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Reading Comprehension for Kids | How to Read for Meaning

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Do your ESL students sometimes struggle to understand what they've read?

Reading comprehension is notoriously difficult for students to learn and for teachers to teach. You have to make it interesting and effective. Otherwise, your students will lose interest and get discouraged from reading in English altogether.

In this post, I've compiled 22 awesome and effective ESL reading comprehension activities that your students will surely enjoy. Some are straightforward, while others require a bit of preparation prior to the main activity.

Contents

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

1. Pick the Right Word: Which Is It?

Most ESL reading activities designed to test comprehension look like this:
Sarah went to the (beach/park). There, she met a friend who went to (science class/summer camp) two years ago.
You can usually find exercises like this for free on K12Reader.com and Mr. Nussbaum.com, so you don't need to spend time making them on your own.

They're rather cut-and-dry as far as exercises go, but if you're new to giving out ESL reading comprehension activities or are looking for a safe option, you can always fall back on this one.

2. Picture Quiz: Brown Bear, What Do You See?

If you're looking for a more creative version of "Pick the Right Word," you can also craft an ESL reading comprehension activity that doesn't necessarily involve words and sentences (as strange as that might sound).

Instead of giving students two options to choose from or having them fill in the blanks, you can give them a bunch of pictures and have them do some matching.

Using the example above ( Sarah went to the (beach/park) ...), you can label several pictures as A, B, C and D. Picture A can be a beach, Picture B can be a park and so on. Students can then sort through the pictures, and write the correct letter corresponding to the correct image in the blank space.

3. Connect the Dots: This Word Goes With That Picture

Alternatively, you could also use "Connect the Dots" for the same exercise above. This works especially well with younger ESL learners, who'll be more appreciative of colorful pictures accompanying their learning activities.

Feel free to throw in an irrelevant picture or two to make the activity a tad more tricky and interesting. It'll also more accurately gauge whether your students actually understand the answers they're giving out or are just guessing them.

4. Sequence: Putting Humpty Dumpty Back Together

Nursery rhymes like "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall" are engaging for ESL learners of any age.

For this activity, use pictures to retell the story and help your students remember the main plot points, characters and events of the text.
Preparation

Create copies of two stories. Make sure each is single-spaced and printed on a separate piece of paper. Label each story "Story 1" and "Story 2."

Make a worksheet of a bunch of pictures (related to the stories you've created) labeled with either numbers or letters. Make sure there are spaces or lines immediately below the pictures where your students can write their answers. Depending on your class's level, you can turn the labeling exercise into the perfect drill for practicing spelling and sentence construction.

Activity
If you need some inspiration for fantastic picture reading comprehension worksheets, try ESlFlow.com. There are also some interesting picture worksheets on Cal.org that focus specifically on health literacy for ESL adults.

You'll probably find that it's easier and more fun to find a story online, and download images from Google to make your own picture stories.

5. Story Retelling: Showtime!

Story retelling involves reading a text or story and then acting it out to other students. If you have students who love role play, they'll enjoy this one and similar activities.

Choose from any of these short stories for ESL students, print them out and make enough copies for the whole class.

Divide students into small groups. Make sure the size of each group matches the number of characters in the stories you're handing out.

Give each group a different story that they'll need to act out in front of the class.

Prepare (or have your students prepare) a list of short answers/multiple choice/true or false questions to engage the audience and evaluate how well the actors captured the events of the story.

Once everything is set, it's showtime!

6. Cause and Effect: Who Solves the Mystery?

Cause and effect questions help students think outside the box and better understand the ripple effect of events.

Text materials that have a mysterious plot or historical background are excellent choices, because they require students to understand the context of the mystery, the clues and the characters to fully appreciate the thrills of crime solving.

For example, you can read this interesting crime scene together with your students in class. Your objective with this activity is to answer the final question: Why isn't Inspector Coderre satisfied with Ms. Webb's version of the event?

Divide students into groups.

Create a cause and effect map to capture the first part of Ms. Webb's testimony, which ends right before the sentence, "The inspector was very sympathetic and told her that it was very natural to not want to damage somebody's property." For example, you can write something like "(effect) Ms. Webb could see the study room → it was well-lit. (cause)" or "(cause) Ms. Webb broke a small window → to get into the house. (effect)" It doesn't matter how you order the cause and effect-the point is to help students notice details in the story and make an effective analysis.

