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color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph

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the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, causing abrupt changes from one tone to another

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Sometimes called moiré or a glitch, aliasing is a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. Aliasing can result in a number of odd visual artifacts in photos or videos.

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation. ‍

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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distortion (as by an optical instrument or television receiver) in which the image of a straight line appears to be curved convexly toward the axis

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a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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an adopted term for the image sensor format approximately the size of the now-defunct Advanced Photo System film negative classic, of 25.1×16.7 mm, with an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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The sensor is the physical rectangle in the centre of your DSLR camera that reads the image from the lens. Generally, the larger the sensor, the more light and detail you are able to capture and the higher your image quality will be. A full-frame camera has a sensor the size of a 35 mm film camera (24 mm x 36 mm).

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“Crop factor” is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame (see below). You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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A Byte is 8 Bits, eight 0s/1s.

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Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted. Pablo Picasso.

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Minimalist photography is a form of photography that is distinguished by extreme, austere simplicity. It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects in the composition process.

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Pop art, short for "popular art," emerged in the mid-to-late-1950s as a movement influenced by American pop culture. It transforms portraits and everyday objects into colorful collages, comic book elements, duotone silhouettes, and often a mix of all of the above.

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The avant-garde is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It is frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability.

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Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself.

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Appropriation is the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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Still life photography is a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. Similar to still life painting, it is the application of photography to the still life artistic style.

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Commercial photography, or advertising photography, is used to promote and market products or services. Commercial photographers take pictures of products or subjects for a variety of commercial purposes. For commercial shoots, the photographer works within brand guidelines and an approved shot list.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms. When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.

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A histogram is a graphical representation of data points organized into user-specified ranges. Similar in appearance to a bar graph, the histogram condenses a data series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light.

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Cross processing is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of C-22 and E-4.

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They look like bees' honeycomb (hence being known as honeycomb grids) and are great for helping to make a beam of light that is soft but focused. Grids are especially useful if you want your subject relatively close to your background with your subject well-lit but not the background.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash

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A softbox is a light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Softboxes are commonly used in photography as a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows.

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A monolight is used to illuminate a large scene, be it a studio, a venue, an arena, or any setting in between. You can use a monolight to add to the natural light in an outdoor scene as well.

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Catch light or catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. They are also referred to as eye lights or Obies, the latter a reference to Merle Oberon, for whom the light was invented by then husband and cinematographer, Lucien Ballard.

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Curves provides more customized contrast control than Levels. Levels provides enhancement of contrast only by setting highlight and shadow points. Curves allows you to adjust contrast by setting and positioning control points along the entire tonal range.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. It features a number of small bulbs forming a circle or just one circular fluorescent bulb. When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes.

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Tilt-shift photography is a creative and unique type of photography in which the camera is manipulated so that a life-sized location or subject looks like a miniature-scale model

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The ambrotype is a photographic process on glass introduced in the early 1850s. The ambrotype quickly grew in popularity because it maintained the image clarity of the daguerreotype—an earlier process on silver-plated copper invented in 1839—but was faster and cheaper to produce.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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The photogravure is an intaglio print process that was sometimes used to produce high-quality reproductions of photographs in ink. A positive transparency of a photographic image is used to control the etching of a specially prepared metal plate.

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The cyanotype process uses a mixture of iron compounds, which when exposed to UV light and washed in water oxidise to create Prussian Blue images. The technique was invented in 1841 by Sir JohnHerschel and was popularised by photographer and botanist Anna Atkins.May 24, 2020

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Chlorophyll's job in a plant is to absorb light—usually sunlight. The energy absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules. Through photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert carbon dioxide (absorbed from the air) and water into glucose, a type of sugar.Jul 15, 2022

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Split lighting is a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. This splitting effect is achieved by a light source that is perpendicular to the subject illuminating directly from one specific side.

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Description: Loop lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek. It is a slightly directional lighting pattern - the light is not flat, but the face is still mostly illuminated.

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In cinematography, butterflies are structures on which materials are mounted so to control lighting in a scene or photograph. Materials commonly used on butterflies include: flags, nets, and diffusions for the purposes of blocking, dimming, and scattering light respectively.

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Broad lighting is a type of lighting setup where the area of a subject's face that is facing the camera is lit more brightly. The term “broad lighting” comes from lighting the broad side of a subject's face. It is also on of the typical photography lighting setups for shooting portraits.Jul 25, 2021

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What is short lighting? Short lighting is a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion.

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.Oct 4, 2020

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Visual weight is a measure of the force that an element exerts to attract the eye. Two-dimensional objects can attract attention. The more an element attracts the eye, the greater its visual weight.

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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program. The resulting image is referred to as the render.

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Linear Perspective - By using either 1 point perspective, 2 point perspective, or 3 point perspective, an artist can create the illusion of space. Linear perspective is a drawing method that uses lines to draw objects in space.

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vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Scanography (also spelled scannography), more commonly referred to as scanner photography, is the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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Typography is communication composed in type. Photography is the visual presentation of what can be optically apprehended. ​Typophoto is the visually most exact rendering of communication.

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"New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape" was a groundbreaking exhibition of contemporary landscape photography held at the George Eastman House's International Museum of Photography from October 1975 to February 1976.

