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ASCA student standards: Mindsets & behaviors for student success. (n.d.). American School Counselor Association. https://www.schoolcounselor.org/Standards-Positions/Standards/ASCA-Mindsets-Behaviors-for-Student-Success

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Children's mental health disorder fact sheet for the classroom. (2007). PA Care Partnership. https://www.pacarepartnership.org/uploads/MH_fact_sheet_minn07.pdf

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Ryan, P. (2018). NEA's school crisis guide. NEA. http://nea.org/crisisguide

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Texas Education Agency. (2018). The Texas model for comprehensive school counseling programs. Texas Education Agency. https://tea.texas.gov/sites/default/files/Pub_2018_Texas-Model_5th-Edition.pdf

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https://byjus.com/biology/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/

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Perivolaropoulou - ATHENIAN SCIENCE BOOKSTORE

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Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5®

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The Desk Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-5® is a concise, affordable companion to the ultimate psychiatric reference, DSM-5®. It includes the fully revised diagnostic classification, as well as all of the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5®
in an easy-to-use paperback format. This handy

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https://www.hhs.gov/answers/mental-health-and-substance-abuse/what-are-the-five-major-types-of-anxiety-disorders/index.html

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https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

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Do you worry about public speaking, falling ill, or simply getting through your day? There's a common theme to each of these worries. It's anxiety. In general terms, anxiety is excessive fear or worry. However, not all anxiety is alike. There are many types of anxiety disorders. Together, they affect about 40 million adults in the United States.

Symptoms of the most common types of anxiety disorders may overlap, but the triggers can vary.

Panic disorder involves a sudden, severe fear that comes along with physical symptoms. A panic attack causes a fast heartbeat, chest pain, sweating, shaking, nausea and more. People having a panic attack may become very afraid of dying or becoming mentally ill. Panic attacks often happen without warning. That causes people with panic disorder to live in constant fear of having another panic attack.

Agoraphobia is the fear of open spaces. Agoraphobics often worry about going into a public place and not being able to get away. Agoraphobia usually occurs in people with panic disorder. That's because they become afraid of going back to places where they had a panic attack. Some people have such severe agoraphobia that they can't leave their homes or can go only limited distances in a set route.

People with GAD worry excessively every day, often for no reason. They may worry about money, work, health or other issues. The worrying is so severe they may feel exhausted by it. Some people develop headaches or other health complaints. They might not be able to focus on or finish work or school assignments. They might not be able to fulfill other responsibilities because of their anxiety. Other symptoms of GAD include trouble sleeping; tense muscles; or feeling tired, irritable, restless or "wired."

People with OCD have constant worries that they can't stop. They practice rituals or behaviors over and over again to provide some relief from the anxiety, at least for a while. For instance, someone obsessed with germs and getting sick may compulsively wash their hands.

OCD thoughts and rituals take up an hour or more of every day. This makes it hard to function on the job or at home. People with OCD can't stop these rituals, even when they know they're spending too much time on them.

People with PTSD have either seen or experienced a terrifying event. Examples include war, abuse and other types of violence. They are so afraid of the event happening again that they avoid certain places and situations. People with PTSD also have flashbacks of the traumatic event. Depression, guilt and bad dreams are other symptoms of PTSD.

Social anxiety disorder is not the same as simply feeling shy in social situations. People with this condition have an intense fear of being humiliated in public. They may be afraid to speak or participate at school, at work or at any get-together. Social anxiety disorder can make people feel very isolated and alone. Some people have panic attacks because of this disorder.

It's important to distinguish everyday-type anxiety from an anxiety disorder. Our body experiences anxiety-both emotional and physical signs and symptoms-as a survival mechanism when we encounter a stressful or frightful event. This helps us deal with the situation at hand. But some people experience this even when there is no real danger.

If anxiety seems to be taking over your life, or the life of a loved one, it's time to get help. With a medical diagnosis, you can begin working on effective strategies to gain control of your thoughts and improve your symptoms. There are many successful treatment approaches for anxiety disorders.

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Do you worry about public speaking, falling ill, or simply getting through your day? There's a common theme to each of these worries. It's anxiety. In general terms, anxiety is excessive fear or worry. However, not all anxiety is alike. There are many types of anxiety disorders.

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The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in April issued guidance that all children and teens ages 8 to 18 years old should be screened for anxiety. Jamie Howard, senior clinical psychologist from the Child Mind Institute, joins "CBS Mornings" to share her tips on helping kids and teenagers with anxiety. Air Date: May 31, 2022

Weekdays

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Watch CBS Mornings: How to help kids with anxiety - Full show on CBS

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The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in April issued guidance that all children and teens ages 8 to 18 years old should be screened for anxiety. Jamie Howard, senior clinical psychologist from the Child Mind Institute, joins “CBS Mornings” to share her tips on helping kids and teenagers with anxi…

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https://www.thrivehere.com/thrive-wellness-waco/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=PaidSearch&utm_campaign=GeneralSearch&utm_content=&gclid=CjwKCAjww8mWBhABEiwAl6-2RR2qv4lV8XM4QohKxdzncT24CW7PMvDv5OOEorn-Fzpxz-DJl3ZsBxoCX3AQAvD_BwE

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Thrive Waco Thrive Wellness Waco offers a haven of healing in the heart of central Texas where kind-hearted mental and behavioral health care is centered on you.

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders#:~:text=Anxiety%20disorders%20are%20a%20type,medications%20and%20cognitive%20behavioral%20therapy.

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Overview

What is an anxiety disorder?

An anxiety disorder is a type of mental health condition. If you have an anxiety disorder, you may respond to certain things and situations with fear and dread. You may also experience physical signs of anxiety, such as a pounding heart and sweating.

It's normal to have some anxiety. You may feel anxious or nervous if you have to tackle a problem at work, go to an interview, take a test or make an important decision. And anxiety can even be beneficial. For example, anxiety helps us notice dangerous situations and focuses our attention, so we stay safe.

But an anxiety disorder goes beyond the regular nervousness and slight fear you may feel from time to time. An anxiety disorder happens when:

Anxiety interferes with your ability to function.

You often overreact when something triggers your emotions.

You can't control your responses to situations.

Anxiety disorders can make it difficult to get through the day. Fortunately, there are several effective treatments for anxiety disorders.

Who is at risk for anxiety disorders?

A mix of genetic and environmental factors can raise a person's risk for developing anxiety disorders. You may be at higher risk if you have or had:

Certain personality traits, such as shyness or behavioral inhibition - feeling uncomfortable with, and avoiding, unfamiliar people, situations or environments.

Stressful or traumatic events in early childhood or adulthood.

Family history of anxiety or other mental health conditions.

Certain physical conditions, including thyroid problems and heart arrhythmias (unusual heart rhythms).

Anxiety disorders occur more often in women. Researchers are still studying why that happens. It may come from women's hormones, especially those that fluctuate throughout the month. The hormone testosterone may play a role, too - men have more, and it may ease anxiety. It's also possible that women are less likely to seek treatment, so the anxiety worsens.

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

There are several types of anxiety disorders, including:

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Panic disorder.

Phobias.

Separation anxiety.

Other mental health conditions share features with anxiety disorders. These include post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

With GAD, you may feel extreme and unrealistic worry and tension - even if there's nothing to trigger these feelings. Most days, you may worry a lot about various topics, including health, work, school and relationships. You may feel that the worry continues from one thing to the next.

Physical symptoms of GAD can include restlessness, difficulty concentrating and sleeping problems.

What is a panic disorder?

If you have a panic disorder, you get intense, sudden panic attacks. These attacks often feature stronger, more intense feelings than other types of anxiety disorders.

The feelings of terror may start suddenly and unexpectedly or they may come from a trigger, like facing a situation you dread. Panic attacks can resemble heart attacks. If there's any chance you're experiencing a heart attack, go to the emergency room. It's better to err on the side of caution and have a healthcare professional check you.

During a panic attack, you may experience:

Panic attacks are very upsetting. People with panic disorder often spend a lot of time worrying about the next panic attack. They also try to avoid situations that might trigger an attack.

What are phobias?

Phobias are an intense fear of certain situations or objects. Some of these fears may make sense, such as a fear of snakes. But often, the level of fear doesn't match the situation.

Like with other anxiety disorders, you may spend a lot of time trying to avoid situations that may trigger the phobia.

A specific phobia, or a simple phobia, is an intense fear of a particular object or situation. It may cause you to avoid everyday situations. Some specific phobias include fear of:

Animals, such as spiders, dogs or snakes.

Blood.

Flying.

Heights.

Injections (shots).

Social anxiety disorder

Healthcare providers used to call this condition social phobia. You may have overwhelming worry and self-consciousness with daily social situations. You may worry about others judging you or you may be anxious that you'll embarrass yourself or open yourself up to ridicule. People with social anxiety disorder may avoid social situations entirely.

Agoraphobia

If you have agoraphobia, you may have an intense fear of being overwhelmed or unable to get help. Usually, you have a fear of two or more of these environments:

Enclosed spaces.

Lines or crowds.

Open spaces.

Places outside your house.

Public transportation.

In severe situations, a person with agoraphobia may not leave the house at all. They're so terrified of having a panic attack in public that they prefer to stay inside.

What is separation anxiety disorder?

This condition mostly happens to children or teens, who may worry about being away from their parents. Children with separation anxiety disorder may fear that their parents will be hurt in some way or not come back as promised. It happens a lot in preschoolers. But older children and adults who experience a stressful event may have separation anxiety disorder as well.

How common are anxiety disorders?

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health conditions in the U.S. They affect about 40 million Americans. They happen to nearly 30% of adults at some point. Anxiety disorders most often begin in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood.

How do anxiety disorders affect children?

It's normal for children to feel some amount of anxiety, worry or fear at certain points. For example, a child may feel scared of a thunderstorm or barking dog. A teenager might get anxious about an upcoming test or school dance.

But sometimes, children approach these situations with overwhelming dread or they can't stop thinking about all the fears tied to one of these events. It may seem that none of your comforts help. These children often get "stuck" on their worries. They have a hard time doing their daily activities, like going to school, playing and falling asleep. They're extremely reluctant to try something new.

When thinking about your child's anxiety levels, "getting stuck" is key. It separates the regular worries of childhood from an anxiety disorder that needs professional help. If the anxiety or worry interferes with your child's ability to function, it may be time to seek help

Symptoms and Causes

What causes anxiety disorders?

Anxiety disorders are like other forms of mental illness. They don't come from personal weakness, character flaws or problems with upbringing. But researchers don't know exactly what causes anxiety disorders. They suspect a combination of factors plays a role:

Chemical imbalance: Severe or long-lasting stress can change the chemical balance that controls your mood. Experiencing a lot of stress over a long period can lead to an anxiety disorder.

Environmental factors: Experiencing a trauma might trigger an anxiety disorder, especially in someone who has inherited a higher risk to start.

Heredity: Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. You may inherit them from one or both parents, like eye color.

What are the symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder you have. General symptoms of an anxiety disorder include:
Physical symptoms: Mental symptoms:

Feeling panic, fear and uneasiness.

Nightmares.

Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences.

Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts.

Behavioral symptoms:

Inability to be still and calm.

Ritualistic behaviors, such as washing hands repeatedly.

Trouble sleeping.

How do I know if my child has an anxiety disorder?

Anxiety-related problems in children share four common features. The anxiety:

Is typically a fear or fixation that interferes with the ability to enjoy life, get through the day or complete tasks.

Is puzzling to both the child and parents.

Does not improve after logical explanations to address the worries.

Is treatable.

Diagnosis and Tests

How are anxiety disorders diagnosed?

If you have symptoms of an anxiety disorder, talk to your healthcare provider. They'll start with a complete medical history and physical examination.

