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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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35 mm film is a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography. As such, films and printing papers available for analog photography rarely rely on any other chemical process to record an image.

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A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.

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A public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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A building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

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Line is a point that continues; it implies motion. Lines are open and lead the eyes into a photograph or to an interesting point of the photo.

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What is Shape Photography? In basic words, shape defines a flat, enclosed area of space. Shapes are constructed with colors and lines, but all shapes are limited to two dimensions, i.e., width and length. Shape photography is the two-dimensional appearance of objects as your camera captures them.

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Color photography is photography that uses media capable of capturing and reproducing colors. By contrast, black-and-white or gray-monochrome photography records only a single channel of luminance (brightness) and uses media capable only of showing shades of gray.

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What Is Texture in Photography? In photography, texture is the visual depiction of variations in the color, shape, and depth of an object's surface.

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Value in photography describes the range of light in your image. Altering the light in a photo is how you create contrast.

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Form refers to when shape takes on three dimensions. Form is created by shadows and highlights on an object in the photograph. You can see in these two photos how shape becomes form when light hits the subject.

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The rule of space in photography is simply the act of adding visual space in front of the direction that an object is moving, looking or pointing to imply motion and direction and to lead the eye of the viewer.

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What is balance in photography? Balance is a composition technique that arranges elements within the frame to achieve equal visual weight across the image. The visual weight of an element essentially measures how much attraction it draws from the viewer.

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Variety is about varying elements and objects in your image, to avoid making them boring. Variety can also be varying your angles, exposure, composition, etc., to get a few different looks to the same image.

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What is Pattern in Photography? Pattern in Photography is a regularity within a scene. It's elements of the scene that repeat themselves in a predictable way. Pattern can be found everywhere and is commonly seen within shapes, colours or textures.

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Proportion in photography is usually comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole. We generally think of comparing size when talking about proportion. By comparing the size of one object to another, it can give more or less importance to it.

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What is movement in photography? Movement in photography simply refers to elements of a photo that are moving (or appear to be moving). So you might portray movement by capturing an image of a skateboarder in the air, or a car driving on the street, or a person running on the sidewalk.

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Unity. Unity describes the visual relationship between elements in a photograph. It helps create a cohesive image. Using similar colours or tones, concepts or elements cultivates a sense of unity.

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Emphasis draws viewers into your image and holds them there long enough to tell your story. It adds visual weight to your main subject and tells viewers what to focus on.

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Radial balance is a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point. This way, they create an even pattern, adding depth and visual movement to the picture. It can help bring the viewer's eyes to a subject placed in the centre.

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The dictionary states “the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.” In photography symmetry appears when parts of your composition mirror other parts. It is created when two halves of your scene look the same and balance each other out.

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side. But those visual elements balance out each other. This means that an asymmetrical photo still follows the rules of composition.

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For the purposes of a 'juxtaposition in photography' definition, we can say that juxtaposition photography involves combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image.

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Abstract photography consists of images created using photography materials and equipment that don't have an immediate association with the physical world. Abstract photographers use perspective, movement, and light to transform the world we see into an unexpected, often unrecognizable image.

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cool colors include green, blue, and violet.

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Warm colors include red, orange, and yellow

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting. Examples of neutral colors include beige, taupe, gray, cream, brown, black, and white. While neutral colors are not on the color wheel, they complement primary and secondary colors.

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Colors facing each other are known as being complementary, which essentially means that the two colors are opposites, and when mixed in the proper proportion, they produce a neutral color (grey, white, or black).

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Monochrome photography is any photography that utilizes differing amounts of light instead of different colors to capture and represent images.

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An image gradient is a directional change in the intensity or color in an image. The gradient of the image is one of the fundamental building blocks in image processing.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area. Constructive criticism should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open. While there are other forms of composition, the rule of thirds generally leads to compelling and well-composed shots.

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Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image.

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The photograph is divided into nine rectangles along two horizontal and vertical lines according to the golden ratio. This is commonly known as a phi grid. The image is then composed with important elements along the lines and at their intersections.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject. The viewer's eyes may be drawn to a central figure, but they can't help noticing the large section of emptiness that surrounds and defines that figure.

