military Industrail complex.

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What is Détnte?

After resolving the crises of the 1960s, which included the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crises, the relationship between the superpowers improved in the following decade. This period was called detente, a relaxation of strained relations between nations.

What challenges did the Soviet Union in the 60's and 70's?

Economically. the USSR was in a crisis.

It was no longer growing.

Central governmental control prevented farmers and manufactures from deciding what to grow or make and what to charge for it. Foreign trade was extremely limited

Eastern Europen Soviet bloc countries were bucking for reforms and freedom from Moscow's direct control. The Soviet military violently put down the Prague Spring, a liberation movement in Czechoslovakia.

How did détente help the US? Or why was it good for the US?

The possibility of establishing relations with CHina would, Nixon knew, open potential new markets to the US and at the same time press a bit on the stained maintain its containment policy and might ease tension between the superpowers.

As a result of detente the US started to sell excess stores of American grain to the Soviet Union, where drought had created a shortage

Descibe the Soviet-Afghan War. How did it contribute to the fall of the Soviet UNion?

The Soviets invaded Afghanistan to prop up that country's communist government against Muslim fighters. Estimates of Afghan civilian deaths carry form 562,000 to 2 million.

Ultimatelty, the Soviet Union could not conquer the guerrilla groups in the rough terrain fo Afghanistan Soivet legitmicay was undermined and new forms of political participation in Afghanistan developed.

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Unit 9 Overview | World History Project AP®

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9.1 advances in technology and exchange after 1900

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9.1 advances in technology and exchange after 1900

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Communication and technology: Television and radio ads, out people in virtual touch. transportation advancements move people and goods every day. this all helped increase exportation of goods.

The Green Revolution: the emerged as a possible response of long- term hunger. Fertilizers, High-yield, and created new type of wheat.

Energy technologies: the use of fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas as energy for homes and machines. 5%, consumption is renewable resource, such as wind and solar power.

Medical Innovations: The creation of antibiotics, birth control, vaccines. Antibiotics by Alexander Fleming worked in London and created the antibiotic that cure bacterial infections. Birth control, Gregory Pincus, developed BC pills, widespread 1960, vaccines prevented deadly disease ex covid-19. advance in medicine had a dramatic effect and longevity of humans.

advancements benefit from and also inspire new technologies

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9.2 technological advancements and limitations - disease

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9.2 technological advancements and limitations - disease

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poverty contributed to disease, poor housing or working conditions, contamination in water, lack of access to medical care

Malaria: a parasitic disease spread by mosquitos in tropical areas. Malaria killed 600,000 people each year in the early 21st century

Tuberculosis: an airborne infection that spreads through coughs, sneezes, and affects the lungs. increased a lot in prisons

Cholera: a bacterial disease that spreads throughout contaminated water, affecting only poor people. it caused about 95,000 deaths per year.

Spanish flu: polio disease caused by water-contaminated water by a virus transmitted in fecal matter, infected 100,000 new people per year

HIV/AIDS: another disease outbreak causing social disruption occurred between 1981 and 2014. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS and HIV)

Ebola: Discovered in Congo in 1976, a deadly disease caused by a virus that infects the African fruit bat, humans, and other primates

Heart disease: the disease that typically does not develop until later in life begins to assert itself associated with lifestyle, genetics, and increased longevity (no cure).

Alzheimer's disease: affects old people and some middle-aged people. loss of memory eventually getting to the point where they do not remember their own loved one (no cure).

humans get versus from exposure to fluids of infected people or animals

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Population growth: The growing population led to a demand for more cropland the increase in land used for AG purposes resulted in deforestation, soil, erosion, and smaller habitats for many species of plants and animals

urbanization: increase the size in # of cities of those who grow food to use intensive farming methods.

Globalization: demand in resources

Deforestation: the loss of earth trees as a result of cutting doesn't so the land can be used for ag

Desertification: the removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of lands acid and semi and lands.

Desertification: the removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of ag lands

Population growth:

-1900 = 1.6 billion

-1950 = 2.55 billion

- 2000= 5.12 billion

there were too many humans and affected land resources.

Urbanization: increase # of cities and demands in food and pollution/climate change

globalization and industrialization: affected the environment, developing countries used energy or natural resources but created changes in the atmosphere.

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Economic liberalization: free trade, minimal taxed and privatization

free market economy: economic supply and demand, gov. had a little bit of control over this

Deng Xiaoping: made a policy called "let some people get rich" result led to ag surpluses instead of the families' allowed factories produce more products

Knowledge economy: crates as distributed and uses knowledge economy is evident in the vast stretch of technology

EX:

Finland: communication technology, established science and tech council set a direction of economic growth through technology and innovation

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Document
created by the UN (United Nations) that asserts basic
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all
human beings.

