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Despite these challenges, both communities have made significant contributions to Australian society. Vietnamese Australians are now a well-established community with a strong presence in business and cultural life. Afghan Australians, while newer and facing ongoing challenges, are also contributing through community organizations, professional fields, and cultural contributions.

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Both groups faced language and cultural barriers, as well as trauma from their past experiences. However, Afghan refugees encountered additional challenges due to anti-Islamic sentiments in the post-9/11 era, which sometimes led to discrimination and isolation within Australian society.

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Vietnamese refugees arrived at a time when Australia was beginning to embrace multiculturalism, and they benefited from more supportive policies. Afghan refugees, on the other hand, arrived during a period when Australian immigration policy had become stricter, and there was increased public debate over "boat people." This led to many Afghan refugees being placed in detention centers and facing harsher immigration policies.

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Both Afghan and Vietnamese refugees fled their countries due to political instability, violence, and persecution. While Afghan refugees faced religious persecution and political upheaval due to the Taliban and other conflicts, Vietnamese refugees were fleeing a communist regime after the Vietnam War.

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Afghan refugees arrived during a period of heightened national security concerns, especially after the 9/11 attacks. Increased fears of terrorism and the association of Afghanistan with the Taliban contributed to public suspicion and anti-Muslim sentiment, which negatively affected Afghan refugees’ reception.

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Afghan refugees faced significant barriers to employment and education. Lengthy periods in detention and insufficient support upon release meant that many Afghan refugees struggled to access education and secure stable employment. Language barriers and the lack of recognition of qualifications also hindered their job prospects, affecting their economic mobility and integration.