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What is an adverb?

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.

Tom is very tall.

The race finished too quickly.

It's easy to identify adverbs in these sentences.

Adverbs and verbs

Adverbs often modify verbs. This means that they describe the way an action is happening.

The adverbs in each of the sentences above answer the question in what manner? How does Phillip sing? Loudly. How does my cat wait? Impatiently. How will I consider your suggestion? Seriously. Adverbs can answer other types of questions about how an action was performed. They can also tell you when (We arrived early) and where (Turn here).

However, there is one type of verb that doesn't mix well with adverbs. Linking verbs, such as feel, smell, sound, seem, and appear, typically need adjectives, not adverbs. A very common example of this type of mixup is

Because "feel" is a verb, it seems to call for an adverb rather than an adjective. But "feel" isn't just any verb; it's a linking verb. An adverb would describe how you perform the action of feeling-an adjective describes what you feel. "I feel badly" means that you are bad at feeling things. If you're trying to read Braille through thick leather gloves, then it might make sense for you to say "I feel badly." But if you're trying to say that you are experiencing negative emotions, "I feel bad" is the phrase you want.

Adverbs and adjectives

Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Often, the purpose of the adverb is to add a degree of intensity to the adjective.

The woman is quite pretty.

The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always, and they're both modifying right.

Adverbs and other adverbs

You can use an adverb to describe another adverb. In fact, if you wanted to, you could use several.

The problem is that it often produces weak and clunky sentences like the one above, so be careful not to overdo it.

Adverbs and sentences

Some adverbs can modify entire sentences-unsurprisingly, these are called sentence adverbs. Common ones include generally, fortunately, interestingly, and accordingly. Sentence adverbs don't describe one particular thing in the sentence-instead, they describe a general feeling about all of the information in the sentence.

At one time, the use of the word hopefully as a sentence adverb (e.g., Hopefully, I'll get this job) was condemned. People continued to use it though, and many style guides and dictionaries now accept it. There are still plenty of readers out there who hate it though, so it's a good idea to avoid using it in formal writing.

Degrees of comparison

Like adjectives, adverbs can show degrees of comparison, although it's slightly less common to use them this way. With certain "flat adverbs" (adverbs that look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts), the comparative and superlative forms look the same as the adjective comparative and superlative forms. It's usually better to use stronger adverbs (or stronger adjectives and verbs) rather than relying on comparative and superlative adverbs.

An absolute adverb describes something in its own right:

He smiled warmly

A hastily written note

To make the comparative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word more:

To make the superlative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word most:

Placement of adverbs

Place adverbs as close as possible to the words they are supposed to modify. Putting the adverb in the wrong spot can produce an awkward sentence at best and completely change the meaning at worst. Be especially careful about the word only, which is one of the most often misplaced modifiers. Consider the difference between these two sentences:

Phillip only fed the cat.

Phillip fed only the cat.

The first sentence means that all Phillip did was feed the cat. He didn't pet the cat or pick it up or anything else. The second sentence means that Phillip fed the cat, but he didn't feed the dog, the bird, or anyone else who might have been around.

When an adverb is modifying a verb phrase, the most natural place for the adverb is usually the middle of the phrase.

Phillip has always loved singing.

I will happily assist you.

When to avoid adverbs

Ernest Hemingway is often held up as an example of a great writer who detested adverbs and advised other writers to avoid them. In reality, it's impossible to avoid adverbs altogether. Sometimes we need them, and all writers (even Hemingway) use them occasionally. The trick is to avoid unnecessary adverbs. When your verb or adjective doesn't seem powerful or precise enough, instead of reaching for an adverb to add more color, try reaching for a stronger verb or adjective instead. Most of the time, you'll come up with a better word and your writing will be stronger for it.

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An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.

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Adverbs of degree | English Grammar | EF

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Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.

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English Listening Lesson Library Online

ELLLO has over 3,000 free listening lessons for all levels! Most lessons have audio or video, a transcript, vocab support and interactive quizzes.

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ELLLO - English Listening Lesson Library Online

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ELLLO stands for English Listening Lesson Library Online and features natural English lessons that come with quizzes, vocabulary training, and free printable worksheets. ESL students and teachers can access over 2,000 free lessons that feature World English with speakers from over 100 countries.

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Woodward English - Learning English - Teaching English

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Basic Prepositions of Place in English

A preposition of place shows us the position or location of something.
It answers the question "Where?"
Here is a list of basic prepositions of place in English:

Watch the video above to hear the pronunciation of each preposition.

Here are examples to demonstrate each preposition:

Example Sentences

Examples of prepositions of place

These example sentences are based on the chart with the dogs above:

The dogs are behind the postman.

The dog is in front of the man.

The dog is next to the bones. .... OR ...
The dog isbeside the bones.

The bone is between the two dogs.

The dog is near the book.

The dog is close to the book.

The blue dog is above the fire hydrant. .... OR ...
The blue dog isover the fire hydrant.

The fire hydrant is below the blue dog. .... OR ...
The fire hydrant isunder the blue dog.

The yellow dog is next to the fire hydrant.

The dog is in the bed.

There is a thermometer in the dog's mouth.

The dog is on the table.

The woman has dog saliva on her.

Notice in the examples above how some prepositions have synonyms (words with the same or similar meaning).

NEXT TO and BESIDE and closer to the object than CLOSE TO and NEAR.
NEXT TO and BESIDE usually means there is no space between the two objects or nothing between them.
With CLOSE TO and NEAR there is usually a little space between the two objects.

We will go into more detail about prepositions of place in other lessons.

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Basic Prepositions of Place Woodward English

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Basic prepositions of place in English with example sentences and pronunciation. English grammar lesson.