Global feminism increases – Women slowly gain more
rights worldwide throughout the 1900s – including
the right to vote.

The ability for women to vote changed: In the first part of the century the percentage of women who could read and who attended college increased, and in country after country, women won the right to vote. However, not all the women in a country won the right to
vote at the same time. In the United States, for example,
white women won the right to vote in national elections in 1920. Native American and African American women did not have full voting rights throughout the country until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The US Civil Rights Act: In the United States, African Americans won major victories against discrimination and segregation. Through the 1965 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which banned discrimination in voting, the federal government stepped in to protect the rights of all citizens. African Americans also sought equality in education through the desegregation of schools.

Apartheid: South Africa's system of Apartheid instituted in 1948, enforced the segregation of people based on race. Although white, South Africans made up only 15% of South Africa's population, apartheid reserved good jobs and other privileges for them. So-called passed laws required black South Africans to carry identity documents when entering areas set aside for whites, which they often had to do when traveling to their jobs. They were banned from living in certain areas of the country.

End of Apartheid: Mandela's imprisonment throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s inspired a global movement to end apartheid. The United Nations expelled South Africa in 1974 because of its Apartheid. After Nelson Mandela's release from prison euphoria was high in the weeks following, although apartheid remained the law of the land.

Movements that called for Environmental change: Founded in 1971 as an organization to advocate for the environment, Greenpeace grew into a multinational agency with offices in more than 55 countries. It battles deforestation, desertification, global warming, the killing of whales, and overfishing. Greenpeace has engaged in lobbying and education, but it became famous for its direct actions, such as confronting whaling boats.

The purpose and principles of the World Trade Organization: to counterbalance the strictly commercial interests of the powerful World Trade Organization, organizations from around the world combined resources to create the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) in 1989. Member organizations subscribe to the following 10 principles of fair trade, and the WFTO monitors its members to make sure they follow these principles.

Principles:

1) creating opportunities for Economically disadvantaged producers.

2) Transparency and accountability

3) fair trading practices

4) payment of a fair price.

5) ensuring no child labor and forced labor

6) commitment to non-discrimination, gender equity, and freedom of association.

7) ensuring good working conditions.

8) providing capacity building

9) promoting fair trade

10) respect for the environment.

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Political changes that occurred after the Cold War:

After the Cold War, however, both economic and
cultural barriers fell, bringing countries closer together. In some key ways, collaboration gradually replaced
competition as nations formed cooperative regional organizations such as the European Union and NAFTA as well as global associations such as the United Nations for conflict resolution and the World Trade Organization to regulate international trade.

Social changes that occurred after the Cold War:

International organizations and collaboration brought people of different cultures into closer contact with one another, just as international exchanges had done in the
past. Rights movements- civil rights and women's rights especially- helped bring formerly marginalized voices
into the mainstream conversation. People were also questioning long-held beliefs about humans and their
environments. Albert Einstein (1879- 1955) and other scientists upended people's understanding of physical
reality.

Artistic changes that occurred after the Cold War:

These changes were reflected in the visual arts, literature, and music of the time. Cubism, a style Picasso used in his famous painting "Guernica," challenged traditional perspective in the visual arts Stream- of-consciousness writing by such authors as Marcel Proust (1971- 1922) and James Joyce (1882- 1941) rebelled against traditional narrative forms, and atonal music such as that composed by Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) explored musical expression outside of familiar tonalities.

How pop culture changed over time in the US:

Radio, movies, and later television created a culture shared throughout a nation, and eventually throughout the world. Radio provided a variety of programs, from easy-going comedies to music hours featuring the latest in big band entertainment. In the 1990s, the internet connected people around the globe. In the early 21st century, the United States remained the world's most influential culture. Through Americanization, people the world over learned more about the United States than Americans learned about
the rest of the world.

Examples of Global Commerce:

Sites such as Amazon (in more than 17 countries) and
Alibaba (mostly in Asia) make a massive selection of items available. The online auction site eBay operates in
30 different countries. Although their platform is international, these online retailers must pay a variety of
sales taxes according to the laws of each country or state in which they sell products.

Examples of Global Influence on popular culture in the US:

Indian musicals made in Bollywood, the popular name given to the film industry in Bombay (Mumbai), enjoy popularity worldwide. Bollywood itself is a blend of film styles. India makes more films than any other country.

A style of Japanese hand-drawn animation known as anime became hugely influential. In 2016, 60 percent of
the world's animated TV shows were based on anime. Anime was introduced to American culture in the 1980s
through the movie Akira.

Another style of music that fused a variety of traditions and became a global hit was the Korean music
nicknamed K-pop. Its artists, who sang in a mixture of Korean and English, became global stars in the early
21st century.

How globalization changed the popularity of sports:

Soccer emerged as the most popular sport in the world, in part because it required so little equipment that it
could be played almost anywhere. The World Cup soccer competition rivaled the Olympics as a global event. Basketball also became a global game, and players such as Michael Jordan and LeBron James became internationally known.

