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I have abided by the HFC Academic Integrity Policy and completed my own work. 

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I completed all work alone and abided by the HFC Academic Integrity Policy. All work was paraphrased and all resources, including the textbook was cited.

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My findings in this article consisted of many new and interesting symptoms of TBI. For example, some types of traumatic brain disorder could have short and long-term problems. The brain is very delicate and TBI could change the way a person thinks, communicates, and even move. Sometimes, a brain injury is clear and penetrating the brain tissue. On the other hand, a TBI may not look as clear and is known as a blunt TBI. In our textbook, a TBI occurs when the skull collides with another object. Similar to the source, the textbook mentions in Chapter 2 that the way we think, like memory loss, can be affected. Another point mentioned in the book is that the brain is fragile, and the areas most affected are usually the frontal and temporal lobe. I have seen my own friends and family after a TBI, and sometimes motor function and other factors are never the same. I believe the source I chose is credible because it is a government website (.gov) and is an official website of the United States.

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Question 3: AI / The effects of stress on the immune system

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Question 3: AI / The effects of stress on the immune system

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I used ChatGPT to research the effects of stress on the immune system. I the following prompt; "Provide scholarly insight on the effects of stress on the immune system."

1. Types of Stress and Immune Response

Acute Stress: Short-term stress can temporarily enhance certain immune functions. This response, often called "stress-induced immunoenhancement," prepares the body to deal with immediate threats or injuries. For example, acute stress activates the fight-or-flight response, which can boost the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mobilize immune cells to potential sites of injury or infection.

Chronic Stress: Long-term or chronic stress leads to immune suppression and dysfunction. This type of stress can impair the body's ability to mount an effective immune response and can result in increased susceptibility to infections, slower wound healing, and the development of chronic inflammatory conditions.

2. Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Immune Modulation

Neuroendocrine Pathways: Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the release of cortisol and catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline). Chronic elevation of cortisol suppresses the immune system by reducing lymphocyte levels and impairing cytokine signaling.

Inflammatory Response: While short-term stress can enhance immune cell circulation and promote a pro-inflammatory response, chronic stress typically shifts the immune response toward a state of chronic inflammation.

3. Empirical Findings

Immune Cell Function: Chronic stress has been shown to reduce the proliferation and function of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages, weakening the body’s defense mechanisms.

Susceptibility to Disease: Research has linked chronic stress to a higher risk of viral infections, including the common cold, as well as a prolonged recovery period from illnesses or injuries.

Psychoneuroimmunology Studies: This interdisciplinary field has provided evidence of the bi-directional relationship between the brain and immune system, highlighting how psychological factors, including stress, can influence immune responses.

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d. The effects of stress on the immune system

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Question 4: Compare & Contrast AI / textbook

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Question 4: Compare & Contrast AI / textbook

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In my AI research, under Empirical Findings, it is said that the correlation between chronic stress and immune cell function affects us. The function of T cells B cells, and Natural killer cells weakens the body's defense and makes it susceptible to infections and the growth of abnormal cells. In our textbook Figure 1.12 on page 23, shows that stress along with other bad habits could lead to cancer. Another comparison is that acute stress can activate the fight-or-flight response while chronic stress leads to dysfunction. In the textbook this is mentioned under the "Acute/Chronic stress" section. For example, the book specifically mentions something like an avoiding falling off a bike or car accident.

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When I was little, I realized that learning Arabic would be essential for communicating with my extended family and handling daily interactions in Dearborn. At first, I struggled with basic phrases and pronunciation. However, each time I successfully used Arabic in conversation I received positive reinforcement from others. For example I'd get a friendly smile, a nod of approval, or a kind response back. This reinforcement motivated me to keep practicing and improving my language skills. Over time, the positive reactions I received whenever I spoke Arabic strengthened my desire to learn more. I started associating speaking Arabic with these positive social interactions, which made learning feel rewarding.

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Regarding my journey in learning Arabic in Question 5, this is an example of operant conditioning. This is operant conditioning because my behavior (speaking Arabic) was strengthened by positive reinforcement (social approval). When people responded back with kind words or positive reinforcement, like complementing me. This all led to me repeating the behavior and developing my skill

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Question 7: Generalization and Discrimination

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Question 7: Generalization and Discrimination

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In learning and using Arabic around Dearborn, I experienced generalization and discrimination in my behavior.

Generalization

After receiving positive reinforcement, like compliments for speaking Arabic at a restaurant, I began to generalize this behavior. I used Arabic confidently in other settings, such as grocery stores and Arab American community events, because I expected similar positive outcomes.

Discrimination

I also learned to discriminate between when speaking Arabic was appropriate and when it wasn’t. For example, at formal events where English was mostly used, I noticed that speaking Arabic didn’t lead to the same positive reinforcement, so I chose not to use it. This shows that I could differentiate between situations where speaking Arabic would be rewarded and where it wouldn’t be.

These examples demonstrate how I applied generalization and discrimination based on positive reinforcement from my environment.

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Using generative AI for this assignment was interesting and helpful. I was first asked to use AI for a different project to get ideas and guidance, and it went pretty well. What I liked most was how quickly I got responses and how they helped me think through topics and organize my thoughts. However, something I disliked was that sometimes the information was a bit too formal or complex, and some sources were outdated. I also had to double-check the facts to make sure everything was accurate and aligned with my course materials. Overall, the information was valid and credible for general ideas but needed a bit of personalization and verification. If I use AI again, I’d like to try and use it for the planning phase of my work, like an outline or note organizer. I’d also use it as a starting point rather than the main source. I think AI is great for brainstorming and structure, but my own voice is important to keep.