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Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. It has originated from the agricultural era. Poultry - mostly chickens - are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually. Chickens raised for eggs are known as layers, while chickens raised for meat are called broilers.

In the United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organisation is the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).

According to the World Watch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat, and 68 percent of eggs are produced intensively. One alternative to intensive poultry farming is free-range farming using lower stocking densities. Poultry producers routinely use nationally approved medications, such as antibiotics, in feed or drinking water, to treat disease or to prevent disease outbreaks. Some FDA-approved medications are also approved for improved feed utilization.

Commercial hens usually begin laying eggs at 16-21 weeks of age, although production gradually declines soon after from approximately 25 weeks of age. This means that in many countries, by approximately 72 weeks of age, flocks are considered economically unviable and are slaughtered after approximately 12 months of egg production, although chickens will naturally live for 6 or more years. In some countries, hens are force moulted to re-invigorate egg-laying.

Environmental conditions are often automatically controlled in egg-laying systems. For example, the duration of the light phase is initially increased to prompt the beginning of egg-laying at 16-20 weeks of age and then mimics summer day length which stimulates the hens to continue laying eggs all year round; normally, egg production occurs only in the warmer months. Some commercial breeds of hen can produce over 300 eggs a year.

Free-range poultry farming allows chickens to roam freely for a period of the day, although they are usually confined in sheds at night to protect them from predators or kept indoors if the weather is particularly bad. In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) states that a free-range chicken must have day-time access to open-air runs during at least half of its life. Unlike in the United States, this definition also applies to free-range egg-laying hens. The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming which specifies a minimum condition for free-range eggs that "hens have continuous daytime access to open air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities". The RSPCA "Welfare standards for laying hens and pullets" indicates that the stocking rate must not exceed 1,000 birds per hectare (10 m ² per hen) of range available and a minimum area of overhead shade/shelter of 8 m ² per 1,000 hens must be provided.

Free-range farming of egg-laying hens is increasing its share of the market. Defra figures indicate that 45% of eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were free range, 5% were produced in barn systems and 50% from cages. This compares with 41% being free range in 2009.

Suitable land requires adequate drainage to minimise worms and coccidial oocysts, suitable protection from prevailing winds, good ventilation, access and protection from predators. Excess heat, cold or damp can have a harmful effect on the animals and their productivity. Free range farmers have less control than farmers using cages in what food their chickens eat, which can lead to unreliable productivity, though supplementary feeding reduces this uncertainty. In some farms, the manure from free range poultry can be used to benefit crops.

The benefits of free range poultry farming for laying hens include opportunities for natural behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors.

Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. Cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, prompting some farmers to use beak trimming as a preventative measure, although reducing stocking rates would eliminate these problems. Diseases can be common and the animals are vulnerable to predators. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In South-East Asia, a lack of disease control in free range farming has been associated with outbreaks of Avian influenza.

Instead of keeping them in cages, free-run laying hens roam freely within an enclosed barn. This type of housing also provides enrichment for the hens, including nesting boxes and perches that are often located along the floor of the barn. Many believe that this type of housing is better for the bird than any caging system, but it has its disadvantages, too. Due to the increase in activity of the birds, dust levels tend to elevate and the air quality decreases. When air quality drops, so does production as this compromises the health and welfare of both birds and their caretakers.

In organic egg-laying systems, chickens are also free-range. Organic systems are based upon restrictions on the routine use of synthetic yolk colourants, in-feed or in-water medications, other food additives and synthetic amino acids, and a lower stocking density and smaller group sizes.[citation needed ] The Soil Association standards used to certify organic flocks in the UK, indicate a maximum outdoors stocking density of 1,000 birds per hectare and a maximum of 2,000 hens in each poultry house. In the UK, organic laying hens are not routinely beak-trimmed.

While often confused with free range farming, yarding is actually a separate method by which a hutch and fenced-off area outside are combined when farming poultry. The distinction is that free-range poultry are either totally unfenced, or the fence is so distant that it has little influence on their freedom of movement. Yarding is a common technique used by small farms in the Northeastern U.S. The birds are released daily from hutches or coops. The hens usually lay eggs either on the floor of the coop or in baskets if provided by the farmer. This husbandry technique can be complicated if used with roosters, mostly because of their aggressive behavior.

The majority of hens in many countries are housed in battery cages, although the European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC has banned the conventional battery cage in EU states from January 2012. As of April 1, 2017, no new battery cages are able to be installed in Canada. Farmers must move towards enriched housing or use a cage-free system. In 2016, the Egg Farmers of Canada announced that the country's egg farmers will be transitioning away from conventional hen housing systems (battery cages) and have no conventional caging left by the year 2036. These are small cages, usually made of metal in modern systems, housing 3 to 8 hens. The walls are made of either solid metal or mesh, and the floor is sloped wire mesh to allow the feces to drop through and eggs to roll onto an egg-collecting conveyor belt. Water is usually provided by overhead nipple systems, and food in a trough along the front of the cage replenished at regular intervals by a mechanical system.

Battery cages are arranged in long rows as multiple tiers, often with cages back-to-back (hence the term). Within a single barn, there may be several floors containing battery cages meaning that a single shed may contain many tens of thousands of hens. Light intensity is often kept low (e.g. 10 lux) to reduce feather pecking and vent pecking. Benefits of battery cages include easier care for the birds, floor-laid eggs (which are expensive to collect) are eliminated, eggs are cleaner, capture at the end of lay is expedited, generally less feed is required to produce eggs, broodiness is eliminated, more hens may be housed in a given house floor space, internal parasites are more easily treated, and labor requirements are generally much reduced.

