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textiles or fabrics in their raw, unfinished state, meaning they have not been bleached, dyed, or otherwise fully processed

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a natural or synthetic substance used to add a color to or change the color of something

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textile dyeing process where loose, unspun fibers (the "stock") are submerged in a dye bath before they are spun into yarn

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color pigment is mixed into the liquid raw material (polymer) before it's spun into fiber, making the color go all the way through the fiber's core, not just on the surface

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textile process that involves coloring yarn before it is woven or knitted into fabric, resulting in a yarn-dyed fabric

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the process of coloring fabric after it has been woven or knitted, but before it is cut and sewn into a garment

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a manufacturing process that imparts a specific, uniform color to textile materials, including fibers, yarns, fabrics, or finished goods, by applying dyes or pigments in an aqueous medium

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artificial colorants produced through chemical processes, designed to chemically or physically bond with synthetic fibers (like polyester, nylon, and acrylic) to impart color.

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water-soluble, negatively charged dye containing acidic groups that bonds electrostatically with positively charged sites on fibers

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a type of dye, like Procion MX dye, that chemically bonds with natural fibers, such as cotton, rayon, hemp, linen, and silk, to create brilliant, permanent, and wash-fast colors

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a slightly water-soluble, nonionic dye used to color synthetic fibers like polyester and acetate by dispersing it into very fine, insoluble particles in a water-based dye bath

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one that resists fading, bleeding, or running when exposed to external factors like light, water, or friction, retaining its original hue and integrity over time

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a textile printing method patented by Thomas Bell in 1783 that applies a colored pattern to fabric using a series of engraved copper rollers

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the technique of creating a picture or pattern by forcing ink or metal on to a surface through a screen of fine material.

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a high-speed printing process using rotating cylinders to apply designs to materials

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a method of decorating various materials, such as textiles, mugs, and accessories, by using heat and pressure to apply a pre-printed design from a specialized paper or film onto the item's surface

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a fabric dyeing or printing method where a dye-resistant substance, known as a "resist," is applied to parts of the fabric to block dye from reaching those areas

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a relief printing technique that creates images or text by carving a design into a wooden block, inking the raised portions, and pressing it onto paper or fabric

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a printing method that transfers images and designs directly from digital files to a variety of media, such as paper, canvas, or fabric, without the need for printing plates, screens, or other pre-press processes

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a textile finishing technique for denim that creates a unique, distressed, faded, and sometimes mottled appearance by combining abrasive pumice stones with a chemical bleach solution

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a textured, raised surface created by fibers that lie in a uniform direction

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a finishing process that applies millions of tiny, short fibers—known as flock—to an adhesive-coated fabric surface, creating a soft, velvet-like texture

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a finishing process where mechanical brushes are used to raise the fibers on the surface of a fabric, creating a soft, plush, and warm texture known as a nap

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a decorative process that creates a raised or depressed design on a fabric's surface by pressing it with engraved rollers, dies, or plates, imparting a unique texture, visual depth, and sophistication to the material

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antimicrobial fabric is treated to inhibit the growth of broad-spectrum microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mold, and viruses), while antibacterial fabric specifically targets bacteria, and antifungal fabric targets fungi like mold and mildew

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a property of a material that either prevents static charge from building up or allows it to dissipate quickly, typically by incorporating conductive fibers or using moisture-attracting chemical finishes to increase surface conductivity

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a finish applied to a fabric to make it chemically resistant to wrinkles and help it retain its shape

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pre-treatment that mechanically compacts fabric to reduce its tendency to shrink after subsequent washing or wearing

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a chemical finishing process that treats cellulosic fibers, especially cotton, with a strong caustic soda (NaOH) solution under tension to enhance their properties, resulting in increased luster (shine), tensile strength, and greater affinity for dyes

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stain resistant finishes repel liquids, causing them to bead up on the fabric's surface, while stain release finishes allow absorbed stains to be easily washed out of the fabric due to a hydrophilic (water-loving) finish

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water-repellent finishes make water bead up and roll off the fabric's surface, providing protection against light moisture, while waterproof materials form a complete barrier that prevents water from penetrating the fabric, even under heavy rain or prolonged exposure

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materials that are self-extinguishing, meaning they will not continue to burn once the heat source is removed and will not ignite easily

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the ability of a fabric to inhibit the growth of mildew and mold

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a treatment, often a chemical application, that makes fabric, especially wool and other animal fibers, unpalatable or directly poisonous to moth larvae

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material that has been treated to resist creasing and hold its shape, requiring less or no ironing after washing

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a very fine synthetic yarn

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Nanotechnology in textiles refers to the application and integration of materials and structures at thenanoscale (1 to 100 nanometers) to enhance the properties and functionality of fabrics

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a process that embeds microscopic capsules containing active substances (like fragrances, moisturizers, or antimicrobial agents) within or onto a fabric, releasing these substances gradually in response to triggers like friction, heat, or moisture

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treatments applied to fabrics using environmentally friendly methods and materials to improve their properties, reduce harmful chemicals, and decrease energy and water consumption

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textiles integrated with technology, like e-textiles, that can sense external stimuli (such as temperature, light, or mechanical force) and respond in a functional way