There are no lab tests or scans that can diagnose anxiety disorders. But your provider may run some of these tests to rule out physical conditions that may be causing symptoms.

Who can diagnose anxiety disorders?

If your provider finds no signs of physical illness, they may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist. These mental health professionals specialize in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses. They may use specially designed interview and assessment tools to figure out if you have an anxiety disorder. Typically, the provider bases a diagnosis on:

Your reported symptoms, including how intense they are and how long they last.

Discussion of how the symptoms interfere with your daily life.

The provider's observation of your attitude and behavior.

Providers also consult the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The American Psychiatric Association publishes the DSM-5. It's the standard reference manual for diagnosing mental illnesses.

Management and Treatment

How are anxiety disorders treated?

An anxiety disorder is like any other health problem that requires treatment. You can't will it away. It's not a matter of self-discipline or attitude. Researchers have made a lot of progress in the last few decades in treating mental health conditions. Your healthcare provider will tailor a treatment plan that works for you. Your plan may combine medication and psychotherapy.

How does medication treat anxiety disorders?

Medications can't cure an anxiety disorder. But they can improve symptoms and help you function better. Medications for anxiety disorders often include:

Anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines, may decrease your anxiety, panic and worry. They work quickly, but you can build up a tolerance to them. That makes them less effective over time. Your healthcare provider may prescribe an anti-anxiety medication for the short-term, then taper you off or the provider may add an antidepressant to the mix.

Antidepressants can also help with anxiety disorders. They tweak how your brain uses certain chemicals to improve mood and reduce stress. Antidepressants may take some time to work, so be patient. If you feel like you're ready to stop taking antidepressants, talk to your provider first.

Beta-blockers, usually used for high blood pressure, can help reduce some of the physical symptoms of anxiety disorders. They can relieve rapid heartbeat, shaking and trembling.

Your healthcare provider will work with you to find the right medication combination and dosage. Don't change the dose without consulting your provider. They'll monitor you to make sure the medicines are working without causing negative side effects.

How does psychotherapy treat anxiety disorders?

Psychotherapy, or counseling, helps you deal with your emotional response to the illness. A mental health provider talks through strategies to help you better understand and manage the disorder. Approaches include:

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common type of psychotherapy used with anxiety disorders. CBT for anxiety teaches you to recognize thought patterns and behaviors that lead to troublesome feelings. You then work on changing them.

Exposure therapy focuses on dealing with the fears behind the anxiety disorder. It helps you engage with activities or situations you may have been avoiding. Your provider may also use relaxation exercises and imagery with exposure therapy.

What happens if I don't get treatment for my child with an anxiety disorder?

Getting your child help for an anxiety disorder can improve their development and self-esteem. But untreated anxiety disorders can harm:

Family relationships.

School performance.

Social functioning.

Your child may also end up with more serious mental and physical health problems. Fortunately, there are several treatments for anxiety disorders. The right treatment can help your child manage their symptoms and feel their best.

Prevention

Can anxiety disorders be prevented?

You can't prevent anxiety disorders. But you can take steps to control or reduce your symptoms:

Check out medications: Talk to a healthcare provider or pharmacist before taking over-the-counter medications or herbal remedies. Some of these contain chemicals that may make anxiety symptoms worse.

Limit caffeine: Stop or limit how much caffeine you consume, including coffee, tea, cola and chocolate.

Live a healthy lifestyle: Exercise regularly and eat a healthy, balanced diet.

Seek help: Get counseling and support if you experienced a traumatic or disturbing event. Doing so can help prevent anxiety and other unpleasant feelings from disrupting your life.

Outlook / Prognosis

What's the outlook for people with anxiety disorders?

Anxiety disorders can often go undiagnosed and untreated. Fortunately, treatment can help. The right treatment can help improve your quality of life, relationships and productivity. It can also support your overall well-being.

You don't need to live with constant worry and fear. If you notice symptoms of an anxiety disorder, talk to your healthcare provider. It's best to get diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Doing so can limit the problems that anxiety disorders can cause. Often, a combination of medications and counseling for anxiety can help you feel your best.

Living With

How can I best cope with an anxiety disorder?

There are several steps you can take to cope with anxiety disorder symptoms. These strategies can also make your treatment more effective:

Explore stress management: Learn ways to manage stress, such as through meditation.

Join support groups: These groups are available in-person and online. They encourage people with anxiety disorders to share their experiences and coping strategies.

Get educated: Learn about the specific type of anxiety disorder you have so you feel more in control. Help friends and loved ones understand the disorder as well so they can support you.

Limit or avoid caffeine: Many people with anxiety disorder find that caffeine can worsen their symptoms.

Talk to your healthcare provider: Your provider is your partner in your care. If you feel like treatment isn't working or have questions about your medication, contact your provider. Together, you can figure out how to best move forward.

Some people feel the effects of stress in their stomachs. People with IBS have uncomfortable problems with digestion, including stomach pain, constipation and diarrhea. They also frequently have anxiety and depression, which can make symptoms worse.

The connection between IBS and anxiety comes from the nervous system partly controlling the colon. The nervous system's response to stress may affect the stomach. Among people who get treated for IBS, anywhere from 50% to 90% may also have an anxiety disorder or depression. Treatment for IBS may include stress management and psychotherapy to relieve symptoms.

When should I go to the emergency room for an anxiety disorder?

Symptoms of an anxiety disorder can resemble symptoms of a heart attack or another health emergency. If you're experiencing an anxiety attack for the first time, or you're concerned in any way about your health, call 911 or head to the nearest ER. A healthcare provider will check you for serious or life-threatening conditions.

If you're having an anxiety attack and unsure whether you should head to an ER or not, it's better to go. Healthcare professionals can make sure you're OK and give you any necessary treatment.

What else should I ask my healthcare provider?

If you have an anxiety disorder, ask your provider:

What's the best treatment for me?

Do I need medication? What type?

How long should I take medication?

What type of psychotherapy will work best?

What else can I do to manage my symptoms?

What other conditions am I at risk for?

A note from Cleveland Clinic
An anxiety disorder can make it difficult to get through your day. Anxiety disorder symptoms include feelings of nervousness, panic and fear. You may also have physical symptoms such as sweating and a rapid heartbeat. But you don't need to live like this. Several effective anxiety disorder treatments are available. Talk to your healthcare provider to figure out your diagnosis and the best treatment plan. Often, treatment combines medications and therapy. Anti-anxiety medications and antidepressants, together with CBT, can help you feel your best.

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Anxiety Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

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An anxiety disorder is a type of mental health condition. If you have an anxiety disorder, you may respond to certain things and situations with fear and dread. You may also experience physical signs of anxiety, such as a pounding heart and sweating. It's normal to have some anxiety.

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Children's Mental Health Disorder Fact Sheet

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Children's Mental Health Disorder Fact Sheet

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Mental health: Definition, common disorders, early signs, and more

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Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being. We define mental health, explain different disorders, and assess potential treatments.

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https://nami.org/About-Mental-Illness?gclid=CjwKCAjww8mWBhABEiwAl6-2Rfo3nCxX2wgoTiDHy5c3c7QvPzzmO6_omBvNIg9pYu4UIUuFxrjVDRoCG4kQAvD_BwE

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Learn more about mental illness. This section covers mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, PTSD, bipolar, borderline personality disorder, ADHD, OCD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicide, addiction and others.

Mental Health By the Numbers

Millions of people in the U.S. are affected by mental illness every year. Here are some facts about the prevalence and impact of mental illness.

Learn More

Research

Research is vital to advancing our understanding of mental health conditions.

Learn More

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Learn more about mental health | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness

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Learn more about mental illness. This section covers mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, PTSD, bipolar, borderline personality disorder, ADHD, OCD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicide, addiction and others. Mental Health By the Numbers Millions of people in the U.S. are affected by mental illness every year.

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There are five main aspects of personal health: physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual. In order to be considered "well," it is imperative for none of these areas to be neglected. Roger Williams University Health and Wellness Educators (HAWES) want to inform you of ways to maximize your personal wellness.

Physical

Exercise! Even walking 30 minutes a day three times a week will greatly improve your health.

Eat Healthy. Avoid fried foods, soft drinks, processed meats, and sweets. Try to include 5 servings of fruits and vegetables in your diet everyday.

Don't skip meals. Especially breakfast, it slows down your metabolic rate and can cause weight gain.

Avoid heavy episodic drinking and drug use. No more than five drinks in one sitting for men and four for women. Don't play drinking games and space drinks over time alternating with a glass of water.

Get at least 6-8 hours of sleep every night.

RWU Resources:
Emotional

Try to maintain a positive attitude even when problems arise.

Discover your personal stress reliever. Manage your time wisely because it will help lower stress.

Find someone that you trust who you can openly share your feelings with.

Need to talk? Go see your PEER, HAWE, or RA.

Seek professional help when you need it.

Smile even when you don't feel like it.

RWU Resources:
Social

Get involved. There are a variety of clubs and organized on campus; you're bound to find something that interests you.

Know who your best friends are.

Recognize when you are in an unhealthy relationship.

Balance your social life with your academic responsibility.

RWU Resources:
Spiritual

Find a quiet place and spend time there every day.

Contemplate the meaning of your life.

If you have a religion, study and practice it.

Spend time appreciating the natural world around you.

RWU Resources:
Intellectual

Keep abreast of current affairs.

Take your school work seriously and spend time in the library.

Seek academic help if you need it.

Become a life-long learner.

RWU Resources:

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There are five main aspects of personal health: physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual. In order to be considered "well," it is imperative for none of these areas to be neglected. Roger Williams University Health and Wellness Educators (HAWES) want to inform you of ways to maximize your personal wellness.

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https://www.lonestarstateschoolcounselor.org/

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Welcome to the Lone Star State School Counselor Association (LSSSCA). Our goal is to provide services and resources to meet the needs of school counselors across our great state of Texas. We are the chartered state division of the American School Counselor Association ( ASCA) in Texas.

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Lone Star State School Counselor Association | Home

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Welcome to the Lone Star State School Counselor Association (LSSSCA). Our goal is to provide services and resources to meet the needs of school counselors across our great state of Texas. We are the chartered state division of the American School Counselor Association ( ASCA) in Texas.

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https://www.counseling.org/

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American Counseling Association | A professional home for counselors

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https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html#:~:text=ADHD%20is%20one%20of%20the,)%2C%20or%20be%20overly%20active.

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/pyromania

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Pyromania is a rare, pathological disorder characterized by intentional and repeated fire setting. People with pyromania are deeply fascinated by fire and related paraphernalia. They may experience feelings of satisfaction or a release of built-up inner tension or anxiety once a fire is set.

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https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/conduct-disorders#:~:text=Conduct%20disorder%20refers%20to%20a,hostile%20and%20sometimes%20physically%20violent.

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What Symptoms Should Parents Look for?

There are four basic types of behavior that characterize conduct disorder:

Physical aggression (such as cruelty toward animals, assault or rape).

Violating others' rights (such as theft or vandalism).

Lying or manipulation.

Delinquent behaviors (such as truancy or running away from home).

Conduct disorder is characterized by aggression toward others and a callous disregard for their rights and needs. Adolescents and teens with conduct disorder can find acts of aggression, deceit and coercion to be gratifying. Your child may meet the criteria for conduct disorder if you find them engaging in several of the below behaviors:

Many young people with conduct disorder will have trouble:

Feeling and expressing empathy or remorse.

Showing emotion toward others.

Performing well in the school or community and blaming others for poor performance.

They often misinterpret the actions of others as being hostile or aggressive. They respond by escalating the situation into verbal or physical conflict.

In adolescents and teens, conduct disorder may be associated with other difficulties, including:

In younger children, it can be more of a challenge to distinguish signs of conduct disorder from more typical "acting out".