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Solargraphy is the art of long exposure photography that captures of the image of the sun moving across the sky. These exposures can last days, months, even years.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display (LCD) immediately after capture.

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A nifty fifty is an excellent walk-around lens, ideal for capturing candid moments, making it a favourite for street photography (guide). When it comes to shooting people, it's less intimidating and intrusive than a large, pretentious zoom, and can make your subject more relaxed.

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A 'tog' is a UK industry standard name used for measuring the warmth of a duvet. The higher the tog rating, the warmer the duvet.

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When a photoshop file has hundreds of unnamed layers

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Definition: Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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Dust bunnies are small clumps of dust that form under furniture and in corners that are not cleaned regularly. They are made of hair, lint, flakes of dead skin, spider webs, dust, and sometimes light rubbish and debris and are held together by static electricity and felt-like entanglement.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain.

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In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer, cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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Description: In photography, tethered shooting is the process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer. The benefit of tethered shooting is that it allows you to check images on a large screen while you're shooting.

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Infrared photography refers to a special type of photography using films or sensors that have infrared light sensitivity. By using infrared light in a photograph one can add special effects, like false colors, to photographs.

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Composite portraiture is a technique invented by Sir Francis Galton in the 1880s after a suggestion by Herbert Spencer for registering photographs of human faces on the two eyes to create an "average" photograph of all those in the photographed group.

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Lifestyle photography is a style of portrait photography that aims to capture real-life situations in an artistic manner. The purpose of this type of photography is to share people's stories through candid, unstaged scenes.

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Urbex is a subfield of architecture photography, which takes many different forms. Mostly, it is about exploring the urban habitat and the countless exciting places within it. This usually involves entering abandoned buildings such as old factories, derelict residences or other urban ruins.

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Astrophotography involves taking photographs of the night sky or deep space objects. This can involve simple star trails, pictures of the moon, the milky way or other celestial objects or deep space images of objects such as nebulae or galaxies.

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An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces. Although there are various types available on the market, the most popular is the circular model, partly as it can fit easily onto the end of virtually any camera lens

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Chromatic aberration, also known as color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often, it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast between light and dark objects, such as a black wall in front of a bright blue sky.

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As the name suggests, mirrorless cameras capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body. This is different from DSLR cameras, which reflect images into viewfinders via mirrors. Instead, mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally.

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Watermarking is the process of superimposing a logo or piece of text atop a document or image file, and it's an important process when it comes to both the copyright protection and marketing of digital works.

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Clamshell lighting is when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect. Though usually achieved by using studio strobes, it can also be achieved using constant studio lights.

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Doubleback lighting, which I also found to be called as “badger” lighting is a creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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High-key lighting reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas. Alternatively, low-key lighting has greater contrast between the dark and light areas of the image with a majority of the scene in shadow.

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Low-key lighting is a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect. Traditional photographic lighting uses a key light, a fill light and a back light for illumination.

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High-key lighting reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas. Alternatively, low-key lighting has greater contrast between the dark and light areas of the image with a majority of the scene in shadow.

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the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.

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What is an IPS Monitor? (IPS Monitor Technology) IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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Anamorphic lenses squeeze visual information on the recording medium to create a wider aspect ratio for viewers. This cinematic technique results in a widescreen format and can create visual effects, such as horizontal lens flares.

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ATGNI stands for All the Gear, No Idea. ATGNI is defined as All the Gear, No Idea

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In the visual arts, gradation is the technique of gradually transitioning from one hue to another, or from one shade to another, or one texture to another. Space, distance, atmosphere, volume, and curved or rounded forms are some of the visual effects created with gradation.

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Professional photographers use a technique called focus stacking to portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus, essentially mimicking a greater depth of field without any loss of definition.

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The Sunny f16 rule states that, on sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value. This means that if you are at, say, aperture f/16 and ISO 100, your shutter speed should be 1/100 seconds. This is one of the easiest photography rules to remember.

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The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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Photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organisation of forms which give that event its proper expression.

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The phrase “grip and rip” means exactly the same thing as “spray and pray”. It means to set your camera in a fast burst mode,

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A toy camera is an inexpensive camera made almost entirely out of plastic, including the lens. They are usually made in China or the former Soviet Union. The Diana, LOMO and Holga are typically the cameras most associated with the term.

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The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing. Subject matter is often presented without apparent link from image-to-image and relying instead on juxtaposition and disjunction between individual photographs.

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=A darkroom technique to create surreal images, which is made by re-exposing a partially developed print to light during the processing. Margaret Bourke White is famous for her photographic essays of WWII.

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The international movement known as Pictorialism represented both a photographic aesthetic and a set of principles about photography's role as art. Pictorialists believed that photography should be understood as a vehicle for personal expression on par with the other fine arts.

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Working of femto camera

The pulses from the laser illuminate the object and also trigger the streak tube, which captures light coming from the object. The streak camera has a reasonable field of view in the horizontal direction but very narrow (roughly equivalent to one scan line) in the vertical dimension.

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the art of taking photos with analog cameras marketed by The Lomographic Society International, the word is being increasingly used to describe any photography that uses cheap and quirky cameras.

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Incident meter reading. The second method of measuring the light is called incident metering. This is where you use a handheld light meter to measure the amount of light falling on the subject. It is not affected by the brightness or tonality of the subject and will give you a more accurate reading right off the bat.