In farms using cages for egg production, there are more birds per unit area; this allows for greater productivity and lower food costs. Floor space ranges upwards from 300 cm ² per hen. EU standards in 2003 called for at least 550 cm ² per hen. In the US, the current recommendation by the United Egg Producers is 67 to 86 in ² (430 to 560 cm ²) per bird. The space available to battery hens has often been described as less than the size of a piece of A4 paper. Animal welfare scientists have been critical of battery cages because they do not provide hens with sufficient space to stand, walk, flap their wings, perch, or make a nest, and it is widely considered that hens suffer through boredom and frustration through being unable to perform these behaviours. This can lead to a wide range of abnormal behaviours, some of which are injurious to the hens or their cagemates.

In 1999, the European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC banned conventional battery cages for laying hens throughout the European Union from January 1, 2012; they were banned previously in other countries including Switzerland. In response to these bans, development of prototype commercial furnished cage systems began in the 1980s. Furnished cages, sometimes called 'enriched' or 'modified' cages, are cages for egg-laying hens which have been designed to allow the hens to perform their "natural behaviors" whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages of non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have been incorporated because research in animal welfare science has shown them to be of benefit to the hens. In the UK, the Defra "Code for the Welfare of Laying Hens" states furnished cages should provide at least 750 cm ² of cage area per hen, 600 cm ² of which should be usable; the height of the cage other than that above the usable area should be at least 20 cm at every point and no cage should have a total area that is less than 2000 cm ². In addition, furnished cages should provide a nest, litter such that pecking and scratching are possible, appropriate perches allowing at least 15 cm per hen, a claw-shortening device, and a feed trough which may be used without restriction providing 12 cm per hen. Furnished cages (Enriched) give the hens more space than the conventional battery cages, so that each bird may spread their wings without touching one another if desired. Enrichment such as nest boxes, perches, and dust baths are also provided so that the birds may carry out their natural behaviors such as nesting, roosting, and scratching as though they were outdoors.

Enrichment of laying hen cages ultimately results in better bone quality. This is a result of the increased activity in the hens from the additional space and enrichment provided in the furnished housing system.

Although the enriched housing system has its advantages such as reduced aggression towards one another and cleaner eggs, modern egg laying breeds often suffer from osteoporosis which results in the chicken's skeletal system being weakened. During egg production, large amounts of calcium are transferred from bones to create egg-shell. Although dietary calcium levels are adequate, absorption of dietary calcium is not always sufficient, given the intensity of production, to fully replenish bone calcium. This can lead to increases in bone breakages, particularly when the hens are being removed from cages at the end of laying. Osteoporosis may be prevented by free range and cage-free housing systems, as they have shown to have a beneficial impact on the skeletal system of the hens compared to those housed in caged systems.

Countries such as Austria, Belgium or Germany are planning to ban furnished cages until 2025 additionally to the already banned conventional cages.

Meat-producing chickens - husbandry systems

Meat chickens, commonly called broilers, are floor-raised on litter such as wood shavings, peanut shells, and rice hulls, indoors in climate-controlled housing. Under modern farming methods, meat chickens reared indoors reach slaughter weight at 5 to 9 weeks of age, as they have been selectively bred to do so. In the first week of a broiler's life, it can grow up to 300 percent of its body size. A nine-week-old broiler averages over 9 pounds in body weight. At nine weeks, a hen will average around 7 pounds and a rooster will weigh around 12 pounds, having a nine-pound average.

Broilers are not raised in cages. They are raised in large, open structures known as grow out houses. A farmer receives the birds from the hatchery at one day old. A grow out consists of 5 to 9 weeks according to how big the kill plant wants the chickens to be. These houses are equipped with mechanical systems to deliver feed and water to the birds. They have ventilation systems and heaters that function as needed. The floor of the house is covered with bedding material consisting of wood chips, rice hulls, or peanut shells. In some cases they can be grown over dry litter or compost. Because dry bedding helps maintain flock health, most growout houses have enclosed watering systems ("nipple drinkers") which reduce spillage.

Keeping birds inside a house protects them from predators such as hawks and foxes. Some houses are equipped with curtain walls, which can be rolled up in good weather to admit natural light and fresh air. Most growout houses built in recent years feature "tunnel ventilation," in which a bank of fans draws fresh air through the house.

Traditionally, a flock of broilers consist of about 20,000 birds in a growout house that measures 400/500 feet long and 40/50 feet wide, thus providing about eight-tenths of a square foot per bird. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) states that the minimum space is one-half square foot per bird. More modern houses are often larger and contain more birds, but the floor space allotment still meets the needs of the birds. The larger the bird is grown the fewer chickens are put in each house, to give the bigger bird more space per square foot.

Because broilers are relatively young and have not reached sexual maturity, they exhibit very little aggressive conduct.

Chicken feed consists primarily of corn and soybean meal with the addition of essential vitamins and minerals. No hormones or steroids are allowed in raising chickens.

In intensive broiler sheds, the air can become highly polluted with ammonia from the droppings. In this case, a farmer must run more fans to bring in more clean fresh air. If not this can damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems and can cause painful burns on their legs (called hock burns) and blisters on their feet. Broilers bred for fast growth have a high rate of leg deformities because the large breast muscles cause distortions of the developing legs and pelvis, and the birds cannot support their increased body weight. In cases where the chickens become crippled and can't walk farmers have to go in and pull them out. Because they cannot move easily, the chickens are not able to adjust their environment to avoid heat, cold or dirt as they would in natural conditions. The added weight and overcrowding also puts a strain on their hearts and lungs and Ascites can develop. In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year. In the case of no ventilation due to power failure during a heat wave, 20,000 chicken can die in a short period of time. In a good grow out a farmer should sell between 92 and 96 percent of their flock. With a 1.80 to a 2.0 feed conversion ratio. After the marketing of birds the farmer must clean out and prepare for another flock. A farmer should average 4 to 5 grow outs a year.