At times, these same symptoms can be seen in children without the disorder. The difference is frequency, intensity, and duration, as well as to what extent it impacts their functioning. In children with conduct disorder, these behaviors happen much more frequently.

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There are four basic types of behavior that characterize conduct disorder: Physical aggression (such as cruelty toward animals, assault or rape). Violating others' rights (such as theft or vandalism). Lying or manipulation. Delinquent behaviors (such as truancy or running away from home).

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https://www.resourcetreatmentcenter.com/behavioral/impulse-control/symptoms-effects/#:~:text=Learn%20about%20impulse%20control&text=Impulse%20control%20disorders%20are%20characterized,academic%20aspects%20of%20their%20lives.

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Understanding Impulse Control

Learn about impulse control

When children and adolescents severely struggle to control their emotions and behaviors, they may potentially be suffering from an impulse control disorder. Impulse control disorders are characterized by chronic problems in which people lack the ability to maintain self-control which ultimately results in the onset of extreme disruptions and dysfunctions in personal, familial, social, and academic aspects of their lives. Children and adolescents with impulse control disorders frequently engage in repetitive, destructive behaviors despite the adverse consequences that arise from the participation in those behaviors. These individuals do not possess the necessary skills required to govern behaviors and emotional responses appropriately and treatment is necessary. Even in cases where individuals suffering from these conditions have a desire to gain control over their emotions and behaviors, they find it difficult, and almost impossible, to do so due to the fact that the urges to participate in the behaviors are undeniably overwhelming and all-consuming.

Some of the most common forms of impulse control disorders that present in children and adolescents are described in the following:

Kleptomania involves an uncontrollable, irresistible, and repetitive impulse to steal and hoard items that belong to others. Those who have kleptomania are commonly aware of the fact that engaging in such behavior is wrong and senseless, but continue to do so even despite the fact that, in most cases, the items being stolen are not even something that they need. Additionally, when these individuals begin feeling the urge to participate in such theft, they become plagued by feelings of tension prior to committing the theft, and then feel a sense of pleasure, gratification, and relief once the theft has been completed. It is also important to note that, when people have kleptomania, they are not engaging in theft as a means of expressing anger or vengeance, nor are they doing so in response to a hallucination or delusion. It is simply indicative of the presence of this form of mental illness.

Pyromania refers to the deliberate and purposeful act of setting things on fire in order to relieve the tension or affective arousal that has arisen prior to completing the act. People with pyromania have a sincere, albeit unhealthy, fascination with fire and find pleasure and gratification upon witnessing the results of their fire-setting.

Compulsive sexual behavior is typically identified by the presence of excessive and uncontrollable thoughts about sexual activity or the irrepressible need to participate in behaviors involving sexual activity. Examples of compulsive sexual behaviors can include things such as promiscuity, excessive masturbation, exhibitionism, voyeurism, excessive use of pornography, and extreme fetishes that become so powerful that the desires to participate in such behaviors begin to overrule a person's ability to function appropriately on a daily basis.

Intermittent explosive disorder tends to be more frequently diagnosed than other impulse control disorders and entails physical and/or emotional outbursts that can be aggressive in nature. These outbursts are recurrent and are characterized by the presence of extreme tension leading up to the outburst and then are often followed by feelings of remorse and embarrassment once the outburst has subsided.

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Signs & Causes of Impulse Control Disorder | Resource Treatment Center

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Understanding Impulse Control When children and adolescents severely struggle to control their emotions and behaviors, they may potentially be suffering from an impulse control disorder. Impulse control disorders are characterized by chronic problems in which people lack the ability to maintain self-control which ultimately results in the onset of extreme disruptions and dysfunctions in personal, familial, social, and academic aspects of their lives.

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9878-kleptomania

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Kleptomania: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

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Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder where a person feels an uncontrollable urge to steal. This condition is often treatable with medication, therapy or both.

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Movement Disorders – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatments

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What different types of movement disorders exist? ​Read this neurosurgeon-edited description of classifications, causes, symptoms and treatments of various movement disorders.

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https://www.northeastern.edu/graduate/blog/types-of-communication-disorders/

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If you're interested in becoming a speech-language pathologist , it's important to understand what the role entails and what you can expect during a typical day.

SLPs perform many tasks in their roles, and among the most crucial are the diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders. As an SLP, you will diagnose and treat a number of communication disorders in various patient populations.

Below, we take a look at some of the most common types of communication disorders treated by speech-language pathologists to give you a better understanding of your career as an SLP might.

Interested in a Speech-Language Pathology Career?

Learn how an SLP degree can give you the skills you need to make a difference in educational and healthcare settings.

What is a communication disorder?

A communication disorder is a developmental or acquired impairment to an individual's speech, language, or hearing-and some individuals face deficits in more than one area. Communication disorders can make it mildly or profoundly difficult for someone to receive, send, or understand various forms of communication. Continue reading to learn more about the patients a speech-language pathologist (SLP) typically work with on the job.

Communication Disorders vs. Voice Disorders

While communication disorders may include voice disorders, they are not synonymous. Communication disorders cover speech, language, and hearing disorders. Voice disorders fall under speech disorders but are in their own category and refer specifically to an individual's voice quality when it is abnormal for their age or gender. Voice disorders can either be organic or nonorganic.

Organic voice disorders are physiological, typically resulting from laryngitis, paralyzed vocal cords, or another issue with the vocal cords. Nonorganic voice disorders, also known as functional voice disorders, occur when there are no abnormalities to one's physical vocal structure, but they have ineffective use of their vocal system. Some voice disorders are vocal fatigue, muscle tension dysphonia, diplophonia, and ventricular phonation.

In rare instances, a voice disorder can be caused by psychological stressors. In this case, an SLP might recommend a patient to a psychologist or psychiatrist and may even work with them cross-functionally. There are other disorders that still impact one's vocal capabilities that aren't categorized as voice disorders, such as paradoxical vocal fold movement (PVFM), that an SLP will diagnose and treat with vocal and breathing exercises to improve laryngeal and respiratory control.

Types of Communication Disorders

Communication disorders are grouped into four main categories: speech disorders, language disorders, hearing disorders, and central auditory processing disorders.

1. Speech Disorders

A speech disorder causes an individual to have difficulty with creating or forming speech sounds. Speech disorders include articulation, fluency, and voice.

Articulation and phonological disorders are caused by structural changes in the muscles and bones used to make speech sounds, and as a result, produce atypical speech.

Fluency disorders are caused by genetic or neurophysiological disruptions in the flow of an individual's dialogue that produce atypical rhythm in sounds, such as stuttering or cluttering.

Voice disorders are caused by abnormalities in pitch or resonance that don't align with a person's age or gender.

2. Language Disorders

A language disorder is defined as an impairment to an individual's use or understanding of verbal, written, or other language systems. Different from speech disorders, language disorders refer to one's expressive and receptive language. Someone with a language disorder may have challenges using or understanding language-or a combination of both.

A language disorder doesn't have to do with speech or hearing but rather the form, content, or function of language.

The form of language refers to the sound, structure, and word combination within a language system. These are also referred to as phonology, morphology, and syntax.

The content of language or semantics refers to the meaning of words and phrases.

The function of language or pragmatics refers to how an individual uses the elements from phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics to communicate.

Most commonly, language disorders are developmental, but in other scenarios, they can be caused by brain injury or illness.

3. Hearing disorders

Hearing disorders prevent an individual from hearing at total capacity, limiting an individual's ability to produce, comprehend, or maintain speech. Someone with a hearing disorder can have difficulty recognizing and understanding auditory material. Someone with a hearing disorder can be described as deaf or hard of hearing.

Deaf individuals suffer from auditory nerve damage that causes severe hearing loss with little to no functional hearing. Deafness can limit oral communication, and therefore a deaf individual may receive sensory input from somewhere other than the auditory channel.

Those who are hard of hearing will still receive sensory input from an auditory channel but may have difficulty hearing and, therefore, communicating. Someone hard of hearing could experience a hearing impairment that's either fluctuating or permanent due to a disease or eardrum infection. These impairments can typically be treated so the person can regain partial hearing.

4. Central auditory processing disorders (CAPD)

Central auditory processing disorders are caused by deficits that impact how individuals convert the information in their central auditory nervous system (CANS). A central auditory processing disorder is diagnosed when an individual has difficulty processing audible signals. These challenges are not because of peripheral or intellectual impairments. CAPD are limitations in how an individual analyzes, stores, and receives information from audible signals.

The role of SLPs in treating communication disorders

SLPs are instrumental in improving their patients' communication ability to help give them a better quality of life. In general, SLPs:

Diagnose communication disorders

Create treatment plans

Recommend and reevaluate strategies to tailor individualized treatment plans aligned with a patient's strengths

Deliver therapy and ongoing support to those impacted by communication disorders

If you're passionate about working with a particular type of disorder, you can look for and enroll in a program where faculty are engaged in research on a specific communication disorder. If you're interested in working as a speech-language pathologist someday so that you can treat individuals with communication disorders, learn more about the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Northeastern University.
Interested in becoming a Speech-Language Pathologist? Learn more about the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Northeastern University.

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Types of Communication Disorders Treated by SLPs

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If you're interested in becoming a speech-language pathologist , it's important to understand what the role entails and what you can expect during a typical day. SLPs perform many tasks in their roles, and among the most crucial are the diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders.

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353928

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Overview

Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental health condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. People with antisocial personality disorder tend to purposely make others angry or upset and manipulate or treat others harshly or with cruel indifference. They lack remorse or do not regret their behavior.

People with antisocial personality disorder often violate the law, becoming criminals. They may lie, behave violently or impulsively, and have problems with drug and alcohol use. They have difficulty consistently meeting responsibilities related to family, work or school.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder include repeatedly:

Ignoring right and wrong.

Telling lies to take advantage of others.

Not being sensitive to or respectful of others.

Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or pleasure.

Having a sense of superiority and being extremely opinionated.

Having problems with the law, including criminal behavior.

Being hostile, aggressive, violent or threatening to others.

Feeling no guilt about harming others.

Doing dangerous things with no regard for the safety of self or others.

Being irresponsible and failing to fulfill work or financial responsibilities.

Adults with antisocial personality disorder usually show symptoms of conduct disorder before the age of 15. Symptoms of conduct disorder include serious, ongoing behavior problems, such as:

Aggression toward people and animals.

Destruction of property.

Lying and dishonesty.

Theft.

Serious violation of rules.

Antisocial personality disorder is considered a lifelong condition. But in some people, certain symptoms ― particularly destructive and criminal behavior ― may decrease over time. It's not clear whether this decrease is a result of the effect aging has on their mind and body, an increased awareness of the impact that antisocial behavior has had on their life, or other factors.

When to see a doctor

People with antisocial personality disorder are not likely to seek help on their own. If you suspect that a friend or family member may have the condition, you might gently suggest that the person seek help from a mental health provider and offer to help them find one.

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Causes

Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes everyone unique. It's the way people view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how they see themselves. Personality forms during childhood. It's likely shaped by inherited genes as well as life situations and experiences.

The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn't known, but:

Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder - and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development.

Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.

Risk factors

Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, such as:

Diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder.

Family history of antisocial personality disorder or other personality disorders or mental health conditions.

Experiencing abuse or neglect during childhood.

Unstable or violent family life during childhood.

Men are at greater risk of having antisocial personality disorder than women are.

Complications

Complications and problems resulting from antisocial personality disorder may include:

Spouse abuse or child abuse or neglect.

Problems with alcohol or drugs.

Being in jail or prison.

Attempting suicide or trying to kill someone else.

Having other mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety.

Financial, educational or social problems.

Dying early, usually because of violence.

