# data[].attributes.body
“ The act of leaving one’s country and moving to another country of which they are not native, nor citizens to reside there.

# data[].attributes.body
Carnegie was a Scottish-American philanthropist and industrialist. He was a major contributor to the late 19th century expansion in the American Steele industry. He helped build up the ‘formidable steel industry’ where a ‘poor young man can become a rich man.’

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A New York Times bestseller!

"Beautifully crafted and fun to read." -Louis Galambos, The Wall Street Journal

"Nasaw's research is extraordinary." -San Francisco Chronicle

"Make no mistake: David Nasaw has produced the most thorough, accurate and authoritative biography of Carnegie to date." -Salon.com

The definitive account of the life of Andrew Carnegie

Celebrated historian David Nasaw, whom The New York Times Book Review has called "a meticulous researcher and a cool analyst," brings new life to the story of one of America's most famous and successful businessmen and philanthropists-in what will prove to be the biography of the season.

Born of modest origins in Scotland in 1835, Andrew Carnegie is best known as the founder of Carnegie Steel. His rags to riches story has never been told as dramatically and vividly as in Nasaw's new biography. Carnegie, the son of an impoverished linen weaver, moved to Pittsburgh at the age of thirteen. The embodiment of the American dream, he pulled himself up from bobbin boy in a cotton factory to become the richest man in the world. He spent the rest of his life giving away the fortune he had accumulated and crusading for international peace. For all that he accomplished and came to represent to the American public-a wildly successful businessman and capitalist, a self-educated writer, peace activist, philanthropist, man of letters, lover of culture, and unabashed enthusiast for American democracy and capitalism-Carnegie has remained, to this day, an enigma.

Nasaw explains how Carnegie made his early fortune and what prompted him to give it all away, how he was drawn into the campaign first against American involvement in the Spanish-American War and then for international peace, and how he used his friendships with presidents and prime ministers to try to pull the world back from the brink of disaster. With a trove of new material-unpublished chapters of Carnegie's Autobiography; personal letters between Carnegie and his future wife, Louise, and other family members; his prenuptial agreement; diaries of family and close friends; his applications for citizenship; his extensive correspondence with Henry Clay Frick; and dozens of private letters to and from presidents Grant, Cleveland, McKinley, Roosevelt, and British prime ministers Gladstone and Balfour, as well as friends Herbert Spencer, Matthew Arnold, and Mark Twain-Nasaw brilliantly plumbs the core of this facinating and complex man, deftly placing his life in cultural and political context as only a master storyteller can.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A New York Times bestseller!"Beautifully crafted and fun to read." -Louis Galambos, The Wall Street Journal"Nasaw's research is extraordinary." -San Francisco Chronicle "Make no mistake: David Nasaw has produced the most thorough, accurate and authoritative biography of Carnegie to date."

# data[].attributes.body
The gilded age was a massive uprise in corporate growth and industrial activity. This period also brought plenty of political corruption.

# data[].attributes.body
Often referred by his initials FDR, he was our 32nd president. Mr. Roosevelt served as our president from 1933, until his death on April 12, 1945. Roosevelt was a bit of a ‘saving grace’ for America, becoming president during the Great Depression. In his first one hundred days, he enacted a program to revert business and agriculture, along with a deal with unemployment to drop.

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Depression was a terrible 10 year period (1929-39) where the stock market prices completely crashed. Global unemployment reached a peak 24.9% (1933). This is seen as the worst economic downturn in our industrialized world.

# data[].attributes.body
Ending in the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, this was an uprising to change voting laws so that women would be allowed to vote. The first known organization for this national movement was in Seneca Falls, New York, on July 1848.

# data[].attributes.body
The Revolutionary War was a polictal stand by the residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies. A mass skirmish between residents and the Colonial Government in April 1775 (Concord) tipped off the issues. The Americans, along with French assistance, gained its independence and won the war in 1781.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Washington's War (Full Movie) - General George Washington and the Revolutionary War

# data[].attributes.body
The Mexican - American War lasted roughly a year and a half. This was was a reasoning of Mexico not wanting to give up its land, and America’s lust for Westward expansion. Then President James K. Polk issued a war on Mexico on May 13, 1846. Roughly 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory was taken by the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
The Reconstruction Era was an era that began right after the American Civil War. The Era lasted from 1865-77 and was an attempt to end slavery and inequality of African-Americans. This was an attempt at an equality solution after the sides split. This lasted only 12 years sadly.

