# data[].attributes.body
EARLY MIDDLE AGES

# data[].attributes.body
Benedettini founded by San Benedetto da Norcia

# data[].attributes.headline
The longobards invaded Italy in 568 A.D.

# data[].attributes.subject
The longobards invaded Italy in 568 A.D.

# data[].attributes.headline
644 AD: Spread of Islam by the guidance of Muhammad’s successors 

# data[].attributes.subject
644 AD: Spread of Islam by the guidance of Muhammad’s successors 

# data[].attributes.headline
In the year 732 the frankish king Charles Martel defeated the islamic arabs in the battle of Poitiers.

# data[].attributes.subject
In the year 732 the frankish king Charles Martel defeated the islamic arabs in the battle of Poitiers.

# data[].attributes.headline
in the year 751, his successor, Pippin the Brief deposed the last Merovingian king and became king of the Franks.

# data[].attributes.subject
in the year 751, his successor, Pippin the Brief deposed the last Merovingian king and became king of the Franks.

# data[].attributes.headline
In 754 King Pippin made war against the Lombards in Italy -> the pope was so pleased by the Frank’s intervention that he decided to make an alliance with the Franks and give to them some regions of Italy.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 754 King Pippin made war against the Lombards in Italy -> the pope was so pleased by the Frank’s intervention that he decided to make an alliance with the Franks and give to them some regions of Italy.

# data[].attributes.headline
In the Christamas night of the year 800 the pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

# data[].attributes.subject
In the Christamas night of the year 800 the pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

# data[].attributes.body
treaty of verdum

# data[].attributes.body
The commune movement started in the 10th century, with a few earlier ones like Forlì (possibly 889) and gained strength in the 11th century in northern Italy, which had the most urbanized population of Europe at the time. It then spread in the early 12th century to France, Germany, Spain and elsewhere.

A town in medieval western Europe that acquired self-governing municipal institutions. During the central and later period of the Middle Ages most of the towns west of the Baltic Sea in the north and the Adriatic Sea in the south acquired municipal institutions that have been loosely designated as communal.

# data[].attributes.body
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. The wars were between Christians and Muslims that started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of the Byzantine and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa.

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina.
The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history.
The origin of the Black Death is not really known. The pandemic originated either in Central Asia or East Asia, but its first definitive appearance was in Crimea in 1347. From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin, and reaching North Africa, Western Asia, and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily, and the Italian Peninsula.

# data[].attributes.body
invention of the painting dress

# data[].attributes.body
end of bizantine empire

# data[].attributes.body
The name the Hundred Years’ War has been used by historians since the beginning of the nineteenth century to describe the long conflict that pitted the kings and kingdoms of France and England against each other from 1337 to 1453.
Theoretically, the French kings, possessing the financial and military resources of the most populous and powerful state in western Europe, held the advantage over the smaller, more sparsely populated English kingdom.
Charles V, with the help of his commander in chief Bertrand du Guesclin, by 1380 had succeeded in reconquering almost all the ceded territory, notably by a series of sieges.

# data[].attributes.body
The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas.
Henry the Navigator, prince of Portugal, initiated the first great enterprise of the Age of Discovery—the search for a sea route east by south to Cathay. His motives were mixed.
Expedition after expedition was sent forth throughout the 15th century to explore the coast of Africa. In 1445 the Portuguese navigator Dinís Dias reached the mouth of Senegal, which “men say comes from the Nile, being one of the most glorious rivers of Earth, flowing from the Garden of Eden and the earthly paradise.''