Prevention

There's no sure way to prevent antisocial personality disorder from developing in those at risk. Because antisocial behavior is thought to have its roots in childhood, parents, teachers and pediatricians may be able to see early warning signs. It may help to try to identify those most at risk, such as children who show signs of conduct disorder, and then offer early intervention.

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Antisocial personality disorder - Symptoms and causes

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This includes ignoring right and wrong, lying, treating others harshly, and not caring about hurting others. Charm or wit is used to manipulate others.

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Parents Guide about Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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Mood Disorders Linked to Other Health Conditions

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Mood Disorders Linked to Other Health Conditions

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https://blackbearrehab.com/mental-health/mood-disorders/medical-condition/#:~:text=Some%20well%2Dknown%20illnesses%20that,Pancreatic%20diseases

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Answer:

This is a bit of a trick question.

Unlike for an IEP, there is no list of specific conditions or disabilities that qualify a child for a 504 plan. I know that sounds odd. But it's because eligibility for a 504 plan is very broad. It would be nearly impossible to create a list because there would be too many conditions.

What we can do is look at examples of conditions that qualify for a 504 plan.

To get a 504 plan, a student must have a "physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity." That's a mouthful. It's from Section 504, the law that covers 504 plans. The important thing to know is that many different conditions can be impairments. And most things people do each day - from eating and sleeping to learning and thinking - are major life activities.

That's why learning and thinking differences often qualify for a 504 plan. For example, ADHD can be an impairment under the law. It impacts activities like thinking and paying attention. Likewise, dyslexia can be an impairment that impacts reading.

Beyond learning differences, many other conditions also qualify. In a typical school, there will be 504 plans for anxiety, food allergies, vision problems, illnesses, and more.

There's one last thing to keep in mind. Depending on the impact of their condition, a student might qualify for a 504 plan, an IEP, or neither. For example, if a student has very mild ADHD, it might not impact their life in a way that's a legal disability. So, they don't qualify for any plan. Or the ADHD could create so many challenges that the student is eligible for an IEP.

If you found this helpful, you might want to read about:

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Answer: This is a bit of a trick question. Unlike for an IEP, there is no list of specific conditions or disabilities that qualify a child for a 504 plan. I know that sounds odd. But it's because eligibility for a 504 plan is very broad.

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The Educational Issues of Students with Bipolar Disorder - Resources

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The Juvenile Bipolar Research Foundation raises and distributes funds for the most promising research into the causes,treatment, and prevention of early-onset bipoalr disorder.

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Overview

Cyclothymia (sy-kloe-THIE-me-uh), also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder.

With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline. You may feel on top of the world for a time, followed by a low period when you feel somewhat down. Between these cyclothymic highs and lows, you may feel stable and fine.

Although the highs and lows of cyclothymia are less extreme than those of bipolar disorder, it's critical to seek help managing these symptoms because they can interfere with your ability to function and increase your risk of bipolar I or II disorder.

Treatment options for cyclothymia include talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications and close, ongoing follow-up with your doctor.

Symptoms

Cyclothymia symptoms alternate between emotional highs and lows. The highs of cyclothymia include symptoms of an elevated mood (hypomanic symptoms). The lows consist of mild or moderate depressive symptoms.

Cyclothymia symptoms are similar to those of bipolar I or II disorder, but they're less severe. When you have cyclothymia, you can typically function in your daily life, though not always well. The unpredictable nature of your mood shifts may significantly disrupt your life because you never know how you're going to feel.

Hypomanic symptoms

Signs and symptoms of the highs of cyclothymia may include:

An exaggerated feeling of happiness or well-being (euphoria)

Extreme optimism

Inflated self-esteem

Talking more than usual

Poor judgment that can result in risky behavior or unwise choices

Racing thoughts

Irritable or agitated behavior

Excessive physical activity

Increased drive to perform or achieve goals (sexual, work related or social)

Decreased need for sleep

Tendency to be easily distracted

Inability to concentrate

Depressive symptoms

Signs and symptoms of the lows of cyclothymia may include:

Feeling sad, hopeless or empty

Tearfulness

Irritability, especially in children and teenagers

Loss of interest in activities once considered enjoyable

Changes in weight

Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

Sleep problems

Restlessness

Fatigue or feeling slowed down

Problems concentrating

Thinking of death or suicide

When to see a doctor

If you have any symptoms of cyclothymia, seek medical help as soon as possible. Cyclothymia generally doesn't get better on its own. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, work up the courage to confide in someone who can help you take that first step.

If a loved one has symptoms of cyclothymia, talk openly and honestly with that person about your concerns. You can't force someone to seek professional help, but you can offer support and help find a qualified doctor or mental health provider.

Suicidal thoughts

Although suicidal thoughts might occur with cyclothymia, they're more likely to occur if you have bipolar I or II disorder. If you're considering suicide right now:

Call 911 or your local emergency services number, or go to a hospital emergency department.

Call a local crisis center or suicide hotline number - in the United States, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) to reach a trained counselor. Use that same number and press "1" to reach the Veterans Crisis Line.

If you just can't make that call, reach out to someone else - immediately - such as your doctor, mental health provider, family member, friend or someone in your faith community.

Causes

It's not known specifically what causes cyclothymia. As with many mental health disorders, research shows that it may result from a combination of:

Heredity, as cyclothymia tends to run in families

Differences in the way the brain works, such as changes in the brain's neurobiology

Environment, such as traumatic experiences or prolonged periods of stress

Risk factors

Cyclothymia is thought to be relatively rare. But true estimates are hard to pin down because people may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as having other mood disorders, such as depression.

Cyclothymia typically starts during the teenage years or young adulthood. It affects about the same number of males and females.

Complications

If you have cyclothymia:

Not treating it can result in significant emotional problems that affect every area of your life

There is a high risk of later developing bipolar I or II disorder

Substance misuse is common

You may also have an anxiety disorder

You may be at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide

Prevention

There's no sure way to prevent cyclothymia. However, treatment at the earliest indication of a mental health disorder can help prevent cyclothymia from worsening. Long-term preventive treatment also can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of hypomania, mania or major depression.

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Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder) - Symptoms and causes

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Cyclothymia (sy-kloe-THIE-me-uh), also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder. With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline.

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Other complications of mood disorders include

Disability ranging from mild to complete inability to function, maintain social interaction, and participate in routine activities

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Overview of Mood Disorders - Psychiatric Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition

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Other complications of mood disorders include Disability ranging from mild to complete inability to function, maintain social interaction, and participate in routine activities

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Overview

What is mania?

Mania is a condition in which you have a period of abnormally elevated, extreme changes in your mood or emotions, energy level or activity level. This highly energized level of physical and mental activity and behavior must be a change from your usual self and be noticeable by others.

What's considered an "abnormal," extreme change in behavior and what does it look like?

Abnormal manic behavior is behavior that stands out. It's over-the-top behavior that other people can notice. The behavior could reflect an extreme level of happiness or irritation. For example, you could be extremely excited about an idea for a new healthy snack bar. You believe the snack could make you an instant millionaire but you've never cooked a single meal in your life, don't know a thing about how to develop a business plan and have no money to start a business. Another example might be that you strongly disagree with a website "influencer" and not only write a 2,000 word post but do an exhaustive search to find all the websites connected to the influencer so you can post your letter there too.

Although these examples may sound like they could be normal behavior, a person with mania will expend a great deal of time and energy including many sleepless nights working on projects such as these.

What is a manic episode?

A manic episode is a period of time in which you experience one or more symptoms of mania and meet the criteria for manic episode (see "symptoms" and "diagnosis" sections). In some cases, you may need to be hospitalized.

Can I have a manic episode as its own condition or is it always part of another mental health condition?

Technically if you have a manic episode, you have a mental health condition. Mania can be a part of several mental health conditions including:

What is bipolar I disorder?

Bipolar I disorder is a mental health illness in which a person has major high and low swings in mood, activity, energy and ability to think clearly. To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, you have to have at least one episode of mania that lasts for at least seven days or have an episode that is so severe that it requires hospitalization.

Most people have both episodes of both mania and depression, but you don't have to have depression to be diagnosed with mania. Many people with a bipolar I disorder diagnosis have recurring, back-to-back manic episodes with very few episodes of depression.

What are the triggers of manic episodes?

Manic episode triggers are unique to each person. You'll have to become a bit of a detective and monitor your mood (even keeping a "mood diary") and start to track how you feel before an episode and when it occurs. Ask family and close friends who you trust and have close contact with to help identify your triggers. As outside observers, they may notice changes from your usual behavior more easily than you do.

Knowing your triggers can help you prepare for an episode, lessen the effect of an episode or prevent it from happening at all.

Common triggers to be aware of include:

A highly stimulating situation or environment (for example, lots of noise, bright lights or large crowds).

A major life change (such as divorce, marriage or job loss).

Lack of sleep.

Substance use, such as recreational drugs or alcohol.

What happens after a manic episode?

After a manic episode you may:

Feel happy or embarrassed about your behavior.

Feel overwhelmed by all the activities you've agreed to take on.

Have only a few or unclear memories of what happened during your manic episode.

Feel very tired and need sleep.

Feel depressed (if your mania is part of bipolar disorder).

Symptoms and Causes

What are the symptoms of mania?

Symptoms of a manic episode

Having an abnormally high level of activity or energy.

Feeling extremely happy or excited - even euphoric.

Not sleeping or only getting a few hours of sleep but still feeling rested.

Having an inflated self-esteem, thinking you're invincible.

Being more talkative than usual. Talking so much and so fast that others can't interrupt.

Having racing thoughts - having lots of thoughts on lots of topics at the same time (called a "flight of ideas").

Being easily distracted by unimportant or unrelated things.

Being obsessed with and completely absorbed in an activity.

Displaying purposeless movements, such as pacing around your home or office or fidgeting when you're sitting.

Showing impulsive behavior that can lead to poor choices, such as buying sprees, reckless sex or foolish business investments.

Psychotic symptoms of a manic episode

Delusions. Delusions are false beliefs or ideas that are incorrect interpretations of information. An example is a person thinking that everyone they see is following them.

Hallucinations. Having a hallucination means you see, hear, taste, smell or feel things that aren't really there. An example is a person hearing the voice of someone and talking to them when they're not really there.

How long does a manic episode last?

Early signs (called "prodromal symptoms") that you're getting ready to have a manic episode can last weeks to months. If you're not already receiving treatment, episodes of bipolar-related mania can last between three and six months. With effective treatment, a manic episode usually improves within about three months.

What causes mania?

Scientists aren't completely sure what causes mania. However, there are several factors that are thought to contribute. Causes differ from person to person.

Causes may include:

Family history. If you have a family member with bipolar illness, you have an increased chance of developing mania. This isn't definite though. You may never develop mania even if other family members have.

A chemical imbalance in the brain.

A side effect of a medication (such as some antidepressants), alcohol or recreational drugs.

A significant change in your life, such as a divorce, house move or death of a loved one.

Difficult life situations, such as trauma or abuse, or problems with housing, money or loneliness.

A high level of stress and an inability to manage it.

A lack of sleep or changes in sleep pattern.

As a side effect of mental health problems including seasonal affective disorder, postpartum psychosis, schizoaffective disorder or other physical or neurologic condition such as brain injury, brain tumors, stroke, dementia, lupus or encephalitis.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is mania diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history, family medical history, current prescriptions and non-prescription medications and any herbal products or supplements you take. Your provider may order blood tests and body scans to rule out other conditions that may mimic mania. One such condition is hyperthyroidism. If other diseases and conditions are ruled out, your provider may refer you to a mental health specialist

To be diagnosed with mania, your mental health specialist may follow the criteria of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5. Their criteria for manic episode is:

You have an abnormal, long-lasting elevated expression of emotion along with a high degree of energy and activity that lasts for at least one week and is present most of the day, nearly every day.

