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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

It's Genus is an orthohepadnavirus; apart of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses

Within the Hepadnaviridae there are five genera: Parahapadnavirus, Metahapanavirus, Herpatohapanavirus, Avihepadnavirus, and Orthohepanavirus.

Orthohepadanavirus is the genus that infects mammals.

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Gram negative

40-45 nm in diameter

With a 32 or 36 nm internal nucleocapsid

spherical

similar to a retrovirus

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1) perinatal infection (during pregnancy or delivery)

2) sexual contact ( semen or vaginal secretions)

3) contaminated Blood

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Hepatitis B has a high viral load (VL); It spreads so fast because of its ability to persist in infected cells.

1. HBV surface antigen( HBsAg): it is the indicator that it has taken over and shows the immune system.

2. HBV x protein (HBx): transactivator of gene expression and is pleiotrophic which means it can affect 2 or more characteristics of the cell.

3. HBVe antigen: it is secreted from the HBcAg and it is the main reason for the high viral replication.

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dark urine

vomiting

jaundice ( yellowing of the skin/whites of the eyes)

fever

joint pain

loss of appetite

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Hepatitis can be diagnosed through blood tests. One being Hepatitis B surface antigen test (HBSAG); it can tell a pt that they have chronic Hepatitis. It looks for anti-HBs and if someone has five or under mIUs (international units) they are negative. But having twelve or more mIUs its positive/protective (Stanford Medicine). The test is taken via a blood sample, but can also be done with genital secretions & other body fluids.

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There is no cure. But there are medications you can take for chronic hepatitis B(CHB); one being Tenofovir entecavir. Helps slow down the virus ability to damage the liver(suppressor). Most people have to take this for about 48 weeks.

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If you have chronic Hepatitis B it can lead to many long term effects:

liver damage

liver scarring

liver failure

liver cancer

death

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"Age-adjusted prevalence of past or present hepatitis B virus infection among adults aged 18 and over, by sex, race and Hispanic origin, and U.S. birth status: United States, 2015–2018" (CDC)

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currently infects approximately 296 million people worldwide. (CDC)

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Vaccine: Hepatitis B vaccine is >95% effective in preventing Hepatitis B. There are three shots that are given over six months for life long immunity. (Stanford Medicine)

Prevention:

Get the vaccine

Wear condoms

Make sure clean needles are being used for any procedure.

Don’t use drugs that aren’t prescribed for you( don’t inject drugs)

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1) The Hepatitis B vaccine is so good at preventing hepatitis B and liver cancer that the the World Health Organization said it is the first "anti-cancer vaccine". (Stanford Medicine)

2) HBV was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg who then went along to then receive a noble prize for the discovery.

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Lars Magnius, William S. Mason, John Taylor, Michael Kann, Dieter Glebe, Paul Dény, Camille Sureau, Helene Norder, and ICTV Report Consortium, 2020, ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepadnaviridae, Journal of General Virology, 101:571–572.

“Hepatitis B.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 24 Sept. 2022, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802.

Asian Liver Center. “Are There Blood Tests for Hepatitis B?” Asian Liver Center, med.stanford.edu/liver/education/screening.html#:~:text=Ask%20your%20doctor%20for%20the,are%20protected%

20against%20hepatitis%20B. Accessed 13 Apr. 2024.

“Products - Data Briefs - Number 361 - March 2020.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Mar. 2020, www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db361.htm.

“Fast Facts on Global Hepatitis B.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22 Mar. 2022, www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/immunization/diseases/hepatitis-b/data/fast-facts.html#:~:text=Hepatitis%20B%20Affects%20Millions%20of,infections%20progress%20to%20liver%20cancer.