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1. The conductor is commonly made of cooper. This material is usually found underground in mines, therefore, you need to mine it, which involves drilling, blasting and hauling.

2. In the isolament part there is a big use of PVC, that, for its creation(because PVC is not something that we can find it raw in nature) we need salt and petroleum or natural gas. The first option uses the extratction of petroleum that's normally found so deep in the soil that we need to escavate a giant whole in the soil and then extract it. The salt is found in our ocean and there's another way to find it by extracting it from rocks.

3. The Shielding/Armour is normally made of steel or aluminium. Aluminum is made of bauxite, that is extracted by taking all of the vegetation that it's above the mine and then start digging. Steel is made of iron and coal, coal is found by digging a hole in the soil, which is one tipe of mining, on the other hand, iron, the one that is used is a mixture of iron ore, coke(processed coal) and limestone. Iron ore is found through mining, coal is also found by mining as explained before and limestone is also found by mining.

4. Jacketing(Cubierta) is mostly made of thermoplastic elastomer or thermoplastic rubber, which are closely related. In addition these two materials are made from petrochemical sources.

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As seen previously there's a lot of mining used to find the raw materials needed to assemble the cable. Mining has a huge environmental impact on our ecossistem because they deteriorate then soil making it unable to grow plants on it, also, by mining resources we take finite resources from our planet and transform them into something that will be used briefly and then discarded. In addition, mining also contributes to polution because we need to somehow mine and transport the rocks, so, consequently its also contributing to the greenhouse effect.

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The production process of the cables start with the typical materials, that are high-quality metals such as copper or aluminum. Then this cables are continuously casted to achieve the desired diameter and length and carefully inspected for quality and consistency.

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Production of the materials (especifically)

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Production of the materials (especifically)

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1. Cooper: Firstly the cooper ore(cooper mixed with other substances in a rock) is cleaned(because the rock can contain dirt, clay and ect) leaving only the ore, this is usually done with the flotation method. Then the ore is crushed several times into several small pieces and then they're melted and divided in concentrated cooper(cooper with gold, iron, silver and other materials) andthe tailings which is the rest. After the other materials are removed and there's only cooper it goes to a electrorefining process. And lastly the cooper is shaped in any wanted way.

2. PVC: It's a very "simple" process. First there's the extraction of salt and petroleum/natural gas. The natural gas and petroleum substitute eachother because they're both hydrocarbon materials because these two materials are exclusively made of hydorgen and carbon atoms. After, the water is transformed into ethylene(was teh hydrocarbon material) and chlorine(was the salt water). Then they combine these two materials to form vinil chloride monomer(VCM). The VCM is transformed to PVC through polymerisation. After that you'll just need to mold the PVC.

3. Alumium: Fistly we wash the bauxite and then the bauxite goes to the grinder. The bauxite is putted in a tank with heat and diverse quimical solutions that will make the aluminium(sodium aluminate) go up in the tank and the rest of the unwanted substances go down. Afterwards the aluminium goes through various process involving pressure adjustments, washing and filters, to see if there's any solid part. Finally, the aluminium is cooled down and transformeed in huge cristals. The cristals are heated in rotary kilns(in simple terms, big round ovens that spin) in very high temperatures. In this final fase the Hall-Héroult smelting process is used, in simple terms, eletricity is used to break the bond between aluminium and oxigen. In the end of this process you'll have almost pure aluminium. After that you just need to mold the aluminium.

Steel: limestone, coke and iron ore are put toguether in blast furnace to melt the elements toguether to create molten iron. Then, the molten iron goes to a oxygen furnace or to a eletric arc furnace, in either way molten iron turns into raw steel. The raw steel is put in molds for cooling, while the steel is getting cold it becomes maleable, so you can pu it in any desired shape in this fase. Since the steel already became steel in the next satges of its production it's just the creation of the final steel shaping.

4. Thermoplastic rubber & Thermoplastic elastomer: Are made of oil. They are made to resist to heat and be maleable.

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https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Natural_Copper_Ore_Macro_1.JPG

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After producing all of those materials we assemble them toguether, making, finally, the eletric cable. The conductor, composed of many little cooper wires goes first. On top of it we have the isolation, to prevent the eletricity in the cables to escape and give shoks, and, isolates de conductor. To protect even more the cable we have the armor, that goes on top of the isolation. Lastly, we have the jacketing(outer sheath) and its layer is thicker because its only function is to protect even more what's inside. After that our electric cable is setted up.

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The production stage can be viewed very clearly and easily. Producing these products, and talking especifically about electric cables, releases a lot of chemicals and CO² into the air, poluting our atmosphere. This is the stage were we're able to see the polution directly.

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Now, the distribution fase is when the products are being sent to the stores. The top leads on the electric cable market are, Prysmian Group(owns General Cable), Nexans, Sumitomo Electric, Furukawa and General Cable. Most of these companies come from developed countries, two are from Japan, two are from Europe and one is from USA. Still, there are many of theses companies spreaded across the globe so in the distribution phase we have the locomotion of these products to the stores.

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Since this phase is of this cycle is when the products are going to the stores we have a big use of boats and trucks. These transports free a lot of carbo dioxide in the air and boat fuel in the ocean consequently poluting the air and the ocean.

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We use eletric wires in different situations during our day, including recharging battery, eletric devises, lights and etc. Some researches claims that they can even be more cheap than regular wires, but they can also have bad environment impacts.

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The eletric wires are used to transmit eletricy, which many times is produced by non-renewable sources, like coal and petroleum, that emit greenhouse gases and air pollution.

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It's important to dispose electric cables corectly so you can protect the nature, plants, animals and soil, since cables contain plastic and metals that take very long to decompose. In addition, some cables have important metals inside of them so, sometimes, these metals can be reused and/or sold again, for example, in the steel production ocasionally there's the use of recicled steel.

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Cables thrown in the trash(https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-recycle-an-electrical-wire)

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If not discarded correctly, the cables won't have the proper care that they need, and will end in nature or being burned, which would let out a lot of toxic gasses and chemicals into the air. The materials of the electric cable can take up to 450 years to decompose. In addition, if those materials end up in nature their decomposition, sometimes, can lead to the release of toxic gasses, poluting even more.

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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/production-process-cables-tim-deng#:~:text=Conductors%20are%20typically%20made

https://www.fiocruz.br/biosseguranca/Bis/infantil/reciclagem.htm%20from,inspected%20for%20quality%20and%20consistency.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/common-crucial-steps-cable-manufacturing-tim-deng

https://www.google.com/maps

https://www.fictiv.com/

https://www.ansell.com/us/en

https://www.xometry.com/

https://www.plasticosalser.com/es/pioneros-en-sostenibilidad-con-la-certificacion-recyclass/

https://www.britannica.com/science/polymerization

https://dixonvalve.com/en/news-and-events/news/6-steps-steel-manufacturing-process

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hydrocarbon.asp#:~:text=A%20hydrocarbon%20is%20an%20organic,to%20name%20just%20a%20few.

https://simcona.com/blog/anatomy-of-a-cable-electrical-industrial

https://www.ecycle.com.br/sal/

https://www.xometry.com/resources/materials/uses-of-thermoplastic-elastomers/#:~:text=TPE%20is%20used%20for%20mobile,and%20ability%20to%20be%20molded.&text=TPE%20is%20used%20for%20shoe,wear%20resistance%2C%20and%20UV%20stability.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM

https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/us-reliance-china-waste-weak-supply-chain-link-rcna41394

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Copper production & environmental impact

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Copper is a wide-spread metal used in architecture. Buildings have been clad in copper for hundreds of years