You have three or more symptoms to a degree that they're a noticeable change from your usual behavior (four symptoms if mood is only irritable). (See the symptoms section of this article for a list of the symptoms used as criteria.)

The mood disturbance is severe enough to cause significant harm to your social, work or school functioning or there's a need to hospitalize you to prevent you from harming yourself or others, or you have psychotic features, such as hallucinations or delusions.

The manic episode can't be caused by the effects of a substance (medications or drug abuse) or another medical condition.

Management and Treatment

How is mania treated?

Mania is treated with medications, talk therapy, self-management and family and friends support.

Medications

If you have mania only, your healthcare provider may prescribe an antipsychotic medication, such as ariprazole (Abilify®), lurasidone (Latuda®), olanzapine (Zyprexa®), quetiapine (Seroquel®) or risperridone (Risperdal®).

If you have mania as part of a mood disorder, your provider may add a mood stabilizer. Some examples include lithium, valproate (Depakote®) and carbamazepine (Tegretol®). (If you're pregnant or plan to become pregnant, let your provider know. Valproate can increase the chance of birth defects and learning disabilities and shouldn't be prescribed to individuals who are able to become pregnant.)

Sometimes antidepressants are also prescribed.

Talk therapy (psychotherapy)

Psychotherapy involves a variety of techniques. During psychotherapy, you'll talk with a mental health professional who'll help you identify and work through factors that may be triggering your mania and/or depression (if you're diagnosed with bipolar I disorder).

Cognitive behavioral therapy can be useful in helping you change inaccurate perceptions that you have about yourself and the world around you.

Family therapy is important since it's very helpful for your family members to understand your behavior and what they can do to help.

Ask your provider for contact information for local support groups. You might find it helpful to talk with other people who have similar medical experiences and share problems, ideas for coping and strategies for living and caring for yourself.

Other treatments

Electroconvulsant therapy (ECT) may be considered in rare cases in individuals who have severe mania or depression (if bipolar). ECT involves applying brief periods of electric current to your brain.

Prevention

What steps can I take to better cope with or manage my mania?

Although episodes of mania can't always be prevented, you can make a plan to better manage your symptoms and prevent them from getting worse when you feel a manic episode may be starting.

Some ideas to try during this time include:

Avoid stimulating activities and environment - such as loud or busy places or bright places. Instead choose calm and relaxing activities and environments.

Stick to routines. Go to bed at a set time, even if you're not tired. Also, stick to the same times for eating meals, taking medications and exercising.

Limit the number of social contacts to keep you from getting too stimulated and excited.

Postpone making any major life decisions and big purchases.

Avoid people and situations that might tempt you to make poor or risky choices, such as taking recreational drugs or drinking alcohol.

Consider selecting someone to manage your finances during a manic episode.

If you ever have thoughts of harming yourself, tell family or friends, call you healthcare provider or contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-(TALK) (1-800-273-8255). Counselors are available 24/7.

Outlook / Prognosis

What outcome can I expect if I've been diagnosed with mania?

If your mania is related to a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, this is a lifelong disease. Although there's no cure for mania, medication and talk therapy (psychotherapy) can manage your condition in most cases.

Living With

How can I involve family and friends in understanding my mania?

It's important to have an honest conversation with your family and closest friends.

Let your family and friends know what you do and don't find helpful. For example, if you'd appreciate a friendly reminder about taking your daily medications or a question about if you are getting enough sleep, let them know. On the other hand, if you don't like always being asked if your current state of happiness is a sign you're having a manic episode, discuss this.

Ask your family and friends if they can help identify your triggers if you can't. They may be able to spot triggers that you can't spot yourself. Ask what they've noticed or any patterns they may see around the times of your episodes. As soon as you recognize an early sign, make an appointment to see your healthcare provider. You may or may not need a medication adjustment. However, it's good to be on the alert since your symptoms could rapidly change.

Describe how your symptoms feel to you. Your family and friends will have a better understanding of your condition.

Let family and friends know what type of help you'd like from them and when you'd like it. There may be times when you feel you can cope on your own. Knowing the difference will be helpful for everyone.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is acute mania?

Acute mania is the manic phase of bipolar I disorder. It is defined as an extremely unstable euphoric or irritable mood along with excess activity or energy level, excessively rapid thought and speech, reckless behavior and feeling of invincibility.

What is unipolar mania?

Unipolar mania is a disorder in which only excitement, excess activity or energy level and euphoric symptoms are seen. This is a rare condition.

What's the difference between mania and hypomania?

Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. The criteria that healthcare professionals use to make the diagnosis of either hypomania or mania is what sets them apart. The differences between these two conditions is as follows:

How long the episode lasts.

At least one week.

At least four consecutive days.

Severity of episode.

Causes severe impact on social or work/school functioning.

Not severe enough to significantly affect social or work/school functioning.

Need for hospitalization.

Possibly.

No.

Psychotic symptoms present (delusions or hallucinations).

Is among possible symptoms.

Can't be present for a diagnosis of hypomania.

Can my diagnosis change between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?

No. Once you have a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder - even if you never have another manic episode or a psychotic event (delusions or hallucinations) - your diagnosis can never be changed to bipolar II disorder. You'll always have a bipolar I disorder diagnosis.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Problems can develop in your social life, work/school functioning and home life when you have symptoms of mania, which include mood swings and an abnormal level of energy and activity. You may require hospitalization if you have severe hallucinations or delusions, or to prevent you from harming yourself or others. It's important to have a good understanding of mania, mania symptoms, your particular triggers and ways to better manage your manic episodes. Medications, talk therapy and support groups as well as support from your family and friends can help manage your mania. Stay in close contact with all your healthcare providers, especially during times of manic episodes. Your provider will want to see you and may need changes to your medications or dose.

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Mania: What Is It, Causes, Triggers, Symptoms & Treatment

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Mania is a condition in which you have a period of abnormally elevated, extreme changes in your mood or emotions, energy level or activity level. This highly energized level of physical and mental activity and behavior must be a change from your usual self and be noticeable by others.

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Anyone can have OCD. It typically starts during early adulthood but can begin at any age. It can be distressing, time-consuming and interfere with your daily life.

What are the symptoms of OCD?

OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessions are unwanted and unpleasant thoughts or images which come into your mind repeatedly. They can feel like a stuck record and trying to resist them can make them worse.

Compulsions are repetitive actions or thoughts you feel you have to do, often until they feel . The aim of a compulsion is to try to relieve the anxiety or distress caused by the obsessive thoughts.

Common obsessions include:

fear of contamination

fear of causing harm to someone else

needing things to be balanced or in the right order

intrusive thoughts or images that may be violent, blasphemous or taboo

Compulsions commonly involve:

checking things repeatedly - this could include checking the oven is off, looking up health symptoms online or making sure you have your keys on you

cleaning things excessively

counting to a particular number or going through a sequence of numbers

carrying something out in a particular order or pattern, or a certain number of times

asking people for reassurance or to check things for you

Compulsions can be very time-consuming but usually only provide temporary relief from the anxiety.

OCD may make you feel scared, disgusted, tearful or depressed. You may worry you're going mad or that you're a bad person because of the thoughts you have. It's important to recognise that OCD is nothing to be embarrassed or ashamed about. There are effective treatments that can reduce the impact it has on your life.

What causes OCD?

While the exact causes of OCD aren't yet fully understood, it's likely there are many different factors that can lead to it. These include:

family history - if a relative has OCD, you may be more at risk of developing it. This could be because you've learned compulsive behaviours as a coping mechanism from them.

stressful life events such as being bullied, abused or experiencing trauma. OCD may also develop after significant life events such as childbirth or a bereavement.

differences in the brain - some people with OCD may have lower levels of the chemical serotonin, or areas of increased brain activity.

personality - neat, meticulous people with high standards may be more likely to develop OCD. People who are anxious or have a strong sense of responsibility may also be more at risk.

Getting support

We all have worries and anxieties at times, and may have mild compulsions or superstitions (such as not stepping on the cracks in the pavement). However if your thoughts or compulsions seem excessive, cause you distress or affect your ability to carry out your daily life, it's important to ask for help. OCD rarely goes away by itself but there are effective treatments.

Start by talking to your GP. They may offer you talking therapy, medication or both. Or you may be referred to a specialist OCD service if your OCD is severe. The right help for you will depend on how intense your OCD is and how much it affects your life.

Self-help

Your GP may offer you self-help resources such as books from the Reading Well scheme called 'Books on Prescription'. You can find these books yourself in a library or bookshop - you don't actually need a prescription for them.

OCD-UK has a range of self-help resources including books, discussion forums and online courses.

Talking therapy

Your GP can refer you for therapy or you can refer yourself.

Therapy for OCD is usually a type of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). There are two types of CBT used with OCD.

Exposure and response prevention (ERP). This encourages you to face your fear and let the obsessive thoughts occur without performing your usual compulsions. It helps you learn that your anxious or uncomfortable feelings will go away by themselves. It may sound difficult but you can take it at your own pace.

Cognitive therapy (CT). This helps you change your reaction to your thoughts. Instead of fighting them, you'll learn to just let them happen. They will often fade away when you stop trying to make them go.

Medication

You may be offered a type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This can improve OCD symptoms by increasing the level of serotonin in your brain.

Specialist OCD services

If your OCD is severe and talking therapy and medication haven't worked, you may be referred to a specialist service. OCD-UK has more information about these services.

Support groups

OCD support groups can help you to feel less alone and gain reassurance and advice from other people with OCD. You can find local support groups via OCD Action, OCD-UK and TOP UK.

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Anyone can have OCD. It typically starts during early adulthood but can begin at any age. It can be distressing, time-consuming and interfere with your daily life. OCD involves both obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted and unpleasant thoughts or images which come into your mind repeatedly.

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https://childmind.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ChildMindInstitute_Logo_Horizontal.svg

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Psychotic Disorder Due to a Medical Condition

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Psychotic Disorder Due to a Medical Condition

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition

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Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

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A diagnosis of psychotic disorder due to another medical condition is given when psychotic symptoms occur alongside a temporary or chronic illness. This may range from a migraine headache to a stroke or traumatic brain injury. People who are genetically disposed or otherwise at high risk of developi…

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https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/substance-medication-induced-psychotic-disorder

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Substance- or medication-induced psychotic disorder is characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions due to the direct effects of a substance or withdrawal from a substance in the absence of delirium.

Episodes of substance-induced psychosis are common in emergency departments and crisis centers. There are many precipitating substances, including alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, opioids, phencyclidine (PCP), and sedative/hypnotics. To be considered substance-induced psychosis, the hallucinations and delusions should be in excess of those that typically accompany simple substance intoxication or withdrawal, although the patient may also be intoxicated or withdrawing.

Symptoms are often brief, resolving shortly after the causative drug is cleared, but psychosis triggered by amphetamines, cocaine, or PCP may persist for many weeks. Because some young people with prodromal or early-stage schizophrenia use substances that can induce psychosis, it is important to obtain a thorough history, particularly to seek evidence of prior mental symptoms before concluding that acute psychosis is due solely to substance use.

For psychosis due to dopamine-stimulating drugs such as amphetamine, an antipsychotic drug is most effective.

For psychosis due to drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), quiet observation may be all that is needed.

For substances with actions that do not involve dopamine, observation may be all that is needed, or an anxiolytic may help.

NOTE: This is the Professional Version. CONSUMERS: Click here for the Consumer Version

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Substance-/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder - Psychiatric Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition

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Substance- or medication-induced psychotic disorder is characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions due to the direct effects of a substance or withdrawal from a substance in the absence of delirium. Episodes of substance-induced psychosis are common in emergency departments and crisis centers. There are many precipitating substances, including alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, opioids, phencyclidine (PCP), and sedative/hypnotics.

