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Husbandry is the care, management, and cultivation of crops or animals in a farming operation.

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Livestock are the domesticated animals in agriculture such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and pigs. These animals are typically raised for meat, labor, or byproducts such as milk and eggs.

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Agribusiness is a combination of "agriculture" and "business". It is the various businesses connected to producing, preparing, and selling farm products. Agribusiness involves all aspects from the raw materials and resources to the end products that consumers purchase.

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What Is Agribusiness: Agribusiness Meaning Explained

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Horticulture focuses on the planting, caring for, and harvesting garden plants such as fruits and vegetables and ornamental plants.

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Feed for animals that is high in fiber. Hay, straw, and silage are common forms of roughage.

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Roughages are an essential but often overlooked part of a cow's diet. Most of the time, people only focus on things like crude protein, energy, and possibly even mineral content. While those are vital for the overall production of cattle, roughages play just as important a role. Consuming a certain amount of roughage is essential to keep the rumen functioning, thus allowing the digestion of things like protein, energy, and minerals.

The rumen, mainly the microbes, needs to be taken care of if the animal is to produce. The purpose of the rumen is to degrade complex structural fibers found in plants. When it does that, it then metabolizes them to make the nutrients that the animal needs. In order to keep them going, the microbes need to be fed just like the animals themselves.

The quality and availability of roughages can directly impact the success of a cattle ranch. There are many factors that can affect the quality of roughages. Things like rainfall, stage of maturity, and how they are managed can all affect the quality.

What are roughages?

A general definition of roughage is a feed ingredient with a high concentration of slowly degradable fiber. The tradeoff here is that roughages are low in total digestible nutrients because they are high in fiber. Roughages include the vegetative part of plants as well as feeding stuff of low total digestible nutrient content on a dry matter basis.

For a ruminant, the term roughage is any feed ingredient that has what is called "long roughage". Long roughage contains particles that are from 3/8in to 1 1/2in or longer. The length is significant because the longer fibrous material will need to be re-chewed by the animal. They will remain in the rumen for a more substantial period of time than the shorter material.

The crude fiber content will also play a role in defining if it is roughage or not. According to the National Research Council , roughage feedstuffs have a minimum crude fiber content of 18%. The maximum total digestible nutrient of the feedstuff should also be 70%.

What do roughages do?

Roughages provide for what is called the "roughage effect." This effect means that the long, coarse fiber materials rub against the wall of the rumen. By doing this, the muscles in the wall of the rumen expand and contract. This expansion and contraction stir and mixes the food that is in the rumen.

Mixing the material allows the microorganisms to break down more food. The more contact the microorganisms make with the mix, the more completely it can break them down. Breaking them down more allows more nutrients to be absorbed and used by the animal.

Another benefit of roughage in the diet is that the coarse material has to be regurgitated and chewed again to be metabolized by the microorganisms. This action is commonly known as the animal "chewing its cud." Along with breaking the material down more, producing more saliva is also beneficial.

A ruminant's saliva contains buffers that help keep down the rumen's acidity. An animal's stomach should have some acidity, but too much can be harmful and even fatal. The fiber-digesting microorganisms in the rumen work best in a neutral to slightly acidic environment. This change is typically a problem with animals fed an all-concentrate diet.

How much do they need?

The amount of roughage that a ruminant requires will depend on the species. For example, a cow with a larger rumen capacity and a slower process time will require more than a goat with a smaller rumen. It would be best to look at which animals you will be feeding to determine the amount you need.

When it comes to measuring the amount of roughage, there are two ways to go about it: Acid Detergent Fiber or Neutral Detergent Fiber. The Acid Detergent Fiber, or ADF, measures a feed's cellulose and lignin content. Cellulose is a digestible form of fiber, while lignin is an indigestible form. ADF is a good test for measuring the energy value of forages. In contrast, the NDF is superior in valuing a feed's roughage effect. This reason is because this test measures the cellulose and hemicellulose, which are poorly digestible materials, and the lignin content of the feed.

Regarding cattle, the minimal NDF values have been studied extensively, mainly from the dairy industry. The minimum recommended NDF level here is 25%; below this, the rumen environment can become very volatile and potentially dangerous to the animals' health. With sheep and goats, the minimum amount has yet to be studied. There is a consensus that they are able to tolerate between 20% and 30%.

There is a difference between a ruminant selecting a diet in the pasture that is 25% NDF and one that you are feeding them. When animals are in a native pasture grazing forage each day, they can manipulate their diet as needed. If they eat something one day that makes their rumen more acidic than the next day, they can search for another forage higher in fiber to balance it out.

How can animals get roughage?

There are three types of roughages that you can feed your animals. Grazed roughages (such as pastures and rangelands), preserved roughages (hay and silage), and crop residues or by-products (straw and hulls) are all available. A producer can feed them in either a fresh, dried, or ensiled state.

If you have to provide roughages in a supplement, it is essential to look a little deeper than what will be on the feed tag. The crude fiber listed on the feed tag does not represent the ADF and NDF values. It would help if you did more digging to find that out.

The higher the crude fiber, the more roughages that should be in the ration. Animals are on a feedlot-type ration and are fed hay along with it. They should have a feed that is at least 16% crude fiber for cattle and 14% for smaller ruminants. Cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, and rice hulls are some excellent sources to use.

A Texas label must list the percentage of roughages in the ingredients section. If the roughage level is low and the crude fiber content is high, the fiber is from a source that will probably give little of a roughage effect. I go into a little more detail on what to look for in a previous post, "How to read a feed tag."

Some alternatives to forage roughages

There are sometimes certain conditions that traditional roughages may not be available. Situations like drought conditions can affect the quality, and in many cases, the quantity, of forages that are present. Add to that the possibility of there not being enough hay for this winter, and producers may have to get creative when supplementing roughages to their cattle. Here are some options that you can consider.

In cattle diets, cottonseed hulls are an excellent source of fiber. A majority of their use is found in the southern U.S., where cotton is primarily grown. They are low in protein (3.7%), calcium, phosphorus, and energy but high in fiber (44%). During times of scarcity, cottonseed hulls provide palatable roughage. In grain mixes, they increase bulk density and crude fiber content.

Another alternative is to use corn stalks. These are the leftover grains after harvesting. It can winter non-lactating mature cows very effectively. However, suppose you will be grazing first-cow heifers and fall-calving cows. In that case, you must provide additional energy and protein alternatives. Too many downed ears per acre can lead to excessive grain consumption. This increase can lead to digestive disturbances like acidosis and founder.

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The truth about what roughages actually does for cattle - West Texas Livestock Growers

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Roughages are an essential but often overlooked part of a cow's diet. There are many factors that can affect the quality of roughages.