In a "higher welfare" system, chickens are kept indoors but with more space (around 14 to 16 birds per square metre). They have a richer environment for example with natural light or straw bales that encourage foraging and perching. The chickens grow more slowly and live for up to two weeks longer than intensively farmed birds. The benefits of higher welfare indoor systems are the reduced growth rate, less crowding and more opportunities for natural behaviour.

Free-range broilers are reared under similar conditions to free-range egg-laying hens. The breeds grow more slowly than those used for indoor rearing and usually reach slaughter weight at approximately 8 weeks of age. In the EU, each chicken must have one square metre of outdoor space. The benefits of free-range poultry farming include opportunities for natural behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors. Because they grow slower and have opportunities for exercise, free-range broilers often have better leg and heart health.

Organic broiler chickens are reared under similar conditions to free-range broilers but with restrictions on the routine use of in-feed or in-water medications, other food additives and synthetic amino acids. The breeds used are slower growing, more traditional breeds and typically reach slaughter weight at around 12 weeks of age. They have a larger space allowance outside (at least 2 square metres and sometimes up to 10 square metres per bird). The Soil Association standards indicate a maximum outdoors stocking density of 2,500 birds per hectare and a maximum of 1,000 broilers per poultry house.

Animal welfare groups have frequently criticized the poultry industry for engaging in practices which they assert to be inhumane. Many animal rights advocates object to killing chickens for food, the "factory farm conditions" under which they are raised, methods of transport, and slaughter. Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) and other groups have repeatedly conducted undercover investigations at chicken farms and slaughterhouses which they allege confirm their claims of cruelty.

A common practice among hatcheries for egg-laying hens is the culling of newly hatched male chicks since they do not lay eggs and do not grow fast enough to be profitable for meat. There are plans to more ethically destroy the eggs before the chicks are hatched, using "in-ovo" sex determination.

Chickens are often stunned before slaughter using carbon dioxide or electric shock in a water bath. More humane methods that could be used are low atmospheric pressure stunning and inert gas asphyxiation.

Laying hens are routinely beak-trimmed at 1 day of age to reduce the damaging effects of aggression, feather pecking and cannibalism. Scientific studies have shown that beak trimming is likely to cause both acute and chronic pain. Severe beak trimming, or beak trimming birds at an older age, may cause chronic pain. Following beak trimming of older or adult hens, the nociceptors in the beak stump show abnormal patterns of neural discharge, indicating acute pain.

Neuromas, tangled masses of swollen regenerating axon sprouts, are found in the healed stumps of birds beak trimmed at 5 weeks of age or older and in severely beak trimmed birds. Neuromas have been associated with phantom pain in human amputees and have therefore been linked to chronic pain in beak trimmed birds. If beak trimming is severe because of improper procedure or done in older birds, the neuromas will persist which suggests that beak trimmed older birds experience chronic pain, although this has been debated.

Beak-trimmed chicks initially peck less than non-trimmed chickens, which animal behavioralist Temple Grandin attributes to guarding against pain. The animal rights activist, Peter Singer, claims this procedure is bad because beaks are sensitive, and the usual practice of trimming them without anaesthesia is considered inhumane by some. Some within the chicken industry claim that beak-trimming is not painful whereas others argue that the procedure causes chronic pain and discomfort, and decreases the ability to eat or drink.

Antibiotics have been used in poultry farming in mass quantities since 1951, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved their use. Scientists had found that chickens fed an antibiotic residue grew 50 percent faster than controls. The chickens laid more eggs and experienced lower mortality and less illness. Upon this discovery, farmers transitioned from expensive animal proteins to comparatively inexpensive antibiotics and B12. Chickens were now reaching their market weight at a much faster rate and at a lower cost. With a growing population and greater demand on the farmers, antibiotics appeared to be an ideal and cost-effective way to increase the output of poultry. Since this discovery, antibiotics have been routinely used in poultry production, but more recently have been the topic of debate secondary to the fear of bacterial antibiotic resistance.

Poultry feed can include roxarsone or nitarsone, arsenical antimicrobial drugs that also promote growth. Roxarsone was used as a broiler starter by about 70% of the broiler growers between 1995 and 2000. The drugs have generated controversy because it contains arsenic, which is highly toxic to humans. This arsenic could be transmitted through run-off from the poultry yards. A 2004 study by the U.S. magazine Consumer Reports reported "no detectable arsenic in our samples of muscle" but found "A few of our chicken-liver samples has an amount that according to EPA standards could cause neurological problems in a child who ate 2 ounces of cooked liver per week or in an adult who ate 5.5 ounces per week." The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), however, is the organization responsible for the regulation of foods in America, and all samples tested were "far less than the... amount allowed in a food product."

Hormone use in poultry production is illegal in the United States. Similarly, no chicken meat for sale in Australia is fed hormones. Several scientific studies have documented the fact that chickens grow rapidly because they are bred to do so, not because of growth hormones.

According to Consumer Reports, "1.1 million or more Americans [are] sickened each year by undercooked, tainted chicken." A USDA study discovered E. coli (Biotype I) in 99% of supermarket chicken, the result of chicken butchering not being a sterile process. However, the same study also shows that the strain of E. coli found was always a non-lethal form, and no chicken had any of the pathenogenic O157:H7 serotype. Many of these chickens, furthermore, had relatively low levels of contamination.