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https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/schizoaffective-disorder/

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Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder such as bipolar disorder or depression . Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this condition.

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https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/substance-induced-psychotic-disorder/#:~:text=A%20substance%2Dinduced%20psychotic%20disorder,intoxication%20or%20onset%20during%20withdrawal).

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A substance-induced psychotic disorder is a mental health condition in which the onset of your psychotic episodes or psychotic disorder symptoms can be traced to starting or stopping using alcohol or a drug (onset during intoxication or onset during withdrawal). You could experience psychotic episodes just when you're using, or just when you are not using. You may even develop this disorder when you're in recovery from a substance use disorder.

With a psychotic condition, you may develop an inability to understand what is real and what is not. This disconnection from reality can be further complicated with the effects of any drugs or alcohol that you may be using. Substance-induced psychotic disorder can be a serious condition, and requires medical attention.

Symptoms of Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder

If you or a loved one is experiencing a psychotic episode, you should contact your doctor for testing and to learn about treatment options. While not everyone experiences a psychotic episode the same way, certain characteristics can let you know that you or someone you love is experiencing a psychotic episode, including:

Hallucinations, including hearing, seeing, or smelling things that are not present

Delusions, including hearing voices or believing that you're being watched

Religious delusions, like thinking that a deity is sending you special messages

Problems distinguishing between fantasy and reality, like imagining a special relationship with a celebrity

Trouble taking care of yourself, including forgetting to eat and bathe, or hoarding things

Paranoia and suspicion, including suspecting loved ones, institutions, or other people of harming you or being "out to get you"

Difficulty communicating clearly, including disordered speech and thoughts

Hypersensitivity to sounds, smells, or others sensory input

A flat affect or lack of emotional expressions

Causes and Risk Factors for Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder

Substance-induced psychotic disorder is typically caused by the misuse of alcohol or drugs. Some other risk factors may make you more prone to developing this type of disorder, like:

Treatment for Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder

Your care team can help you come up with a combination of medications, therapies, and a support structure that can help put you on the road to recovery and better mental health.

Medication: Your doctor may prescribe antipsychotic drugs and other types of medication to help control your symptoms and treat other conditions that may be affecting you like anxiety, depression, or PTSD.

Therapy: Therapy can be essential to helping you find out what triggers your episodes and how to handle your condition. If your condition is serious, inpatient treatment might be your best choice. Learn more about your therapy options at Sheppard Pratt.

Support: Finding the right support group can make a world of difference - especially if you're in recovery for drug or alcohol use. Talk to other people who have been in your shoes. Find a support group now.

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Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder | Knowledge Center

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A substance-induced psychotic disorder is a mental health condition in which the onset of your psychotic episodes or psychotic disorder symptoms can be traced to starting or stopping using alcohol or a drug (onset during intoxication or onset during withdrawal). You could experience psychotic episodes just when you're using, or just when you are not using.

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COVID 19 - Associated Brief Psychotic Disorder

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COVID 19 - Associated Brief Psychotic Disorder

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https://casereports.bmj.com/content/13/8/e236940.abstract

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Abstract

A 36-year-old previously healthy woman with no personal or family history of mental illness presented with new-onset psychosis after a diagnosis of symptomatic COVID-19. Her psychotic symptoms initially improved with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines and further improved with resolution of COVID-19 symptoms. This is the first case of COVID-19-associated psychosis in a patient with no personal or family history of a severe mood or psychotic disorder presenting with symptomatic COVID-19, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of neuropsychiatric symptoms in these individuals.

This article is made freely available for use in accordance with BMJ's website terms and conditions for the duration of the covid-19 pandemic or until otherwise determined by BMJ. You may use, download and print the article for any lawful, non-commercial purpose (including text and data mining) provided that all copyright notices and trade marks are retained.

https://bmj.com/coronavirus/usage

Background

The novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19, is rapidly emerging. From 29 December 2019, when the first cases of COVID-19 were documented in Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has resulted in more than 3.9 million infections in the USA, representing nearly 30% of cases worldwide. 1 2

Typical symptoms of COVID-19 are dyspnoea, cough, fever, myalgia and sore throat, though nervous system involvement, resulting in cerebrovascular diseases, encephalopathy, encephalitis and new-onset anosmia and dysgeusia, has been documented. 3-5

Recent cases of reactive psychosis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have emerged in the literature, but less attention has been given to incident psychosis affecting patients with COVID-19. 6 Although a recent report documented cases of COVID-19-related psychosis in Madrid, this did not include a clinical description of affected patients. 7 Ferrando et al 8 described three cases of new-onset psychosis in patients with asymptomatic COVID-19, though two of these patients had a pre-existing psychiatric illness, and there were concerns for concurrent delirium.

Here, we report a case of symptomatic COVID-19-related psychosis in a patient with no personal or family history of mental illness and briefly discuss the relevant literature on coronavirus-associated psychosis.

Case presentation

A 36-year-old African-American woman employed at a skilled nursing facility with a remote history of erythema multiforme, and no psychiatric history, was diagnosed with COVID-19 by nasopharyngeal swab after a known exposure at work. Symptoms at the time of diagnosis with COVID-19 were notable for rhinorrhoea and nasal congestion without any concomitant dyspnoea or documentation of anosmia or dysgeusia. Approximately 4 days following onset of upper respiratory symptoms, she was noted to have an acute, rapidly progressive change in her behaviour characterised by prominent persecutory delusions and decreased sleep. Her delusions were primarily directed at her partner and focused on the safety of her children and personal finances. She believed her partner was attempting to kidnap her children and steal her COVID-19 stimulus money. Collateral information from the patient's family revealed that she had been engaging in ruminative, persecutory thought patterns centring around being 'tracked by cell phones' in the days preceding hospitalisation. This began after a domestic dispute with her partner. Her symptoms culminated in the patient attempting to pass her children through a local fast-food restaurant drive-through in an effort to prevent their kidnapping, at which time first responders were notified and she was transported to the hospital.

Due to the acute onset of psychosis of unclear aetiology and her positive COVID-19 status, the patient was initially admitted to the general medicine service, whereupon psychiatry was consulted for further evaluation and management. At the time of her initial psychiatric interview, she was avoiding eye contact, but had no psychomotor agitation or retardation. She did not appear to be responding to internal stimuli. Her speech was noted to be increased in rate, though interruptible with repeated prompts. She described her mood as 'worried', and her affect was congruent to mood. She exhibited a tangential thought process with content notable for persecutory delusions. At the time of initial assessment she denied any suicidality or homicidality. Attention, concentration and orientation were intact on bedside testing.

Investigations

Vital signs on admission were: temperature 36.8°C, heart rate 79 beats per minute, respiratory rate 19 breaths per minute and blood pressure 114/85 mm Hg. Laboratory testing revealed positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab, mild leucocytosis (white cell count 11.5×10 ⁹/L, 86.4% neutrophils), elevated C-reactive protein (2.37 mg/dL), elevated D-dimer (2274 ng/mL fibrinogen equivalent units), but otherwise normal electrolytes, ferritin, renal function, urine analysis and toxicology. Interleukin levels were not measured as it was not part of the standard of care at our institution. CT scan and MRI of the head were normal. A lumbar puncture revealed: cerebrospinal fluid colour was colourless, hazy, red cell count 187×10 ¹²/L, and nucleated cell count 1/μL in tube 1, glucose 69 mg/dL and protein 20 mg/dL. Extended meningitis PCR panel was negative.

Differential diagnosis

Given the paucity of alternative aetiologies for her development of acute psychosis, it was felt that the patient's symptoms were either representative of a first-episode psychosis, triggered by psychosocial stressors secondary to her recent COVID-19 diagnosis, a brief psychotic disorder in the setting of an obvious stressor, or a direct sequela of COVID-19 infection and representative of a brief psychotic disorder. Delirium was also considered, but she lacked alterations in attention or awareness on bedside evaluation and did not screen positive using our institution's nursing delirium observation scale.

Treatment

Due to the severity of the patient's psychiatric symptoms, inability to engage in reality testing and perceived elevated risk of both harm to self and others (as her acute illness limited her ability to engage in and appreciate the need for social isolation as an active carrier of COVID-19), the patient was initially involuntarily committed, and pharmacotherapy was initiated. She was initially treated with two daily doses of olanzapine 2.5 and 5 mg in an effort to target both her underlying psychotic symptoms and aid in sedation to promote restoration of the patient's sleep-wake cycle. Despite initiation of olanzapine, the patient remained paranoid with prominent delusional thinking and minimal insight, leading to an episode of acute agitation. Given the severity of her ongoing symptoms, clonazepam 0.5 mg twice daily was added for acute anxiolysis and reduced to once daily. Considering the possibility that she would need to be on antipsychotics at discharge, and that olanzapine is not recommended as first-line therapy in psychosis (due to metabolic side effects) she was transitioned to risperidone. With titration to 3 mg of risperidone daily, the patient had significant improvement in her persecutory delusions and subsequently exhibited improvement in her insight and judgement. Clonazepam was discontinued and she was discharged on hospital day 7 on risperidone 3 mg nightly with a plan for close outpatient follow-up with psychiatry. Of note, she did not require any therapy for her COVID-19 infection as she remained on room air after hospitalisation with resolution of her respiratory symptoms.

Outcome and follow-up

Follow-up documentation from her outpatient provider 1 week after discharge noted that she had not attended her psychiatry intake appointment, though she had noted near resolution of her psychiatric symptoms and had self-discontinued the risperidone without return of her persecutory delusions.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this case represents the first description of symptomatic COVID-19-associated brief psychotic disorder in an individual with no personal or family history of primary psychiatric illness. A case series in Madrid noted an unspecified number of potential cases of COVID-19-related psychosis in their hospital, but did not detail the clinical course of affected patients. 7 A recent case series in New York described three cases of new-onset psychosis in patients with COVID-19. 8 However, all patients were incidentally found to have positive SARS-CoV-2 test and did not present with other symptoms to suggest infection, calling into question whether the diagnosis of COVID-19 was related to the psychosis. Further, one patient had a comorbid panic disorder, which may lead to heightened vulnerability to psychotic illness, and another was experiencing homelessness and was on 120 mg of methadone for opioid use disorder, again confounding the diagnosis of COVID-19 psychosis. 9

In the case presented herein, there was no history of prodromal symptoms, no personal or family history of mental illness and a relatively rapid resolution of psychosis. Further, she did not have a history of substance use or propsychotic medication (such as steroids) use, and the onset of psychosis coincided with upper respiratory symptoms. Given the temporality between infection and psychiatric symptoms, along with the resolution of symptoms with improvement of COVID-19-related symptoms, a working diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder associated with COVID-19 was given. 10 The mechanism by which COVID-19 may have precipitated psychosis in this patient is not entirely clear, but could be related to the diagnosis of COVID-19, increased stress in the setting of ongoing infection or a viral mediated psychosis.

Indeed, respiratory viruses have been associated with psychosis since the 1918 influenza pandemic when Menninger published a report of 100 patients with neuropsychiatric sequelae associated with influenza infection, including 25 with 'dementia praecox' and 23 with 'other psychoses'. 11 12 Coronaviruses, too, have been linked to psychosis. A recent rapid review of epidemic and pandemic literature identified five papers (four observational studies and one case series) reporting incident psychosis in SARS and one paper reporting psychosis in Middle East respiratory syndrome. 13-19 The incident rate of psychotic symptoms across observational studies was between 0.9% and 11.8%. 14-16 19 SARS-related psychotic symptoms were associated with higher doses of corticosteroids, severity of SARS symptoms and family history of psychiatric illness and psychosocial stressors. 14 15 The single case series of three patients with SARS-related psychosis suggested that SARS severity, steroid treatment and social isolation were contributing factors. 18

Severance et al 17 reported an association between coronaviruses and psychotic symptoms by measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) response against four human coronavirus strains in patients with recent onset of psychotic illness compared with healthy controls. The authors found that patient IgG levels for two strains of coronavirus (HKU1 and NL63) were significantly higher in patients with psychotic symptoms when compared with controls, suggesting these two coronaviruses may be risk factors for neuropsychiatric illness.

