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Punctuation is a system of symbols used to separate written sentences and parts of sentences to clarify their meaning. Each symbol is called a "punctuation mark".

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It is necessary to know how to write a text, think: if a person, who is talking about something, makes so many stops where they don't have to, other people won't understant what he or she is trying to say. So, the same happens with wtitten text, a message, without a correct punctuation, will transmit an incorrect idea.

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In english there are 14 punctuation marks

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In english there are 14 punctuation marks

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1- Period (.)
2- Question marks (?)
3- Exclamation point (!)
4- Comma (,)
5- Semicolon (;)
6- Colon (:)
7- Dash (-)
8- Hypen (·)
9- Parentheses ( )
10- Brackets [ ]
11- Braces { }
12- Apostrophe (')
13- Quotation marks ('' '')
14- Ellipsis (...)

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PUNCTUATION 📚 | English Grammar | How to use punctuation correctly

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History of translation and interpretation

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History of translation and interpretation

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Many people enjoy baking their pets and friends too.

Explanation: In this example, a comma is needed after baking and pets. The correct form of the sentences is: many people enjoy baking, their pets, and friends too.

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Jane my sister is coming to the party tonight.

Explanation: A comma is needed, it should go after the name Jane to avoid think that jane is the sister, the correct way to use the commas would be: Jane, my sister is coming to the party tonight.

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The school celebrated it´s tenth anniversary.

Explanation: in this case, there should be no apostrophe in the word it's. the correct way would be: The school celebrated its tenth anniversary.

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It´s a man eating a tiger.

Explanation: a hyphen is missing between man and eating, the correct form would be: it´s a man-eating a tiger.

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Visit reason unable to eat diarrhea.

Explanation: In this example, two punctuation marks are missing: a colon and a comma, the colon should come after reason and the comma should come after eat, the correct way would be: visit reason: unable to eat, diarrhea.

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From the Tower of Babel to the Age of the Internet, translators and interpreters have had a seat at the table in every major event in history

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Interpreting is known to exist since ancient times despite the limited existing information sources in this field.  The first mention of this profession dates back to the third millennium A.C. and is found in many inscriptions on the Elephantine Princes’ funeral monuments.

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Pope Damascus I commissions biblical scholar and ascetic priest Jerome to produce a revised Latin Bible. The Vulgate (from the Latin vulgata, meaning “commonly used”) becomes the preferred text of the Roman Catholic Church for centuries to come. Today, Saint Jerome is held as the patron saint of translators and scholars.

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The History of Simultaneous Interpretation; Interpretation is the rendering of one spoken or sign language into another spoken or sign language, such as Spanish to French, English to Arabic, or American Sign Language to English. Translation Excellence offers a number of interpretation services, including Court Certification Interpretation, simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation, web and video interpretation, and phone interpretation.

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Modern Age

During the Modern Age, interpreters in Spain played an important role in the great discoveries of the 15 th  and 16 th  centuries. It should also be noted that already established rules existed from the 16 th  and 17 th centuries onwards for interpreters living on the American continent, while the first Royal Order applicable to the Iberian Peninsula did not appear until 1783.

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Middle Ages

Interpreting in the Middle Ages was developed in translation schools like the School of Translators in Toledo, in which they frequently produced oral versions of their translations. During the Crusades, the intervention of interpreters became necessary to the point that there are experts that consider this moment as the birth of modern diplomatic interpreting. These interpreters were given the name dragomen.

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Aniela Zagórska, a Polish translator, rendered into Polish nearly all the works of Joseph Conrad, a famous Polish-British novelist writing in English.

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The Appearance of Conference Interpreters According to Baigorri in his book La Interpretation de conferencias: el nacimiento de una profesión. De París a Nuremberg, interpreting as a profession experienced an important qualitative leap at the beginning of the 20 th  century with the appearance of a new figure: the conference interpreter, a mode that arose from the geopolitical

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The Nuremberg Trials mark the beginning of simultaneous interpretation as the standard for diplomatic conferences. With the exception of the 1927 International Labour Conference in Geneva, interpreters had worked consecutively, listening to a speech and reproducing it in the target language in manageable chunks. After World War II, however, time was of the essence, and the goal of conducting “fair and expeditious trials” led to interpreters using headsets and microphones to work almost in real-time.

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In Spanish there are 15 punctuation marks

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In Spanish there are 15 punctuation marks

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1- Coma (,)

2- Punto y coma (;)

3- Dos puntos (:)

4- Punto final (.)

5- Puntos suspensivos (...)

6- Principio de interrogación (¿)

7- Fin de interrogación (?)

8- Principio de admiración (¡)

9- Fin de admiración (!)

10- Paréntesis ( )

11- Diéresis o crema ( ¨ )

12- Comillas (« »; ")

13- Guión (-)

14- Raya (-)

15- Dos rayas ( = )

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10- Now in the modern era of machine translation

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10- Now in the modern era of machine translation

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The last 50 years have seen progress in the translation and interpretation professions, with important gains both in assuring due process for the people in need of such services and in improving the livelihood of linguists. The current pandemic has made remote interpretation a matter of necessity, with our performance sometimes dependent on our internet connection. Remote interpretation also raises questions about human rights, confidentiality, and ethics.