Ask the students to identify the part of the testimony that made the detective lose his sympathy. Analyze that testimonial section with another cause and effect chart. Do they notice any inconsistencies?

Discuss the students' findings in class or in small groups.

7. Following Directions: It's a Treasure Hunt!

You don't have to limit ESL reading comprehension activities to short stories. You can also facilitate hands-on activities to encourage your students to read, such as this treasure hunt game.
Preparation

Create a map. It can be hand-drawn or printed. Give unique names to the basic geographic features of the classroom/schoolyard, so students can navigate the "rainforest" or "dark caves" without getting lost.

Put together a clue sheet to help locate the treasure. It should be filled with hints, codes and even secret messages for students to decode. For example, if you hid a diamond playing card on the third shelf of a bookcase in the corner, you can give the following clue: It stands in a corner with lots of pages for you to read. The diamond is on the third floor and right under a fairy tale.

Activity

Hide different treasures (cards, small balls and beanies) in the classroom or schoolyard.

Divide your students into groups.

Give them the map and clue sheet to locate the treasure.

The first group that finds their treasure wins the game. But they're always welcome to join other teams to help them find their treasures, too!

8. Multiple-choice: Get It Right!

Multiple-choice is a classic, wonderful way to ease your students into new material. It's also excellent for building much-needed confidence before moving on to more challenging ways of checking reading comprehension.

You'll want to use "scaling" in your multiple choice questions-i.e., making each question slightly more difficult than the one before it. This way, your students will be challenged just enough to keep going.

To get started:

9. Short Answers: A Story Within a Story

In this activity, your aim is to get students to dig deeper beneath the surface of what they're reading. You want them to go beyond answering questions about the events and characters in the story, and talk about related topics as well.

For example, if a short story features lovers who are of the same gender, the students might want to formulate short answers about the concept of homosexuality. (Of course, if this is a taboo topic in the area where you're teaching, or your students aren't at the level where they can talk about such topics yet, you may want to pick an easier subject that's less emotionally charged or controversial.)

There are a lot of ways to go about this activity. You can:

Give students time to read the story in class.

Assign the story as homework.

Pair students up, and have them develop short answers together.

Have pairs read their short answers to other pairs.

10. Vocabulary Focus: Show and Tell

This exercise is a great way to put some of your students' newly learned words to good use. Plus, you don't have to search far for new words-the ones that appear in the assigned reading will do.

All you have to do is:

Pair students up.

Have them underline key words in the target text.

Have them look up any words they don't know.

Have students present their vocabulary terms to their classmates.

11. Decoding Idioms: Guess What the Phrase Means

Decoding phrases, especially idioms, can be tricky for most students. That's why it's a good idea to devote an entire activity to this concept alone.
Preparation

Scan the assigned or target text for idioms that may be difficult to decode based on context alone.

Compile these words and phrases, and print them on a worksheet.

Activity

Ask your students to read the collection of phrases, and have them write down or discuss what they think the phrases mean. Be careful not to use too many phrases, or you'll bore the life out of your students and discourage them from reading the assigned or target text further.

Once everyone is done, explain the phrases to the students. If you speak your students' mother tongue, you can also judiciously use the bilingual method of teaching English. Ask them if they have similar idioms in their language.

Challenge your students to write sentences using the new idioms, either in class or for homework. This allows you to check for comprehension and tweak accordingly.

12. Question Time: Prep for the Real Work

Often, ESL reading activities involve answering questions after the text has been read. For this activity, it'll be the other way around.

Pre-reading questions are great for reading comprehension because:

They orient the reader to the genre, topic and purpose of the text.

They allow the reader to activate their knowledge of related vocabulary, and glean the key words and phrases they should seek to understand in the reading.

They provide a focus for the reading of the text, so students know what information is important and what isn't.

They save a ton of time during reading comprehension tests.

Encourage your students to underline key words and phrases, and make notes and translations where necessary. This will help them avoid the common error of not answering the question as it's written on the paper. A little time spent going over their notes here can improve the overall accuracy and relevance of their answers.