Feces tend to leak from the carcass until the evisceration stage, and the evisceration stage itself gives an opportunity for the interior of the carcass to receive intestinal bacteria. (The skin of the carcass does as well, but the skin presents a better barrier to bacteria and reaches higher temperatures during cooking.) Before 1950, this was contained largely by not eviscerating the carcass at the time of butchering, deferring this until the time of retail sale or in the home. This gave the intestinal bacteria less opportunity to colonize the edible meat. The development of the "ready-to-cook broiler" in the 1950s added convenience while introducing risk, under the assumption that end-to-end refrigeration and thorough cooking would provide adequate protection. E. coli can be killed by proper cooking times, but there is still some risk associated with it, and its near-ubiquity in commercially farmed chicken is troubling to some. Irradiation has been proposed as a means of sterilizing chicken meat after butchering.

The aerobic bacteria found in poultry housing can include not only E. coli, but Staphylococcus, Pseudomona, Micrococcus and others as well. These contaminants can contribute to dust that often causes issues with the respiratory systems of both the poultry and humans working in the environment. If bacterial levels in the poultry drinking water reach high levels, it can result in bacterial diarrhoea which can lead to blood poisoning should the bacteria spread from the damaged intestines.

Salmonella too can be stressful on poultry production. How it causes disease has been investigated in some detail.

There is also a risk that crowded conditions in chicken farms will allow avian influenza (bird flu) to spread quickly. A United Nations press release states: "Governments, local authorities and international agencies need to take a greatly increased role in combating the role of factory-farming, commerce in live poultry, and wildlife markets which provide ideal conditions for the virus to spread and mutate into a more dangerous form..."

Farming of chickens on an industrial scale relies largely on high protein feeds derived from soybeans; in the European Union the soybean dominates the protein supply for animal feed, and the poultry industry is the largest consumer of such feed. Two kilograms of grain must be fed to poultry to produce 1 kg of weight gain, much less than that required for pork or beef. However, for every gram of protein consumed, chickens yield only 0.33 g of edible protein.

Changes in commodity prices for poultry feed have a direct effect on the cost of doing business in the poultry industry. For instance, a significant rise in the price of corn in the United States can put significant economic pressure on large industrial chicken farming operations.

Waste management, manure

Poultry production requires regular control of excrement, and in many parts of the world, production operations, especially larger operations, need to comply with environmental regulations and protections. Different from mammalian excrement, in poultry (and all birds) urine and feces are excreted as a combined manure, and the result is both wetter and higher in concentrated nitrogen.

Waste can be managed wet, dry or by some combination. Wet management is particularly used in battery egg laying operations, where the waste is sluiced out with constantly or occasionally flowing water. Water is also used to clean the floors around nesting sites that are separate from open runs. Dry management particularly refers to dry litter such as sawdust that is removed as needed. Dry can also include open pasture where manure is absorbed by the existing soil and vegetation, but needs to be monitored dillegently so as to not overwhelm the ground capacity and lead to runoff and other pollution problems.

Both liquid sluicings and dry litter are used as organic fertilizers, but the wet bulk of liquids manure is harder to ship and is often limited to more local use, while the latter is easier to distribute in bulk and in commercial packaging.

Mortality is a daily consideration for poultry farmers, and the carcasses must be disposed of in order to limit the spread of disease and the prevalence of pests. There are a variety of methods of disposal, the most common being burial, composting, incineration, and rendering. Environmental concerns surrounding each of these methods deal with nutrient pollution into the surrounding soil and groundwater - because of these concerns, in many countries and US states the practice of burial in pits is heavily regulated or disallowed. Farmers may construct their own facilities for composting, or purchase equipment to begin incineration or storage for rendering.

Composting offers a safe and practical use for the organic material, while proper management of a composting site limits odor and presence of pests. Incineration offers a swifter disposal method, but uses fuel energy and thus brings varying costs. Rendering has the advantage of being handled off site, and the use of freezers can eliminate the spread of pathogens in storage awaiting pickup. Government organizations, like the USDA, may offer financial assistance to farmers looking to begin utilizing environmentally friendly mortality solutions.

Poultry workers experience substantially higher rates of illness and injury than manufacturing workers do on average.

For the year 2013, there were an estimated 1.59 cases of occupation-related illness per 100 full-time U.S. meat and poultry workers, compared to .36 for manufacturing workers overall. Injuries are associated with repetitive movements, awkward postures, and cold temperatures. High rates of carpal tunnel syndrome and other muscular and skeletal disorders are reported. Disinfectant chemicals and infectious bacteria are causes of respiratory illnesses, allergic reactions, diarrhea, and skin infections.

Poultry housing has been shown to have adverse effects on the respiratory health of workers, ranging from a cough to chronic bronchitis. Workers are exposed to concentrated airborne particulate matter (PM) and endotoxins (a harmful waste product of bacteria). In a conventional hen house a conveyor belt beneath the cages removes the manure. In a cage-free aviary system the manure coats the ground, resulting in the build-up of dust and bacteria over time. Eggs are often laid on the ground or under cages in the aviary housing, causing workers to come close to the floor and force dust and bacteria into the air, which they then inhale during egg collection.

Oxfam America reports that huge industrialized poultry operations are under such pressure to maximize profits that workers are denied access to restrooms.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimated that in 2002 there were nearly sixteen billion chickens in the world. In 2008, the top countries with the highest number of chickens in the world was led by China with the largest at approx 4.6 billion, followed by USA with approx over 2 billion and then followed by Indonesia, Brazil and Mexico. In 2019, China had over 5.14 billion chickens, a higher amount than any other country in the world, followed by Indonesia with approx 3.7 billion chickens. The countries with the next-highest amounts were USA, Brazil, Pakistan, Iran, India, Mexico, Russia and Myanmar respectively.