# data[].attributes.body
The Kansas - Nebraska act of 1854 was a repeal of the Missouri Compromise that created new territories (Kansas & Nebraska) which then allowed for sovereignty. Many activists came flying into these two territories, both pro and anti slavery. This was an attempt to sway the vote on the new territories. ‘Bleeding Kansas’ was termed for all the massacres that occurred from this. The act came into law on May 30, 1854.

# data[].attributes.body
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”

# data[].attributes.body
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

# data[].attributes.body
Passed on September 18, 1850 by Congress, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

# data[].attributes.body
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri. From 1833 to 1843, he resided in Illinois (a free state) and in the Louisiana Territory, where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. After returning to Missouri, Scott filed suit in Missouri court for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. After losing, Scott brought a new suit in federal court. Scott's master maintained that no “negro” or descendant of slaves could be a citizen in the sense of Article III of the Constitution.

The majority held that “a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves,” whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore did not have standing to sue in federal court. Because the Court lacked jurisdiction, Taney dismissed the case on procedural grounds.

Taney further held that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional and foreclose Congress from freeing slaves within Federal territories. The opinion showed deference to the Missouri courts, which held that moving to a free state did not render Scott emancipated. Finally, Taney ruled that slaves were property under the Fifth Amendment, and that any law that would deprive a slave owner of that property was unconstitutional.

In dissent, Benjamin Robbins Curtis criticized Taney for addressing the claim’s substance after finding the Court lacked jurisdiction. He pointed out that invalidating the Missouri Compromise was not necessary to resolve the case, and cast doubt on Taney’s position that the Founders categorically opposed anti-slavery laws.

John McLean echoed Curtis, finding the majority improperly reviewed the claim’s substance when its holding should have been limited to procedure. He also argued that men of African descent could be citizens because they already had the right to vote in five states.

# data[].attributes.body
The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy. The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into territories acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War

# data[].attributes.body
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

# data[].attributes.body
The Lewis and Clark Expedition began in 1804, when President Thomas Jefferson tasked Meriwether Lewis with exploring lands west of the Mississippi River that comprised the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis chose William Clark as his co-leader for the mission. The excursion lasted over two years: Along the way they confronted harsh weather, unforgiving terrain, treacherous waters, injuries, starvation, disease and both friendly and hostile Native Americans. Nevertheless, the approximately 8,000-mile journey was deemed a huge success and provided new geographic, ecological and social information about previously uncharted areas of North America.

# data[].attributes.body
The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803, in return for fifteen million dollars

# data[].attributes.body
Signed July 4th, 1776 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

# data[].attributes.body
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.

# data[].attributes.body
The oldest civilization. Located around Iran and Iraq. The civilization is majorly known for is prosperity, city life and its rich and voluminous literature, mathematics and astronomy.

# data[].attributes.body
The French and Indian War was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.

# data[].attributes.body
The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935.

# data[].attributes.body
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

# data[].attributes.body
The main message of the Gettysburg Address is that ideals are worth dying for and that it is up to the living to carry on the work of those who died to protect ideals.

# data[].attributes.body
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939.

# data[].attributes.body
Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crime against humanity under the Statute of the International Criminal Court.

# data[].attributes.body
A case in which the Court held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States

# data[].attributes.body
The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It guarantees essential rights and civil liberties, such as the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to a fair trial, as well as protecting the role of the states in American government.

This website talks about the bill of rights in a kid friendly way and it would be a great resource for students!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Bill of Rights is the most important and influential document of the United States constitution, something that all should know and understand. And so, this is the kids friendly version for easy understanding 🙂

Bill of Rights Definition and History

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

What is the Purpose of the Bill of Rights?

The purpose of the Bill or Rights is to guarantee essential rights and civil liberties, such as the freedom of religion, the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, trial by jury, and more, as well as reserving rights to the people and the states.

Why is the Bill of Rights Important?

The Bill of Rights has proven to be one of the most influential and important documents in contemporary history. It established soaring principles that guaranteed the most fundamental rights in very general terms.

