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Stem cells are unspecialised cells which have the capacity to differentiate or self renew

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Embryonic and tissue

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A promoter region of DNA initiates transcription.

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DNA has a double helix, antiparallel structure because one side goes from the 3’ to 5’ end, and the other goes from the 5’ end to the 3’ end

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The process that removes introns from a primary transcript of mRNA

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RNA polymerase moves along DNA unwinding the double stranded helix and breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

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Insertion and deletions are examples of frameshift gene mutations

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Process where cells express certain genes to produce proteins characteristic of that cell type.

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Insertion n deletion are frameshift mutations

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RNA nucleotides pair with the appropriate exposed bases of the DNA template, the base on each RNA nucleotide pairs with its complimentary DNA base.

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PCR:

-mix template DNA,primers, nucleotides and taq polymerase

-heat to 92-98°c to separate strands

-bind primers at 50-65°c

-heat to 70-80°c to complete complementary strand

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They are gametes and the stem cells that divide to produce gametes.

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Missense, nonsense, splice site mutations

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RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together with a string chemical bond to form a new sugar-phosphate backbone

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Diploid cells have 23 homologous chromosomes

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Gene expression can be influenced by intra cellular, factor from within the cell, and extra cellular factors which are factors from outside the cell

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Mutations is a change structure of the genes in an organism

Mutations can occur naturally in a population but there’s an increased change of mutations due to an exposure to mutagenic agents examples are uv radiation x rays and carcinogenic agents

Main groups of mutations are single gene and chromosomal mutations

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They divide by mitosis to make more somatic cell

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Sugar at the 3' end

Phosphate at the 5' end

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Single gene mutations change the sequence of nucleotides of the dna

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Nucleotides are made of a deoxyribose sugar (3’), a phosphate (5’) and a A,T,G,C base (dna)

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Adenine - thymine

Guanine - cytosine

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First dna uncoils and unwinds

Hydrogen bonds break

DNA strand separates

Primers allows dna polymerase to start attaching free nucleotides

Etc…