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The study of how the body works

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The study of the body structure

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Gross anatomy
- large structures
- easy to see

Microscopic anatomy
- tiny
- can ONLY be seen with a microscope

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1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissue
5. Organs
6. Organ systems
7. Organism

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Integumentary
- skin
- protects inners of the body
- Vitamin D
- nerves

Skeletal:
- supports organs
- blood cell formation
- minerals
- movement with muscles

Muscular:
- movement
- heat
- posture

Nervous:
- activates muscles
- change response
- control system acts fast

Endocrine:
- not bird
- grow
- reproduce
- metabolism
- hormones

Cardiovascular:
- waste out
- nutrients in
- carbon dioxide and oxygen
- materials pumped into body from blood and heart

Lymphatic:
- debris go
- immune system
- returns fluid to blood vessels

Respiratory:
- keeps blood supply with oxygen
- carbon dioxide out

Digestive:
- breaks down food
- nutrients to the blood
- waste material out

Urinary:
- nitrogenous waste out
- maintain acid and base balance
- regulation of water, electrolytes, ph

Reproductive:
- produce offspring

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keeps internal environment separate from external environment

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direction of substances and locomotion

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ability to sense changes and react quick

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chemical reactions in the body produce energy and make body structures

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waste from metabolic reactions leave

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new cells for growth and repair and making a new generation

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increase in cell size and number

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chemicals used for cell building and energy
- carbs
- protein
- lipids
- minerals
- vitamins

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needed for chemical reactions and the release of nutrients

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60-80% of body weight
provides for metabolic reactions

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- stable body pressure
- atmospheric pressure

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-stable internal environment=dynamic state of equilibrium
- maintained for normal body function
- imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis=disease

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too much: kidney stones, urination, belly pain, nausea
too little: bone mass loss

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too much: hypoxemia or hypoxia
too little: cells die
NEEDED FOR RESPIRATION IN THE MIDTOCHONDRIA

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too much: hypertension
too little: hypotension

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too little: hypoglycemia
too much: hyperglycemia
HORMONE PRODUCED BY PANCREAS

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too little; hyponatremia
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP: generated electrical impulses needed for nerve signals

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- body communicates through neural and hormonal control ssystems-

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RECEPTOR-->INTEGRATOR-->EFFECTOR

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negative: most homeostatic control mechanisms
positive: increases original stimulus

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special terms to prevent misunderstanding
- position
- direction
- regions
- structures

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Superior: Toward the head

Inferior: away from the head

Anterior: toward the front

Posterior: toward the back

Medial: toward or at the middle

Lateral: away from the middle

Intermediate: between medial and lateral

Proximal: close to the origin of the body

Distal: further away from the origin of the body

Superficial: toward the body surface

Deep: in the body

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Anterior

Nasal, Pelvic, Femoral, Fibular, Pubic

Posterior

Pedal, cervical gluteal, back

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Median: Mid Sagittal vertical cut head to the pelvic region

Frontal: cut front and back apart

Transverse: inside of the banana is showing

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Thoracic cavity: pleural cavity - lungs

Superior mediastinum

Pericardial cavity- heart

Abdominal cavity- stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, adrenal glands

Pelvic cavity- reproductive organs, urinary bladder, colon, rectum

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Cranial cavity-brain

Vertebral cavity- spinal cord

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Serous membranes: filled with watery fluid that lines organs

- Pleura: the membrane that lines the cavity which covers the lungs in the thoracic cavity

- Pericardium: the membrane that lines the pericardial vanity which covers the heart in the mediastinum

- Peritoneum: the membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the organs that fill the abdominopelvic cavity
- Two layers: visceral and parietal