13. Read and Repeat: Get Pronunciation Down Pat

Reading comprehension work gives you an excellent opportunity to get in some pronunciation activities for your ESL students. These will enhance their speaking and listening skills all at once.

For example, when working on a text in class, you can:

Read a sentence in the target text.

Have the students repeat the sentence after you, paying close attention to their pronunciation.

If you notice anything off about their pronunciation, give them gentle feedback.

Once you've worked through the entire piece, have the students read it back to you paragraph by paragraph. Again, take the opportunity to correct where necessary.

14. Paragraph Summary: Tell It Another Way

Similar to the short answer activity discussed earlier, paragraph summary activities can challenge your students and help them develop their unique English voices.

This activity could be done post-reading, but it's also an excellent way to ensure comprehension as you work through the text with your students.

Put students in groups.

Give them the text as you usually would.

Encourage your students to take notes, annotate and underline as they go. Ask them to talk about any personal connections that they have to the topic(s), or to put themselves in the shoes of someone featured in the text. Students will benefit from relating what they've learned to their own lives.

At the end of a paragraph (or suitable portion of the text), have the students summarize what they've read in their own words. They should be instructed to write it out in no more than four or five sentences. Encourage them to use different words and sentence constructions.

Have them present their summaries to the class. The presentations can last from 30 seconds to a minute each.

Answer any questions that arise.

15. Quiz Writing and Giving: Stump Your Classmates

A fun post-reading activity is to have a quiz based on the reading comprehension text.

Students generally get lots of opportunities to answer questions in class, but not as many to ask them. Try checking their comprehension by having them ask their classmates questions about the passage they've read.

I'll go into the specific quiz formats later, but the activity will generally go like this:

Put students in groups.

Have them create a quiz for the other groups.

Have the groups grade the quizzes.

Discuss the quiz questions and answers as a class.

The quizzes don't have to be in the usual pen-and-paper format. They can also come in the form of an:

Oral quiz. This gives the students an opportunity to use their new vocabulary in speech.

Game show quiz. Set up a game resembling "Jeopardy!," or choose from any other famous TV game show to model your quiz on.

16. True or False: Give Me a Thumbs-up (Or Down)

True or false is yet another standard classroom activity that can be made fun for your ESL classroom.

Take your featured text, and create a good number of "yes or no" questions about it. Each question should be relatively simple, covering the main topic, events, themes, characters and anything else described in the text.

Read the questions out loud while students follow along on a worksheet. Have the students respond to the statements by giving a thumbs-up for a true statement or a thumbs-down for a false statement. This allows you to easily spot the students who are struggling to understand the piece and support them accordingly.

For longer and more complex pieces, you can review the true or false statements at the end of each paragraph or page, instead of the end like you would with simpler pieces.

17. Puzzle Making: Cut and Paste

This could be done as a pre- or post-reading activity and works best in groups.

Photocopy the passage, and cut it into pieces. Chunks of one or two paragraphs are best.

Get your students to put the reading together.

You could also do a cloze reading exercise like so:

From the reading, choose topic sentences that you want your students to work on.

Using your word processor software (like Microsoft Word or Google Docs), type or copy-and-paste the topic sentences into a blank page.

From the sentences, cut the words you want your students to work on, and paste them at the bottom of the page. Replace the cut words in the sentences with blanks.

Let your students fill out the blanks using the words pasted at the bottom of the page.

Luckily, here are some ready-to-use cloze activities on different topics you can swipe from.

18. Taboo: Don't Say That!

Taboo is arguably the best game for practicing vocabulary and livening up your lesson. If you haven't heard of it before, it essentially involves a student explaining what the key word they're thinking of means without using the key word itself or synonyms of any kind.

Here's another variation:

19. Class Discussions: Talk It Out

Class discussions can take place before or after your ESL reading activities.

If you're doing it beforehand, your goal should be to engage the students and activate their current vocabulary, getting them to talk in broad terms about the topic they'll be reading.

For example, if the text will be about tourism, kickstart a discussion with questions like:

You can put these questions on a worksheet with ample space for brainstorming and forming opinions independently.