Although heightened stress of a COVID-19 diagnosis or medications (such as corticosteroids) may unmask an underlying primary psychotic disorder in a vulnerable individual, the idea that SARS-CoV-2 may itself trigger psychosis through direct neurotoxicity or a heightened immune response is not unreasonable. 13 Coronaviruses are neurotropic, for example, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA has recently been isolated from the central nervous system of a patient. 4 20 Moreover, the antipsychotics haloperidol and chlorpromazine have displayed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in a mice model, respectively. 21 22 In a review of the literature, Troyer et al 23 offer direct infection, blood circulation, neuronal involvement, hypoxic injury, immune injury and ACE2 binding as possible culprits of coronavirus nervous system damage.

With these data in mind, we contend that a relevant neuropsychiatric review of systems and full exam should be completed in patients presenting with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. New-onset psychosis in a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, without personal or family history of mental illness and no other clear precipitant, should prompt further medical workup (eg, head imaging and lumbar puncture). This is consistent with the the American Psychiatric Association's draft 2019 guidelines for schizophrenia treatment, which state that clinicians should be alert to features that suggest a need for additional physical or laboratory evaluation in first-episode psychosis. 24

Although studies investigating the treatment of COVID-19 psychosis have not been undertaken, treatment of secondary psychosis should be geared towards treating the underlying illness while managing psychotic symptoms with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines at the lowest possible dose. 25 Given concerns for dysrhythmias in patients with pre-existing cardiac injury and COVID-19, intravenous haloperidol should be avoided in this population, where possible. 26

Acknowledgments

We appreciate Lisa Vann, MD and Kristen Shirey, MD for their clinical guidance in the care of this patient.

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A 36-year-old previously healthy woman with no personal or family history of mental illness presented with new-onset psychosis after a diagnosis of symptomatic COVID-19.

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https://www.skylandtrail.org/our-programs/what-we-treat/schizophrenia/?gclid=CjwKCAjww8mWBhABEiwAl6-2RW8NDaa0c35AjUJ036GOMRPFS_wKaaJM5YGFerrOSiYLv6iure2uYRoC3PUQAvD_BwE

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Approximately 2.5 million Americans are diagnosed with schizophrenia. An individual with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary. This often manifests in socially unresponsive and withdrawn behavior, including trouble with emotional expression in social settings.

While the illness may develop over months or years, symptoms usually emerge between the ages of 15 and 25 and often earlier in males than females. Symptoms may come and go in cycles.

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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Schizophrenia | Skyland Trail

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Approximately 2.5 million Americans are diagnosed with schizophrenia. An individual with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary. This often manifests in socially unresponsive and withdrawn behavior, including trouble with emotional expression in social settings.

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https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/delusional-disorder-a-to-z

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What Is It?Delusional disorder is classified as a psychotic disorder, a disorder where a person has trouble recognizing reality. A delusion is a false belief that is based on an incorrect interpret...

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Collecting items that typically don't have much value. 

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https://www.healthline.com/health/conduct-disorder

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Conduct disorder is a group of behavioral and emotional problems that usually begins during childhood or adolescence. Children and adolescents with the disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. They may display aggressive, destructive, and deceitful behaviors that can violate the rights of others. Adults and other children may perceive them as "bad" or delinquent, rather than as having a mental illness.

If your child has conduct disorder, they may appear tough and confident. In reality, however, children who have conduct disorder are often insecure and inaccurately believe that people are being aggressive or threatening toward them.

There are three types of conduct disorder. They're categorized according to the age at which symptoms of the disorder first occur:

Childhood onset occurs when the signs of conduct disorder appear before age 10.

Adolescent onset occurs when the signs of conduct disorder appear during the teenage years.

Unspecified onset means the age at which conduct disorder first occurs is unknown.

Some children will be diagnosed with conduct disorder with limited prosocial emotions. Children with this specific type of conduct disorder are often described as callous and unemotional.

Children who have conduct disorder are often hard to control and unwilling to follow rules. They act impulsively without considering the consequences of their actions. They also don't take other people's feelings into consideration. Your child may have conduct disorder if they persistently display one or more of the following behaviors:

aggressive conduct

deceitful behavior

destructive behavior

violation of rules

Aggressive Conduct

Aggressive conduct may include:

intimidating or bullying others

physically harming people or animals on purpose

committing rape

using a weapon

Deceitful Behavior

Deceitful behavior may include:

Destructive Behavior

Destructive conduct may include arson and other intentional destruction of property.

Violation of Rules

Violation of rules may include:

skipping school

running away from home

drug and alcohol use

sexual behavior at a very young age

Boys who have conduct disorder are more likely to display aggressive and destructive behavior than girls. Girls are more prone to deceitful and rule-violating behavior.

Additionally, the symptoms of conduct disorder can be mild, moderate, or severe:

Mild

If your child has mild symptoms, it means they display little to no behavior problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis. Conduct problems cause relatively minor harm to others. Common issues include lying, truancy, and staying out after dark without parental permission.

Moderate

Your child has moderate symptoms if they display numerous behavior problems. These conduct problems may have a mild to severe impact on others. The problems may include vandalism and stealing.

Severe

Your child ha severe symptoms if they display behavior problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis. These conduct problems cause considerable harm to others. The problems may include rape, use of a weapon, or breaking and entering.

Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the development of conduct disorder.

Genetic Causes

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain has been linked to conduct disorder. The frontal lobe is the part of your brain that regulates important cognitive skills, such as problem-solving, memory, and emotional expression. It's also home to your personality. The frontal lobe in a person with conduct disorder may not work properly, which can cause, among other things:

a lack of impulse control

a reduced ability to plan future actions

a decreased ability to learn from past negative experiences

The impairment of the frontal lobe may be genetic, or inherited, or it may be caused by brain damage due to an injury. A child may also inherit personality traits that are commonly seen in conduct disorder.

Environmental Factors

The environmental factors that are associated with conduct disorder include:

child abuse

a dysfunctional family

parents who abuse drugs or alcohol

poverty

The following factors may increase your child's risk of developing conduct disorder:

being male

living in an urban environment

living in poverty

having a family history of conduct disorder

having a family history of mental illness

having other psychiatric disorders

having parents who abuse drugs or alcohol

having a dysfunctional home environment

having a history of experiencing traumatic events

being abused or neglected

If your child is showing signs of conduct disorder, they should be evaluated by a mental health professional. They'll ask you and your child questions about their behavioral patterns to make a diagnosis. For a conduct disorder diagnosis to be made, your child must have a pattern of displaying at least three behaviors that are common to conduct disorder. Your child must also have shown at least one of the behaviors within the past six months. The behavioral problems must also significantly impair your child socially or at school.

Children with conduct disorder who are living in abusive homes may be placed into other homes. If abuse isn't present, your child's mental healthcare provider will use behavior therapy or talk therapy to help your child learn how to express or control their emotions appropriately. The mental healthcare provider will also teach you how to manage your child's behavior. If your child has another mental health disorder, such as depression or ADHD, the mental healthcare provider may prescribe medications to treat that condition as well.

Since it takes time to establish new attitudes and behavior patterns, children with conduct disorder usually require long-term treatment. However, early treatment may slow the progression of the disorder or reduce the severity of negative behaviors.

The long-term outlook for conduct disorder depends on the severity and frequency of your child's behavioral and emotional problems. Children who continuously display extremely aggressive, deceitful, or destructive behavior tend to have a poorer outlook. The outlook is also worse if other mental illnesses are present. However, getting a prompt diagnosis and receiving comprehensive treatment can significantly improve your child's outlook. Once treatment is received for conduct disorder and any other underlying conditions, your child has a much better chance of considerable improvement and hope for a more successful future.

Without treatment, your child is likely to have ongoing problems. They may be unable to adapt to the demands of adulthood, which can cause them to have problems with relationships and holding a job. They're also at an increased risk for substance abuse and problems with law enforcement. Your child may even develop a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality disorder, when they reach adulthood. This is why early diagnosis and treatment are critical. The earlier your child receives treatment, the better their outlook for the future will be.

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Conduct Disorder: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

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Conduct disorder is a group of behavioral and emotional problems that usually begins during childhood or adolescence. Children and adolescents with the disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. They may display aggressive, destructive, and deceitful behaviors that can violate the rights of others.

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Complete Guide to ADHD from Child Mind Institute 

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Complete Guide to ADHD from Child Mind Institute 

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Substance-induced mood disorder is a kind of depression that is caused by using alcohol, drugs, or medications. Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder is the diagnostic name for alcohol or drug-induced depression.

Unlike the transient feelings of sadness that are normal and that everyone experiences, or even the temporary hangover or "crash" that often gets people the morning after alcohol or drug use, when substance-induced depression hits, it feels considerably worse for much longer. For some people, it involves a complete loss of interest or enjoyment in life. ​

What Is Substance-Induced Depression?

The irony of substance-induced depression is that most people take drugs to feel better, yet those same drugs make them feel worse.

When doctors or psychologists give a diagnosis of substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, they check to make sure that the depression wasn't there before the use of alcohol, drugs, or medications thought to be responsible.﻿﻿﻿ This is because there are different types of depressive disorders, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, it isn't the substance/medication-induced type of depression.

How Soon After Taking the Drug Can Depression Be Induced?

In some cases, almost immediately. There is even a category "with onset during intoxication," which means that depressive episode actually begins when the individual is high on the drug. It can also occur during withdrawal, during which symptoms of depression are common.

However, with depression which is simply a symptom of withdrawal, the person's mood will usually pick up within a few days of ceasing to take the drug, while with substance-induced depression, it can start during withdrawal, and continue or get worse as the person moves through the detox process.

Generally, the diagnosis isn't given if the person has a history of depression without substance use, or if the symptoms continue for more than a month after the person becomes abstinent from alcohol, drugs, or medication.

Which Drugs Cause Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder?

A wide variety of psychoactive substances can cause substance-induced depression. The following disorders are recognized:﻿﻿

Alcohol-induced depressive disorder

Phencyclidine-induced depressive disorder

Other hallucinogen-induced depressive disorder

Inhalant-induced depressive disorder

Opioid-induced depressive disorder

Sedative-induced depressive disorder

Hypnotic-induced depressive disorder

Anxiolytic-induced depressive disorder

Amphetamine-induced depressive disorder

Other stimulant-induced depressive disorder

Cocaine-induced depressive disorder

Other substance-induced depressive disorder

Unknown substance-induced depressive disorder

Many medications are known to cause substance-induced depression. The following disorders are recognized:

Steroid-induced depressive disorder

L-dopa-induced depressive disorder

Antibiotic-induced depressive disorder

Central nervous system drug-induced depressive disorder

Dermatological agent-induced depressive disorder

Chemotherapeutic drug-induced depressive disorder

Immunological agent-induced depressive disorder

Specific medications that have been implicated in medication-induced depression through surveillance studies, retrospective observational studies, or case reports, which are prone to difficulty in determining the actual cause, include antiviral agents (such as efavirenz), cardiovascular agents (such as clonidine, guanethidine, methyldopa, reserpine), retinoic acid derivatives (such as isotretinoin), antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anti-migraine agents (triptans), antipsychotics, hormonal agents (corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, tamoxifen), smoking cessation agents (varenicline), and immunological agents (interferon).