As sports became more popular globally, they also became more available to women. Some Muslim female
athletes- including fencers, weightlifters, beach volleyball players, hockey players, and figure skaters-
competed while wearing hijab, known in English as a headscarf. Hajar Abulfazi, a soccer player from Afghanistan, explained that she wore the hi jab to "show the next generation and their parents how Afghan women and girls can maintain respect for religion and culture while pursuing sports
achievements."

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Why some people are against globalization (negative impact):

Much of the chocolate that consumers bought in the early 21st century had its origins in child labor in West Africa. In 2015, the US department of labor estimated that more than 2 million children took part in dangerous labor in the cocoa-growing regions of the world.

working conditions in Western nations could also be harsh. In 2019, employees of Amazon's warehouses described such intense pressure to fulfill orders that workers resisted being fired if they took a bathroom break.

The economic reasons people are against globalization:

critics of globalization pointed out that the fuel involved in shipping products vast distances increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the environment, thus worsening the climate emergency.

People protest the IMF and World Trade Organization because:

Critics of globalization believe that international agreements and institutions can destroy small local businesses. Large corporations could use the International Monetary (IMF) and The World Trade Organization to achieve their goals, but local individuals and businesses could not. For example, many small businesses and individuals could not cross state lines or national borders. They could not extract the natural resources they needed or use the wide variety of labor sources that big corporations and transnational businesses used.

What do Anti- Globalists want:

Human rights, which are basic freedoms that every person has, such as freedom from slavery and freedom to express opinions. Fair trade, which is a system that ensures the person who provided the good or service receives a reasonable payment for it. Debt relief or debt restructuring so that countries that owe huge sums to the IMF do not have to risk economic breakdown.

Why the Chinese government created Weibo:

In 2009, more than 1,00 rioters clashed with police in the city of Urumqi, China. The unrest resulted from tensions between members of the Han ethnicity and members of the Uighur ethnicity, most of whom are Muslim. Chinese authorities blamed the riots on the growth of social unrest based on Twitter and Facebook and banned both platforms. The gov introduced a new platform called Weibo as a substitute. It could stream incoming posts while tracking and blocking "sensitive" content. Weibo has become a vehicle of negotiation between the Chinese gov and its citizens.

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Mission of the United Nations:

Main goal was preventing conflict. Dean Acheson, a US secretary of state, described how the missions of the United nations fit with this goal of maintaining world peace and making international cooperation easier. Working through nations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the UN provides technical advice and loans to developing countries.

What the United Nation does:

The General Assembly is the only UN body in which all members have representation. It decides important questions on peace, security and admissions. The Security Council acts on issues the general assembly debates. It may use military force against a country accused of violating UN principles. The Secretariat is the UN's administrative arm. Leads and influences the entire organization. The international court of Justice settles disputes of countries bring to it about international law. The economic and social council is the largest and most complex part of the UN.

Human rights of the Universal Declaration of human rights protects:

Freedom from slavery, torture, and degrading punishment. Equality before the law, the right to a nationality. The right to own property, either individually or with others. Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion and expression. Equal pay for work, the right to rest and enjoy paid holidays, equal rights for children born within and outside of marriage.

Role the UN does in peacekeeping:

The UN has been well known for its peacekeeping actions of primary importance is prevention through diplomacy. The UN sends special envoys to help resolve problems peacefully, mindful that it was formed to prevent "the scourge of war." The organization has also frequently sent peacekeeping forces, consisting of civilians, police, and troops from member countries, to try to ease tensions in trouble spots.

Other priority of the UN:

The UN also protects refugees. In times of war, famine, and natural disasters, people often flee their country and seek refuge in a safer location. Working through partners such as non-governmental organizations and the agency of United Nations High commissioner for refugees, the UN provided food, medicine, and temporary shelter.

What does the World Bank do and complains about it:

Created in 1944, the World Bank fought poverty by providing loans to countries. It first focused on dams and roads. Later it expanded its mission to social projects, such as education and disease prevention. Critics charged that the World Bank often ignored how its projects damaged the environment and local culture. For example, a dam might permanently flood many farms. A highway might promote growth, but the resulting profits might all go to investors overseas rather than people living in the region.

What does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) do and complains about it:

Created in 1945, the IMF was designed to help a country's economy by promoting stable currency exchange rates. It focused on making short-term loans and providing economic advice to countries. Some economists argued that conditions on IMF loans failed to take into account each country's individual needs. Large, wealthy nations influenced the IMF. It acted on their behalf, critics insisted, even while it claimed to help developing nations. The IMF and the World Bank worked together to create Pathways for Peace in 2018. This report
described how countries could work together to prevent violent conflicts.