How did the Bill of Rights become part of the Constitution?

For the Constitution to take effect, it had to be approved by nine of the 13 states. However, many states were not ready to approve the Constitution.

They were worried that it didn't guarantee basic freedoms and rights to American citizens. They also worried that it didn't put enough limits on the power of the federal government.

When was the Bill of Rights written?

James Madison, known as the Father of the Constitution, wrote 12 amendments. He presented them to the First Congress in 1789. The states approved ten of the amendments.

These ten amendments were passed on December 15, 1791. They became known as the Bill of Rights, and the Constitution was finally ratified (approved).

Let's take a quick look at each of the ten amendments that make up the Bill of Rights.

The United States Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments

The First Amendment protects several basic freedoms. It allows people to express their opinions through speech and the press (news and media).

It also protects the right to gather or assemble in a group to protest or for other reasons.

It prevents the government from creating or favoring a religion.

People can practice any religion they choose.

Read our article on the First Amendment.

The Second Amendment grants the right to keep and bear arms. This means that citizens can own weapons to protect themselves.

Read our article on the Second Amendment.

The Third Amendment says that in peacetime, American citizens will never have to house soldiers in their homes without giving their permission.

Before the Revolution, British soldiers would force Americans to provide food and housing for their soldiers.

Read our article on the Third Amendment.

Amendments 4-8 explain the rights of people who are suspected of committing a crime. The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches and seizures.

There must be a good reason for a search, and a warrant signed by a judge is required.

Learn more about the Fourth Amendment.

Fifth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment says that anyone accused of a crime is innocent until proven guilty. A grand jury must decide if a case should go to trial, and a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime.

Neither can the government take anyone's property without paying for its use. Finally, it protects people from being forced to testify against themselves.

This is what it means when people say: "I plead the Fifth."

Read more about the Fifth Amendment.

The Sixth Amendment outlines requirements for a fair trial. Citizens have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.

The defendant has the right to a lawyer and to bring their own witnesses to trial.

Learn all about the Sixth Amendment.

The Seventh Amendment says that certain civil cases may also be tried by a jury.

The Eighth Amendment protects people from having to pay unreasonably high bail in order to be released from jail while awaiting trial. It also outlaws "cruel and unusual punishment" for crimes.

Learn more about the Eight Amendment.

The Ninth Amendment explains that people's rights are not limited only to the rights that appear in the Constitution.

Learn more about the Ninth Amendment.

The Tenth Amendment says that the federal government only has the powers mentioned in the Constitution. If it is not listed, it belongs to the states or to the people.

Find out more about the Tenth Amendment.

What if there was no Bill of Rights?

The entire Constitution would come apart if the Bill of Rights were not included.

Without those rights, we as a nation would eventually wander from the path the founding fathers envisaged for us, because the Constitution is the framework of our governance.

All citizens of the United States have their rights protected under the Bill of Rights.

Can the "Bill of Rights" be taken away?

No. Not easily. The entrenched Bill of Rights cannot be repealed or amended by regular procedures of a country's legislature. President cannot repeal it with an executive order nor can the Congress pass a new bill to revoke it.

To alter the bill of rights, it would need to be ratified by 3/4th of the states and also 2/3rd of the votes in both the House and the Senate.

Other Interesting Facts About the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights was based on documents like the Virginia Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, and the Magna Carta.

One of the two amendments not approved by the states prevented an excessively large Congress. It was supposed to limit the number of new seats that could be created in the House.

The second rejected amendment stated that Congress could not give itself a raise. They could vote on a raise, but it wouldn't go into effect until the next House election.

This amendment was eventually ratified as the 27 th (and most recent) to the Constitution.

The campaign to finally ratify the second rejected amendment was led by Gregory Watson, a student at the University of Texas.

Massachusetts, Georgia, and Connecticut didn't formally approve the Bill of Rights until 1939, the Constitution's 150 th anniversary.

The Third Amendment to the Constitution is the least used. The Supreme Court has never based a ruling on this amendment. Some call it the "runt piglet" of the Bill of Rights.

Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted Americans to celebrate December 15 as "Bill of Rights Day."

