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Used when describing uncertainty

rules

used when describing desire / emotion

used when there is uncertainty the existence of a something

triggered by certain clauses

how to subjunctive

put verb in yo form

if ar --> use er endings

if er / ir --> use ar endings

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used when describing the future, what someone will or wont do

informal

very simple

ir (conjugated) a infinitive

formal

infinitive + ending

endings for all verbs are

é

ás

á

emos

án

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used when expressing a possible future outcome that depends on a current situation

if x happens instead of y, then z would happen

conjugation

add endings to infinitive

same for er/ir/ar

ía

ías

ían

íamos

ían

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can be used in place of preterite

used when describing something that you have been doing. used in a slightly more nuanced and specific way

rules

haber conjugated + verb with ending (ido/ado)

haber

yo he

tu has

usted ha

nosotros hemos

ellos han

verb ending

ar verb --> ado

er/ir --> ido

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used when refering to something in the past that is an event that moves the story forward

ex. I went to the dance and saw 10 people

in this example, going to the dance is preterite and seeing people is more of a digression so it is imperfect

conjugations

ar

yo é

tu aste

ella ó

nosotros amos

ellos aron

er/ir

yo í

tu íste

ella ió

nosotros imos

ellos ieron

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used when describing digression: things that add detail but dont move the story forward

more repeated or regular actions without specific end dates

conjugations

ar

yo aba

tu abas

ella aba

nosotros ábamos

ellos aban

er/ir

yo ía

tu ías

ella ía

nosotros íamos

ellos ían

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used when talking about a hypothetical situation that is contrary to the present situation now

conjugation

start with ellos preterite

drop the ron

add ran (formal) or se (infomral)

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used to talk about actions that were completed before another action in the past

often used in subordinate clauses, especially when discussing hypothetical situations, conditions, or events that occurred prior to another past event

conjugation

ellos preterite

drop the ron

add ran (formal) or se (informal)

conjugated verb + verb in ado/ido form

ex. hubiera hablado (had spoken)

irregular Verbs in the Subjunctive Pluperfect:

Haber → hubiera / hubiese

Ser → fuera / fueses

Ir → fuera / fueses

Decir → dijera / dijese

Poder → pudiera / pudiese

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used to talk about hypothetical actions that would have occurred but didn’t. It’s often used in conditional sentences and expresses something that didn’t happen in the past but was possible

Formation:

The conditional perfect is formed by combining the conditional of haber (would have) with the past participle of the main verb.

Structure:

[conditional form of "haber"] + [past participle]

2. Haber in the Conditional Tense:

Haber (to have) → habría (I/she/he/it would have, etc.)

Example:

Hablar (to talk) → habría hablado (I would have spoken)

Comer (to eat) → habría comido (I would have eaten)

Vivir (to live) → habría vivido (I would have lived)

3. Usage:

Used to describe hypothetical situations that didn’t occur, especially in conditional sentences:

Si + past perfect subjunctive, habría + past participle
Example:

Si hubieras llegado temprano, habrías hablado con él. (If you had arrived early, you would have spoken with him.)