Alternatively, you could divide students into pairs or small groups to discuss the topic before reading the text. Since you're already familiar with the text they'll be looking at, you can skillfully and subtly steer the conversation into issues and areas related to the gist of the text to come.

If you're doing post-reading discussions, you can use questions from ESL textbooks, come up with your own questions or-if your students are at a high enough level-have them come up with the questions themselves.

Then:

For some fantastic ESL-oriented discussion questions on a variety of topics, click right here.

20. Class Debates: Fight It Out

If the passage is about something topical, you could use it to organize a debate.

There are many ways to structure a class debate, but the one I usually use is pretty simple:

1. One-minute argument

2. One-minute rebuttal

3. Questions

4. Summary

5. The facilitator (usually you or a capable student) gives feedback.

Suitable for intermediate to advanced students, a debate offers a platform to share opinions about a given topic. Often, with a little imagination, a reading comprehension topic can segue into a debate topic relevant to the students' own lives.

21. Class Presentations: In-class TED Talks

You know how watching a TED Talk often leaves you with a feeling that you've learned something new or even life-changing afterward? Recreate that format in class to further boost reading comprehension.

For example, if the class just read an article about the qualities of a good brand, the students could deliver two-minute presentations about their favorite brand and what makes it special.

To make the most of these in-class TED Talks:

22. Class Presentations Redux: Tell Me About [A Favorite Topic]

Then again, your students might feel intimidated at the thought of having to recreate presentations that are given by big-name personalities and watched by millions of people around the world.

In that case, it's okay to take a more down-to-earth approach to presentations. Give your students a bit more leeway with the format. Better yet, let them have the freedom to talk about any topic they choose.

This way, they'll make more of an effort to communicate their passion for something in English. They'll also have a solid incentive to brush up on the necessary vocabulary and express themselves in colorful ways. Watch them come alive as they talk about the things that matter the most to them.

Why Do ESL Reading Comprehension Activities?

Reading doesn't only teach ESL students grammar, word usage and sentence structure. It also enables them to acquire new information about the culture surrounding their target language.

Reading helps students see how English is communicated through writing. As you know, good writing and being a good reader go hand in hand.

Reading comprehension activities help students test their understanding of words in a written context. At the same time, they can get the most out of their reading assignments.

While you've undoubtedly used conventional tests to quiz your students, there are ways to make reading comprehension activities effective without relying on the same old methods.

For example, you can:

Have your students listen to ESL podcasts. Some of them have transcripts, so students could read those first, then listen to the episode afterward and combine listening and reading comprehension.

Use videos with subtitles in your classroom for a fun twist on reading comprehension. The key is to use videos that have subtitles, like YouTube and FluentU, the latter of which has authentic videos with accurate transcripts. Have students read the transcript first, then play the video in class.

Sure, there's a time for your students to read for pleasure outside the classroom. However, in-class reading comprehension activities maximize the benefits of reading by making it more relevant and personal to them.

Also, as their teacher, you'll have opportunities to clarify misunderstandings and ambiguities, as well as enhance students' vocabulary, word usage and interpretation skills.

With a few dashes of entertainment and creativity here and there, your ESL students will come to love reading in English beyond its educational benefits.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

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22 Effective ESL Reading Activities | FluentU English Educator Blog

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Need some new ideas for ESL reading activities to improve your students' comprehension? Check out our list of 22 ESL reading comprehension activities that will get students thinking about what they've read and remembering it! We've included activities such as treasure hunts, role plays and Taboo.

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The appeal of book series

Genres: humor, fantasy, mysteries, historical fiction and more

Topics: adventure, school, sports, fascinating facts and more

Popular formats: graphic novels, beginning chapter books, audiobooks and more

Books featuring kids with learning and attention issues

Who took the survey?

You are welcome to print copies or republish materials for non-commercial use as long as credit is given to Reading Rockets and the author(s). For commercial use, please contact info@readingrockets.org.

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Favorite Books for Kids with Learning and Attention Issues

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Discover what kinds of books are especially popular with children who struggle with reading. The recommended books are based on a Reading Rockets survey of parents and educators of children with learning and attention issues, including dyslexia, ADD/ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder.

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Why Some Children Have Difficulties Learning to Read

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Children may struggle with reading for a variety of reasons, including limited experience with books, speech and hearing problems, and poor phonemic awareness.