For many years the Bill of Rights was not much enforced in courts mainly because people themselves were unaware of the enforceable nature of their rights. All this changed in the early 20th century with the rise of organizations like 'American Civil Liberties Union'.

Today, only the 12 original copies of the Bill of Rights remain.
US Government

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Bill of Rights Facts for Kids [year] [Constitution Facts]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Bill of Rights is the most important and influential document of the United States constitution, something that all should know and understand. And so, this is the kids friendly version for easy understanding 🙂 The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Primary sources are documents, images or artifacts that provide firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning an historical topic under research investigation.
Secondary sources are created by individuals not present at the event, and have been analyzed, interpreted,  and synthesized by non-participants.

This is a youtube video that explains the difference between primary and secondary sources!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Primary vs. Secondary Sources: The Differences Explained | Scribbr 🎓

# data[].attributes.body
The Articles of Confederation were the first government system adopted by the thirteen original colonies. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments.

This website talks all about the articles of confederation in a kid friendly way and it is a great resource for students!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States. The articles went into effect on March 1, 1781. Soon afterward, however, the people realized that there were problems with the document. On March 4, 1789, the articles were replaced by the United States Constitution.

The articles were written by the representatives of the American colonies who made up the Second Continental Congress. When the colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in 1776 they realized they needed a new plan of government. The colonies deeply resented the laws that the British Parliament had imposed on them, so they set up a weak central government. The only branch of government was a Congress with one house. Congress had power over military and foreign affairs but not over the affairs of each state. It could not enforce its powers or collect taxes.

Because of these problems, the states called a convention to write a new constitution in 1787. The new constitution strengthened the federal government and provided for executive and judicial branches and a legislature with two houses.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States. The articles went into effect on March 1, 1781. Soon afterward, however, the people…

# data[].attributes.body
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It was created on September 17th, 1787, and has been amended several times since. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution.

This website talks all about the constitution in a kid friendly way and is a great resource for students!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The U.S. Constitution took effect in 1789. It is now the oldest written constitution. It has set a pattern for many other countries. Today almost all countries have written constitutions. Many have had several in their history.

One country without a written constitution is Saudi Arabia. It uses the Koran and other Islamic teachings as its highest law. The most famous example of a country without a written constitution is the United Kingdom. The British constitution is a group of laws that have built up throughout history. Its elements include the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights of 1689, laws passed by Parliament, court decisions, and other sources.

Not all constitutions come from the people of the country. For example, the United States set up the Japanese constitution of 1947 after it defeated Japan in World War II. And even the finest constitution does not guarantee that the government will follow it. Dictators, or rulers who take unlimited power, often ignore their country’s constitution.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A constitution is a set of rules that guides how a country, state, or other political organization works. The constitution may tell what the branches of the government are,…

# data[].attributes.body
Jamestown is home to the first permanent English settlement in North America. It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607, and was considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610.

# data[].attributes.body
The Westward Expansion was the expansion of the United States moved steadily westward from the late 18th to the mid 19th centuries. This territorial movement displaced most of the Native American peoples who lived in those lands for thousands of years before the arrival of European colonists.

This website shows a map of the United States during the Westward Expansion and could be a great resource for students!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Director

Author

Production Managers

Program Specialists

other

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United States Westward Expansion | National Geographic Society

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Expansion of the United States moved steadily westward from the late 18th to the mid 19th centuries. This territorial movement displaced most of the Native American peoples who lived in those lands for thousands of years before the arrival of European colonists.

# data[].attributes.body
John Adams was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the 2nd president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. By the end of the American Revolution, John Adams had earned a solid reputation as a patriot who had served his country at considerable personal sacrifice.

# data[].attributes.body
George was the King of Great Britain during the American Revolution. King George sent thousands of Hessian mercenaries to assist the British troops already in America to help stop the rebellion. The Revolutionary War lasted nearly eight years, largely because King George refused to surrender the colonies.

# data[].attributes.body
The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, granting lands west of the Mississippi to colonists in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

This is a video that talks about the Indian Removal Act in a kid friendly way!

# data[].attributes.body
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced displacements of approximately 60,000 American Indians of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850 by the United States government. Part of the Indian removal act, the ethnic cleansing was gradual, occurring over a period of nearly two decades.

This is a video that talks about the Trail of Tears in a kid friendly way!