In 1950, the average American consumed 20 pounds of chicken per year, but 92.2 pounds in 2017. Additionally, in 1980 most chickens were sold whole, but by 2000 almost 90 percent of chickens were sold after being slaughtered into parts.

1. ^ Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.; Elson, H.A. (1992). Poultry Production Systems: Behaviour, Management and Welfare. CAB International.

2. ^ "Compassion in World Farming - Poultry". Ciwf.org.uk. There are more chickens in the world than any other bird. In fact, more than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs.

3. ^ "Compassion in World Farming - Poultry". Ciwf.org.uk. Chickens farmed for meat are called broiler chickens, whilst those farmed for eggs are called egg-laying hens.

4. Damian Carrington, ^ "Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals - study", The Guardian, 21 May 2018 (page visited on 19 August 2018).

5. ^ Sherwin, C., Richards, G. and Nicol, C. (2010). "A comparison of the welfare of layer hens in four housing systems used in the UK". British Poultry Science. 51 (4): 488-499. doi:10.1080/00071668.2010.502518. PMID 20924842. S2CID 8968010.

6. WSPA International> ^ 'Free-range farming and avian flu in Asia Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine retrieved July 6, 2007

7. ^ David, B; et al. (2015). "Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems May Have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part I-Dust". Animals. 3 (5): 495-511. doi:10.3390/ani5030368. PMC . PMID 26479370.

8. Chickens: Layer Housing, Michael C. Appleby, Encyclopedia of Animal Science. ^ doi:10.1081/E-EAS-120019534

9. ^ Housing, space, feed and water Archived February 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine United Egg Producers

10. ^ "Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable". Washington Post. September 3, 2003. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012.

11. ^ Appleby, M.C.; J.A. Mench; B.O. Hughes (2004). Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. Wallingford and Cambridge MA: CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-667-7.

12. ^ Prafulla, R (2015). "Influence of housing systems on bone properties of laying hens". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

13. ^ Brulliard, Karin (June 10, 2016). "Egg producers pledge to stop grinding newborn male chickens to death". The Washington Post.

14. ^ Andy Coghlan (February 3, 2018). "A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval". New Scientist.

15. Breward, J., (1984). Cutaneous nociceptors in the chicken beak. Proceedings of the Journal of Physiology, London 346: 56

16. ^ Gentle, M.J.; Hughes, B.O.; Hubrecht, R.C. (1982). "The effect of beak-trimming on food-intake, feeding behaviour and body weight in adult hens". Applied Animal Ethology. 8 (1-2): 147-157. doi:10.1016/0304-3762(82)90140-7.

17. ^ Gentle, M.J.; Hunter, L.N.; Waddington, D. (1991). "The onset of pain related behaviours following partial beak amputation in the chicken". Neuroscience Letters. 128 (1): 113-116. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90772-l. PMID 1922938. S2CID 37075517.

18. Breward, J., (1985). ^ An Electrophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Beak Trimming in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh.

19. ^ Gentle, M.J., (1986). Beak trimming in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal', 42: 268-275

20. ^ Breward, L.; Gentle, M.J. (1985). "Neuroma formation and abnormal afferent nerve discharges after partial break amputation (beak trimming) in poultry". Experientia. 41 (9): 1132-1134. doi:10.1007/BF01951693. PMID 4043320. S2CID 21290513.

21. Devor, M. and Rappaport, Z.H., (1990). ^ Pain Syndromes in Neurology., edited by H.L. Fields, Butterworths, London, p. 47.

22. Singer, Peter (2006). In Defense of Animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4051-1941-2.

23. Castonon, J.R. ^ "History of the Use of Antibiotics" Archived December 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine [Poultry Science, 2011].

24. ^ Lester R. Brown (2003). "Chapter 8. Raising Land Productivity: Raising protein efficiency". Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. NY: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05859-8.

25. ^ Jonathan Starkey (April 9, 2011). "Delaware business: Chicken companies feeling pinch as corn prices soar". News Journal. Delaware Online. OCLC 38962480.

26. ^ "WCAHS Ag Health News - Aviary Housing Effects on Worker Health" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2016.

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Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. It has originated from the agricultural era. Poultry - mostly chickens - are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually.

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Hey, Architectural Digest. Welcome to the Oval Office. Come on in.

[Music]

This is the White House. This is it on inauguration day. The outgoing president has to be out by noon or 10:00 in the morning. The incoming can't come in until 4:00. So you can decide what furniture, what decorations you want in the Oval Office. I had asked my brother to help me set up my office in here on the rug and the furniture because he's a better architect than I am. What they do is in Suburban Maryland, there is a facility that is a replica in terms of dimensions of the Oval Office. And so you go out there and pick the furniture and the rugs you want, see what it looks like. And so my brother knows my taste extremely well. I love this rug. I love the color blue. That's one thing I knew I wanted. The rest, my brother picked out for me. And he had called a good friend, John Meacham, the presidential historian, for some help.

[Applause]

I've spent more time with the Chinese leader than any other head of state. And he asked me, he said, "Can I define America?" I said, "Yes, I can, in one word. And I mean it: possibilities. Possibilities. We Americans think anything is possible. We would do it together." And that's why John Meacham helped my brother pick out those five portraits up there. It's all about possibilities. There's not a single thing we can't do.

This was the Resolute desk that John Kennedy had. And remember that famous picture where John John, his son, came out from under the desk? Well, he comes out this door here. That's where he climbed out. Well, I have a little grandson. And what I decided to do when we came in here, let me show you. And that's my grandson, Beau, coming out from under the desk.