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How Substance Abuse Can Lead to Mood Disorders

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Substance-induced mood disorder is a kind of depression that is caused by using alcohol, drugs, or medications. Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder is the diagnostic name for alcohol or drug-induced depression. Unlike the transient feelings of sadness that are normal and that everyone experiences, or even the temporary hangover or "crash" that often gets people the morning after alcohol or drug use, when substance-induced depression hits, it feels considerably worse for much longer.

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Understanding bipolar disorder

Most people have emotional ups and downs from time to time. But if you have a brain condition called bipolar disorder, your feelings can reach abnormally high or low levels.

Sometimes you may feel immensely excited or energetic. Other times, you may find yourself sinking into a deep depression. Some of these emotional peaks and valleys can last for weeks or months.

There are four basic types of bipolar disorder:

Bipolar 1 and 2 disorders are more common than the other types of bipolar disorder. Read on to learn how these two types are alike and different.

All types of bipolar disorder are characterized by episodes of extreme mood. The highs are known as manic episodes. The lows are known as depressive episodes.

The main difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorders lies in the severity of the manic episodes caused by each type.

A person with bipolar 1 will experience a full manic episode, while a person with bipolar 2 will experience only a hypomanic episode (a period that's less severe than a full manic episode).

A person with bipolar 1 may or may not experience a major depressive episode, while a person with bipolar 2 will experience a major depressive episode.

What is bipolar 1 disorder?

You must have had at least one manic episode to be diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder. A person with bipolar 1 disorder may or may not have a major depressive episode. The symptoms of a manic episode may be so severe that you require hospital care.

Manic episodes are usually characterized by the following:

The symptoms of a manic episode tend to be so obvious and intrusive that there's little doubt that something is wrong.

What is bipolar 2 disorder?

Bipolar 2 disorder involves a major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks and at least one hypomanic episode (a period that's less severe than a full-blown manic episode). People with bipolar 2 typically don't experience manic episodes intense enough to require hospitalization.

Bipolar 2 is sometimes misdiagnosed as depression, as depressive symptoms may be the major symptom at the time the person seeks medical attention. When there are no manic episodes to suggest bipolar disorder, the depressive symptoms become the focus.

As mentioned above, bipolar 1 disorder causes mania and may cause depression, while bipolar 2 disorder causes hypomania and depression. Let's learn more about what these symptoms mean.

Mania

A manic episode is more than just a feeling of elation, high energy, or being distracted. During a manic episode, the mania is so intense that it can interfere with your daily activities. It's difficult to redirect someone in a manic episode toward a calmer, more reasonable state.

People who are in the manic phase of bipolar disorder can make some very irrational decisions, such as spending large amounts of money that they can't afford to spend. They may also engage in high-risk behaviors, such as sexual indiscretions despite being in a committed relationship.

An episode can't be officially deemed manic if it's caused by outside influences such as alcohol, drugs, or another health condition.

Hypomania

A hypomanic episode is a period of mania that's less severe than a full-blown manic episode. Though less severe than a manic episode, a hypomanic phase is still an event in which your behavior differs from your normal state. The differences will be extreme enough that people around you may notice that something is wrong.

Officially, a hypomanic episode isn't considered hypomania if it's influenced by drugs or alcohol.

Depression

Depressive symptoms in someone with bipolar disorder are like those of someone with clinical depression. They may include extended periods of sadness and hopelessness. You may also experience a loss of interest in people you once enjoyed spending time with and activities you used to like. Other symptoms include:

tiredness

irritability

trouble concentrating

changes in sleeping habits

changes in eating habits

thoughts of suicide

Scientists don't know what causes bipolar disorder. Abnormal physical characteristics of the brain or an imbalance in certain brain chemicals may be among the main causes.

As with many medical conditions, bipolar disorder tends to run in families. If you have a parent or sibling with bipolar disorder, your risk of developing it is higher. The search continues for the genes which may be responsible for bipolar disorder.

Researchers also believe that severe stress, drug or alcohol abuse, or severely upsetting experiences may trigger bipolar disorder. These experiences can include childhood abuse or the death of a loved one.

A psychiatrist or other mental health professional typically diagnoses bipolar disorder. The diagnosis will include a review of both your medical history and any symptoms you have that are related to mania and depression. A trained professional will know what questions to ask.

It can be very helpful to bring a spouse or close friend with you during the doctor's visit. They may be able to answer questions about your behavior that you may not be able to answer easily or accurately.

If you have symptoms that seem like bipolar 1 or bipolar 2, you can always start by telling your doctor. Your doctor may refer you to a mental health specialist if your symptoms appear serious enough.

A blood test may also be part of the diagnostic process. There are no markers for bipolar disorder in the blood, but a blood test and a comprehensive physical exam may help rule out other possible causes for your behavior.

Doctors usually treat bipolar disorder with a combination of medications and psychotherapy.

Mood stabilizers are often the first drugs used in treatment. You may take these for a long time.

Lithium has been a widely used mood stabilizer for many years. It does have several potential side effects. These include low thyroid function, joint pain, and indigestion. It also requires blood tests to monitor therapeutic levels of the drug as well as kidney function. Antipsychotics can be used to treat manic episodes.

Your doctor may start you on a low dose of whichever medication you both decide to use in order to see how you respond. You may need a stronger dose than what they initially prescribe. You may also need a combination of medications or even different medications to control your symptoms.

All medications have potential side effects and interactions with other drugs. If you're pregnant or you take other medications, be sure to tell your doctor before taking any new medications.

Writing in a diary can be an especially helpful part of your treatment. Keeping track of your moods, sleeping and eating patterns, and significant life events can help you and your doctor understand how therapy and medications are working.

If your symptoms don't improve or get worse, your doctor may order a change in your medications or a different type of psychotherapy.

Bipolar disorder isn't curable. But with proper treatment and support from family and friends, you can manage your symptoms and maintain your quality of life.

It's important that you follow your doctor's instructions regarding medications and other lifestyle choices. This includes:

Including your friends and family members in your care can be especially helpful.

It's also helpful to learn as much as you can about bipolar disorder. The more you know about the condition, the more in control you may feel as you adjust to life after diagnosis.

You may be able to repair strained relationships. Educating others about bipolar disorder may make them more understanding of hurtful events from the past.

Support groups, both online and in person, can be helpful for people with bipolar disorder. They can also be beneficial for your friends and relatives. Learning about others' struggles and triumphs may help you get through any challenges you may have.

The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance maintains a website that provides:

personal stories from people with bipolar disorder

contact information for support groups across the United States

information about the condition and treatments

material for caregivers and loved ones of those with bipolar disorder

The National Alliance on Mental Illness can also help you find support groups in your area. Good information about bipolar disorder and other conditions can also be found on its website.

If you've been diagnosed with bipolar 1 or bipolar 2, you should always remember that this is a condition you can manage. You aren't alone. Talk to your doctor or call a local hospital to find out about support groups or other local resources.

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Bipolar 1 vs. Bipolar 2: Know the Difference

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Bipolar 1 disorder and bipolar 2 disorder cause your feelings to hit unusual highs and lows. These emotional peaks and valleys can last for weeks or months. Learn about the differences between these common mental health conditions and what you can do for diagnosis, treatment, support options, and more.

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591?scrlybrkr=51b1f480

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Overview

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa — often simply called anorexia — is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat. They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics or enemas. They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to fear weight gain.

Anorexia isn't really about food. It's an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth.

Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over your life and can be very difficult to overcome. But with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse some of anorexia's serious complications.

Symptoms

The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

It may be difficult to notice signs and symptoms because what is considered a low body weight is different for each person, and some individuals may not appear extremely thin. Also, people with anorexia often disguise their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.

Physical symptoms

Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia may include:

Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains

Thin appearance

Abnormal blood counts

Fatigue

Insomnia

Dizziness or fainting

Bluish discoloration of the fingers

Hair that thins, breaks or falls out

Soft, downy hair covering the body

Absence of menstruation

Constipation and abdominal pain

Dry or yellowish skin

Intolerance of cold

Irregular heart rhythms

Low blood pressure

Dehydration

Swelling of arms or legs

Eroded teeth and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting

Some people who have anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia. But people with anorexia generally struggle with an abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms

Behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by:

Severely restricting food intake through dieting or fasting

Exercising excessively

Bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products

Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include:

Preoccupation with food, which sometimes includes cooking elaborate meals for others but not eating them

Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat

Denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating

Eating only a few certain "safe" foods, usually those low in fat and calories

Adopting rigid meal or eating rituals, such as spitting food out after chewing

Not wanting to eat in public

Lying about how much food has been eaten

Fear of gaining weight that may include repeated weighing or measuring the body

Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws

Complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat

Covering up in layers of clothing

Flat mood (lack of emotion)

Social withdrawal

Irritability

Insomnia

Reduced interest in sex

When to see a doctor

Unfortunately, many people with anorexia don't want treatment, at least initially. Their desire to remain thin overrides concerns about their health. If you have a loved one you're worried about, urge her or him to talk to a doctor.

If you're experiencing any of the problems listed above, or if you think you may have an eating disorder, get help. If you're hiding your anorexia from loved ones, try to find a person you trust to talk to about what's going on.

Causes

The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it's probably a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

Biological. Although it's not yet clear which genes are involved, there may be genetic changes that make some people at higher risk of developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance — all traits associated with anorexia.

Psychological. Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which causes them to think they're never thin enough. And they may have high levels of anxiety and engage in restrictive eating to reduce it.

Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to be thin, particularly among young girls.

Risk factors

Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However, boys and men have increasingly developed eating disorders, possibly related to growing social pressures.

Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. Still, people of any age can develop this eating disorder, though it's rare in those over 40. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They may also face increased peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.

Certain factors increase the risk of anorexia, including:

Genetics. Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. Those with a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who had the disorder have a much higher risk of anorexia.

Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.

Transitions. Whether it's a new school, home or job; a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia.

Complications

Anorexia can have numerous complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may occur suddenly — even when someone is not severely underweight. This may result from abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or an imbalance of electrolytes — minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in your body.

Other complications of anorexia include:

Anemia

Heart problems, such as mitral valve prolapse, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure

Bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing the risk of fractures

Loss of muscle

In females, absence of a period

In males, decreased testosterone

Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea

Electrolyte abnormalities, such as low blood potassium, sodium and chloride

Kidney problems

If a person with anorexia becomes severely malnourished, every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.

In addition to the host of physical complications, people with anorexia also commonly have other mental health disorders as well. They may include:

Depression, anxiety and other mood disorders

Personality disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Alcohol and substance misuse

Self-injury, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts

Prevention

There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians and internists) may be in a good position to identify early indicators of anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown illness. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments.

If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe dieting habits and dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier behavior or treatment options.

Feb. 20, 2018

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Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight.

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https://www.eatingrecoverycenter.com/downloads/bulimia-nervosa-fact-sheet

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Bulimia nervosa - frequently just called bulimia - is an eating disorder characterized by patterns of bingeing (consuming a large amount of food in a short period of time) and purging (eliminating calories consumed). Learn more about the signs, symptoms and health risks in this free download.

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Bulimia Nervosa Fact Sheet | Eating Recovery Center

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Bulimia nervosa - frequently just called bulimia - is an eating disorder characterized by patterns of bingeing (consuming a large amount of food in a short period of time) and purging (eliminating calories consumed). Learn more about the signs, symptoms and health risks in this free download.

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https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/types/binge-eating-disorder/

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Recurring episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time.

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Described as eating large quantities of food followed by purging behavior to rid the body of nutrients and deter weight gain.

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Trying to stay as thin as possible by routinely refusing to eat.