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Simply put, positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject. The latter acts as breathing room for your eyes. Too little negative space results in cluttered and busy photographs with every element in the photo screaming for the viewer's attention.

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Backlight in photography involves positioning the main light source for a photograph behind the primary subject.

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something.

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Ambient light is any light a photographer or cinematographer did not bring to the shoot.

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Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which literally means “light-dark” in Italian.

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A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background.

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast.

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A triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together.

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An orthophoto, orthophotograph, orthoimage or orthoimagery is an aerial photograph or satellite imagery geometrically corrected ("orthorectified") such that the scale is uniform: the photo or image follows a given map projection

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel).

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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F-stop is the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera. The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera lens, and it's measured in f-stops.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.

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Depth of field in a photo refers to the distance between the closest and farthest objects that appears acceptably sharp. Depth of field differs based on camera type, aperture, and focusing distance. In addition, the viewing distance and print size can contribute to the perception of depth of field.

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion. These light-sensitive silver halides change into pure metallic silver when exposed to light, which is how an image is captured on film. So, grain is an inherent part of a film image.

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Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise.

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Pincushion distortion is where straight lines bend or “pinch” inward from the center of the image. Usually pincushion distortion happens at the telephoto end (ie. 200mm) of a zoom lens such as a 70-200mm lens. It can actually be great for portraits because it can make people look thinner than they are!

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Plagiarism of images is really no different than plagiarism of words, music, or any original work. Copying an image from a book or the internet without citing the original source

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Photography ethics are the principles that guide how we take and share photographs. Photography ethics are subjective, contextual, and fluid, meaning that every person's ethics will be different, because ethics are based on a person's life experience and values.

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The function of a photographic objective is to image light from more or less distant objects to some image plane, where either a photographic film or an electronic image sensor is placed.

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Subjective photography is the creative or artistic process. The aim is to make a personal interpretation, a composition to capture and create an image with style. The photograph may be of anything, an individual or group of people, objects, location or a landscape.

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The Copyright Act protects a wide variety of photographic works. This category includes photographs that are created with a camera and captured in a digital file or other visual medium such as film. Examples include color photos, black and white photos, and similar types of images.

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When your photos include a third-party's copyrighted or trademarked work in the image, you may be violating intellectual property rights.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot.

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Manual mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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Aperture priority is a shooting mode in DSLRs, mirrorless and some compact cameras. In Aperture Priority, the photographer manually chooses the desired aperture value, and the camera then picks the required shutter speed and ISO value

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Shutter priority, also called time value, refers to a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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Photography terms explained. Program mode is marked by 'P' on your camera's mode dial and is one of the Creative Zone modes, though one with the least control over your exposure settings. In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

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Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down, not sad

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Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image.

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Monopods are similar to tripods, albeit with 1/3 the leg in that they usually use a quick release plate to affix the camera to a head that is screwed into the leg

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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Bulb mode simply allows the photographer to take a picture for as long as the shutter is depressed (that means pushed down, not sad…). You can use bulb mode by choosing manual mode or shutter priority, then start scrolling your selector wheel all the way to the end of the shutter speeds.

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Motion blur is a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image. “It gives us the ability to see things in a way that we can't on our own,” says photographer Chris Sidla.

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position. This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white.

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Whereas multi-segment or multi-zone metering takes exposure readings from across the whole image frame, in spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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With center-weighted average metering, the whole scene is taken into consideration, but a priority is given to what's at the center of the metered scene. Personally, I usually like to set my meter to a mode of spot or center-weighted average, which both work well with portraits.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Midtones are the areas of an image that are neither bright nor dark. Highlights refer to the bright parts of an image, and the shadows are the dark parts.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black.

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A shadow is the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source. With front light, the shadow falls behind the subject. When side lit, it appears on the opposite side that's lit.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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Autofocus (AF) points are what you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image. When you look through your viewfinder, these are the rectangles or circles that you see. There are different types of AF points: vertical or horizontal, and cross-type.

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In photography, bracketing is the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings.

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The exposure meter indicates the level of light reaching the sensor. Too much light results in over exposure which gives you a photo that is too light and lacking detail. Too little light results in under exposure which gives you a photo that is too dark and again, lacking detail.