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Reading is a crucial skill for children to master. Not only does it ensure success at school when classroom learning moves from learning to read to reading to learn, but it's also critical for career success later on in life.

It is through reading that children acquire most of their vocabulary. It's also an opportunity for parents and teachers to expand a child's view of the world. Non-fiction introduces them to new subjects and fiction develops social-reasoning skills and empathy.

How a child develops literacy skills depends on a number of factors, including the individual, their early exposure to written text, the frequency with which they read, their vocabulary size, and the presence or lack of certain learning difficulties which can affect language processing - for example dyslexia is one of the main causes of reading difficulties.

What we know is that some kids struggle with reading long after their peers have mastered the skill. In fact, a 2015 Report from the UK Department of Education suggests that 1 in 5 children in England are reading at below grade-level (1). So what can parents do to help?

3 Ways to help with reading

Just because a child is behind his or her peers, it does not necessarily mean they won't catch up. There are many kinds of support parents can provide to help the process along.

1. Support can come in the form of purposely chosen reading materials which make understanding a text easier. For example, graded readers are books with a lower range of vocabulary and glossed word-banks that provide definitions.

2. A child may need an alternative approach to learning to read -- some children benefit from phonics driven exercises which strengthen their knowledge of sound-letter correspondence in English. This is especially true for kids who have dyslexia. Others find multi-sensory learning helps.

3. Being exposed to high-frequency vocabulary and learning to sight read these words through regular drills can speed up processing and boost comprehension for struggling readers.

What makes reading hard

Processing written text can take a long time and be a halting and frustrating experience or it can be relatively quick and feel effortless. In order to provide the right support, teachers and parents first need to pinpoint the source of the difficulty.

Problems with decoding

To read a word, children need to have knowledge of letter forms. When a child has a visual processing difficulty, just recognizing letter symbols and registering the order in which they appear can be problematic.

Readers need to pair letters and letter combinations with the correct sound(s) - which is not always straightforward in English due to irregular spelling.

Any difficulties splitting words into their component sounds can greatly complicate decoding - as is often the case for individuals who struggle with dyslexia. It can also be harder to decode words when a child has a more limited vocabulary and is meeting the word for the first time (2).

Sight reading difficulty

Early readers rely primarily on decoding, but more fluent readers recognize words instantaneously. This is especially true of high-frequency words which they are exposed to often (3).

Automatically registering word-meaning frees up attention and makes reading faster and more efficient.

Parents may note a child who is struggling with sight reading often takes longer and is more tired going through a text. It's harder for them to make sense of complicated meaning as they have little processing power left-over to deal with higher-order reasoning.

Trouble with comprehension

To understand what they are reading, a child first needs to be familiar with most of the words in a text.

When a learner has a more limited spoken vocabulary or decodes words incorrectly, as in dyslexia, it can cause problems with comprehension because it means there will effectively be more blanks in every sentence.

Some children frequently lose their place on a page and/or have difficulty concentrating for long amounts of time. This can affect comprehension and cause them to misread certain bits or miss important referents. Learn more about ADHD related reading difficulties.

Problems with working memory can mean some kids need to read a paragraph several times in order to understand it. You might see this in a child with slow-processing or in readers who have dyslexia. This can be demotivating and cause an individual to consider reading a tedious activity.

Top tips and strategies for helping a child to read

Make use of graded readers. Parents can go out of their way to choose a particular type of reading material. Graded readers are written with a more limited range of vocabulary and often include a large percentage of high-frequency words. They encourage sight reading and are read faster, which boosts confidence in new readers.

Teach vocabulary. Certain texts will provide glossed vocabulary lists. If parents teach the words a child will read both before, during and after text presentation, comprehension is facilitated because it ensures there will be fewer 'blanks' in every sentence. Re-reading is also a great way to help these words 'stick' and transfer from short to long-term memory thanks to repeat exposure.

Run pre-reading activities. A good pre-reading activity will activate a child's prior knowledge of a topic and present key vocabulary, which primes them for reading and ensures they will take more away from the text. If parents can come up with something that relates the reading back to a child's personal life and experiences, even better!