It's really an incredible office. I chose the things that sort of represent why I got into public life to begin with, for real. I wanted to be able to sit at my desk and when I looked out to see the two heroes I had, one was Dr. Martin Luther King and the other is Bobby Kennedy. Then I have a woman who refused to move to the back of the bus, Rosa Parks. I have her bust in here as well. And there's one other person that was from that era. This is Cesar Chavez of the Farm Workers. He was organizing farm workers in the southern part of my state at the time, and I supported him. I never met him, but I supported what he was doing. It cost me in southern Delaware, but I admired the hell out of him.

This is the love of my life and the life of my love. This is my daughter Ashley on her wedding day, and we're dancing the dance of father and daughter. This one is really amazing. This is on the night Barack and I were declared vice president and president of the United States. My mom, who admired Barack a lot, wasn't even supposed to be walking out on the stage. And they said, "And now the next president and vice president of the United States, Barack Obama and Joe Biden." My mother grabs Barack's hand there, and look at the look on his face. She goes, "Come on, honey, it's going to be okay." She walked him out on stage. She never stopped being everybody's mom.

I have this rugby ball over here. This is the all-Irish rugby team. I have two cousins who were stars on that team, and they gave me this ball. And then every time I've been sworn into any public office, I've used this Bible. It's just an incredible keepsake that's been around in the family for a long time.

By the way, reason for Ben Franklin, I got to put that up because my kids went to Penn, and I was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania.

This moon rock, it's pretty cool. It's literally a rock from the moon. This is my '67 Corvette. My dad didn't have a lot of money, but he managed the dealership. So when I got married, he gave this to me as a gift. I still have it.

When I got elected president, Scranton decided to take Interstate 81, and the exit to Scranton used to be called the Central Scranton Expressway. They renamed it President Biden [Laughter] [Music] Expressway.

You know, there's a lot of other things in here that are of consequence to me. And I think of all the incredible things that have happened in this office over the last couple hundred years. And it really is just an incredible honor to be here. Let me show you back here. People don't get to go back here very often.

I think these are great sketches of Frederick Douglass. I have them put up on the wall here. There's a private office back here. This is where I come when I want to get away a little bit to work on a speech. There's a great portrait of President Kennedy there. The Kennedys didn't like it because they made them look too contemplative. I think it's a great portrait of them. And on the wall here, a lot of kids will send me these cartoons, and I put them up on the wall. And then I take pictures of them and send them to the families, which the kids get a kick out of. I think they're really neat.

And this is the house I was raised in, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on North Washington Avenue, which, by the way, the last three blocks at the end of North Washington Avenue, they call Biden Way. Now they've renamed it. [Music]

This is a private dining room. Not many people get to come back here. Barack and I used to have lunch those eight years, once a week, in this room right here. But I have a lot of personal family photographs back here. This is a picture of my son Beau, who's passed away. That's my mom and my dad, and when I had darker hair. And here, they're what they call command coins. Command coins are given in the battlefield, and the president has a command coin. And my command coin has on the back of it the Bo's unit, where he went to Iraq for a year. And so I'm going to give you a copy. Give you one. If, in fact, next time I see you, you don't have it, you have to buy the drinks. But you're in luck. I'm the only Irishman who's never met that's never had a drink in his [Music] life.

Did you want to see the Cabinet Room? I want to show it to you. Come [Music] here.

This is the Cabinet Room. Come on in. There's only one chair in here that's about two inches higher than every other chair. That's the president's chair. These chairs are really, really heavy. On the back of each chair is the name of the department they represent. This is the Secretary of Energy here in this chair. But there's a lot of really incredible things that have happened in this room. It's almost cathedral-like to me because when we're in here, we're talking about things of enormous [Music] consequence.

By the way, there's a tradition in my office. These chocolate chip cookies are all homemade. Thank you. Thanks for coming by Architectural Digest. By the way, I'm a subscriber. I'm a frustrated architect. Thank you very much. [Music] Appreciate.

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President Biden takes us on a tour of the Oval Office and White House.

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A Traffic Violation: Rachel and Ross Get Pulled Over | ESL Video

Quiz by: eoi.lisaarias
Description: A listening comprehension exercise about traffic violations based on a scene from FRIENDS
Intermediate