Provide phonics support. English is a notoriously difficult language to read given the lack of one to one correspondence in letters and sounds and the number of different ways a sound can be written. Introducing a program that teaches English phonics can help kids improve their decoding skills, which in turn positively affects reading fluency and comprehension.

TOP TIP: Parents have the option to choose between a program that teaches phonics knowledge explicitly (which can be tedious) or one that builds an intuitive sense of phonics through carefully sequenced content. Learn more about how Touch-type Read and Spell can help children with phonics.

Implement sensory-based accommodations. Have new readers use a ruler that they physically move down the page to help them keep their place. Parents may also encourage kids to use their finger to follow along, or tap out the rhythm of the words as they read aloud. Technology can create opportunities for multi-modal reading too. For example, you may have them listen to a text being spoken and read along at the same time or type out the words as they are read.

Teach typing. Typing may not seem like a skill linked with reading but it if it's done in a multi-sensory way, it can help to reinforce word knowledge and enhance frequency of exposure. TOP TIP: TTRS is a literacy-based typing program designed to enhance decoding and sight reading skills. The lessons focus on whole words and word parts. In typing drills, words are shown on screen and read aloud as the child types. This can help a struggling reader feel and be more successful.

Use wrap up activities. Consolidate learning with wrap up activities that go over the main themes in a text and help children identify gist, specific details and any referents that support inferencing. These are concepts often targeted by standardized tests, so the sooner kids learn to recognize them, the better.

When learning difficulties are present

Not all children learn to read at the same rate, but sometimes reading ability may be severely affected if the right strategy training and classroom adjustments are not put in place early on.

If you think your child might be struggling with a learning difficulty or difference that affects reading skills, including dyslexia, you may consider getting them tested. Learn more about recognizing the signs of dyslexia in children.

Reluctant readers

Not all children who need help with reading are experiencing learning difficulties. Is your child a reluctant reader?

Sometimes motivational factors can get in the way. It may be that a child is too busy with other activities, such as sports or music, or hasn't read many books that appeal to them.

One of the best ways to encourage a reluctant reader is to be a reading role model yourself. Make reading a regular activity you do together with your child and create a special distraction-free space where you can both go to read undisturbed.

Look for reading material your child will like. You might try books that cover their hobbies or top interests. Remember, chapter books are helpful but reading can also be practiced with magazines, newspapers and comics, or even catalogues of tempting items for retail sale.

Make books available by leaving inviting titles around the house. Learn more about reluctant readers and discover some top strategies for motivating children to read.

What have you found that has helped your kids develop their reading skills?

We want to hear from you. Tell us about any reading aids you've used by leaving a comment in the box below.

References

1) Department of Education (2015). Reading: the next steps. Supporting higher standards in schools. United Kingdom: UK Government.
2) National Reading Panel (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washington, DC: US Government.
3) Ehri, L. C. (2005). Development of sight word reading: phases and findings. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology. The science of reading: A handbook, 135-154, Blackwell Publishing: Malden.

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3 Reading aids for kids who are struggling

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3 Reading aids for kids, recommended strategies and how to identify the issues that cause reading difficulties in learners.

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(G. Reid Lyon, Jan/Feb 2000).

Why Some Children Have Difficulties Learning to Read | Reading Rockets

Favorite Books for Kids with Learning and Attention Issues | Reading Rockets( by Reading Rocket, 2023)

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Why Some Children Have Difficulties Learning to Read

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Children may struggle with reading for a variety of reasons, including limited experience with books, speech and hearing problems, and poor phonemic awareness.

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When we consider reading difficulties, we frequently picture kids who find it difficult to interpret written words into spoken language. This kind of struggling reader has weak phonological (speech-sound) comprehension and finds it extremely difficult to understand many of the words. Nonetheless, there are a lot of students who read well on the surface but struggle with comprehension of vocabulary and figurative language, inferencing, verbal reasoning, grammatical development, and expressiveness in speech. It's beneficial to teach new word meanings through the use of multimodal tools like graphic organizers, visuals, and mnemonics, as kids with low comprehension frequently have poor vocabulary skills and understand less of what they hear (Nina Parrish, Feb 3, 2020). This will help both group of students with reading difficulties. Teaching new vocabulary will help students learn how to read and comprehend books.