Present PDF QR Code Add to Class Export to Canvas

TRANSCRIPT FOR RACHEL AND ROSS GET PULLED OVER

Rachel: Okay. Switch places with me! Switch places with me! Come on! I'll go under, you go over!
Ross: Yeah, I'll get right on that.
Rachel: Oh come on Ross!! (She tries to switch places with him and goes under his leg.)
Ross: No Rach! Come on! No-no! Yeah, I'm sure we won't get arrested for this.
(She sits back up as the policeman approaches. She undoes her top button.)
Rachel: (sexily) Hi officer, was I going a little too fast?
Ross: Oh my God.
Policeman: Can I see your license please?
Rachel: Oh yes, absolutely! Y'know, it's weird uh, but I had a dream last night where I was stopped by a policeman. And then he uh...well I probably shouldn't tell you the rest.
Policeman: Your license?
Rachel: (handing it to him) Yes. Here you go Officer uh, Handsome.
Policeman: That's Hanson.
Rachel: Oops sorry, my mistake.
Ross: Dear Lord!!
Policeman: Wow!
Ross: Here it comes.
Policeman: This is a great picture.
Rachel: Really?! You think so? Y'know, I had just rolled out of bed.
Policeman: Yeah? Well you look phenomenal.
Ross: Well she should, it was taken ten years ago!
Rachel: Y'know you're-you're probably wondering about the old date on there.
Policeman: Yes I am.
Rachel: Yeah.
Policeman: You're an Aquarius, huh?
Rachel: I bet you're a Gemini.
Policeman: Nope.
Rachel: Taurus?
Policeman: Nope.
Rachel: Virgo?
Policeman: Nope.
Rachel: Sagittarius?
Policeman: Yep.
Rachel: I knew it! I knew it, ahh....
Policeman: Well I tell you what...
Rachel: Yeah?
Policeman: You're not gonna speed anymore right?
Rachel: I won't speed.
Policeman: And you promise you'll get this taken care of right away?
Rachel: I promise.
Policeman: And in the meantime you better let him drive. Does he have a license?
Rachel: Yeah!
Policeman: Can he handle the stick?
Rachel: Oh well...
Ross: I can handle the stick!!
NEXT SCENE
Rachel: Remind me to introduce you to someone!
Ross: Who?
Rachel: Fourth gear!!
(Suddenly a siren goes off.)
Ross: What?! What does he want?! I wasn't doing anything!
Rachel: Well maybe he saw your hand slip briefly from the ten and two o'clock position.
Ross: Maybe it's uh Sergeant Sagittarius coming back to flirt some more! (They pull over.)
Rachel: It's a different guy!
(The policeman walks up.)
Ross: Good evening officer.
Policeman: Do you know how fast you were traveling back there?
Ross: Ah no. I don't, but it could not have been more than sixty.
Policeman: You're right. It was 37. (Rachel laughs.)
Ross: I mean you're not gonna give me a-a ticket for driving too slow are ya?
Policeman: That's right.
(There's a pause as Ross gets suddenly flirtatious.)
Ross: Y'know of-officer I uh...I had the weirdest dream last night...
Rachel: Oh my God!
Policeman: Your license please.
Ross: (laughs) You don't-you don't want to hear about my dream Officer...Pretty?
Policeman: It's Petty. (He grabs Ross's license.) I'll be right back with your ticket. (Walks back to his car.)
Rachel: (pause) You have a son!
Ross: I know. I know.

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1.) Have you ever gotten a speeding ticket?
2.) What is the speed limit where you live?
3.) How old were you when you started driving?

A Traffic Violation: Rachel and Ross Get Pulled Over

Join Rachel and Ross in a hilarious traffic violation scenario from the popular TV show FRIENDS. This video provides a fun way for ESL learners to practice listening comprehension and learn vocabulary related to traffic stops.

Watch as Rachel and Ross encounter a police officer during a traffic stop. Learn key words like 'violation', 'license', and 'speed', and explore how past simple tense is used in everyday conversations.

This video is perfect for ESL students at a low-intermediate level who want to improve their listening skills and expand their vocabulary. Use it in the classroom for engaging discussions and grammar practice.

Category

Friends

Grammar

Past Simple

Keywords

traffic violation

police officer

speeding ticket

Discussion Questions

1.) Have you ever gotten a speeding ticket?
2.) What is the speed limit where you live?
3.) How old were you when you started driving?

Vocabulary

violation

license

speed

flirt

ticket

dream

officer

promise

handle

stick

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A Traffic Violation: Rachel and Ross Get Pulled Over | ESL Video

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A listening comprehension exercise about traffic violations based on a scene from FRIENDS

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Steve Jobs talks about managing people | ESL Video

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STEVE JOBS : one of the keys to APPLE'S is Apple is an incredibly collaborative company. And so, you know how many committees we have at APPLE ? interlocutor : No. STEVE JOBS : 0. We have no committees, we are a very, we are organized like a Startup.

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Biography of Abraham Lincoln | ESL Video

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Abraham Lincoln rose from humble beginnings to serve his country at a crucial point in its development.

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Look at these examples to see how we use at, in and on to talk about time.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1

Grammar A1-A2: Prepositions of time - 'at', 'in' and 'on': 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We use the prepositions in, on or at to say when something happens.

We usually use at with clock times and mealtimes.

We also use at with some specific phrases such as at the weekend and at night.

We can also say on weekends or on the weekend. This is more common in American English.

We say at night when we mean all of the night. But we say in the night when we want to talk about a specific time during the night.

We use at with Christmas and other holidays that last several days.

We usually use in with parts of the day and longer periods of time such as months, seasons and years.

We usually use on with days and dates.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2

Grammar A1-A2: Prepositions of time - 'at', 'in' and 'on': 2

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Do you know how and when to use at, in and on to talk about time? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Prepositions - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary

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Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a certain preposition. Sometimes verbs and adjectives can be followed by different prepositions, giving the phrase different meanings. To find which prepositions follow the verb or an adjective, look up the verb or adjective in an online dictionary, such as Merriam Webster, or use a corpus, such as The Corpus of Contemporary American English. Memorizing these phrases instead of just the preposition alone is the most helpful.

Some Common Verb + Preposition Combinations

About: worry, complain, read

At: arrive (a building or event), smile, look

From: differ, suffer

For: account, allow, search

In: occur, result, succeed

Of: approve, consist, smell

On: concentrate, depend, insist

To: belong, contribute, lead, refer

With: (dis)agree, argue, deal

Although verb + preposition combinations appear similar to phrasal verbs, the verb and the particle (in this case, the preposition) in these combinations cannot be separated like phrasal verbs. See more about this on our verb choice page.

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Walden University's Writing Center provides a number of services to support students' writing at all stages of their education. We offer one-on-one paper reviews, webinars, modules, podcasts, form and style reviews, web-based instructional content on writing and APA style, and much more.

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English spelling can be tricky. Luckily, spelling does follow certain patterns which can help you to learn more easily.

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"learn english" "canguro english" "english teacher"

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Changing the way the world learns English.

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Students use either an under- or over- prefix to complete the words in the sentences.

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Another good discussion prompter. Proverbs are put in pairs which seem to contradict each other.

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Vocabulary - Suffixes Gap Fill Worksheet

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Completion of common words with suffixes such as -ful, -less, etc.