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Nepalese music and dance reflects Nepali culture which are linked to history and traditions. They are performed on special occasions like festivals, weddings, and religious ceremonies. These performances are believed to bring blessings and good luck. Dohri is most popular folk music that is popular in rural part of Nepal. These traditional forms of music and dances were passed from generation to generation and been preserving cultural values and rituals.

Citation: https://www.collegenp.com/article/music-and-dance-heritage-of-nepali-culture/

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Nepal is multi- lingual country. Each ethnic groups have their own languages. It is considered that there are about 123 different languages spoken across the country. This includes Nepali, Maithili, Tharu, Bhojpuri, Tamang and Rai. However, among these languages, Nepali is the most spoken and this considered as the national language. This language is written in the Devanagari script originated from the ancient Sanskrit language.

Citation: https://www.holidify.com/pages/culture-of-nepal-862.html

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Nepal is a religious country. Nepalese people follow Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism. Amon these, the main religion is Hinduism practised by almost 82% of the population. Nepal is a home to numerous Hindu pilgrimage centres. Pashupatinath Temple is one of the most important Hindu temples in the world.

https://www.holidify.com/pages/religion-in-nepal-855.html

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Nepalese cuisine is divers and is influenced by the country’s geography, culture, and traditions. Different ethnic groups have their own traditional food. Dal-Bhat is the national food and preferred by all Nepalese. This dish consists of steamed rice (Bhat) serve with lentil soup (dal) and a variety of side dishes such as vegetable curry termed as Tarkari, pickles and sometimes meat or fish. Beside this staple food, Nepalese are also keen for taste of other foods like Nepali dumplings, Thukpa, Sel-roti, dhindo and many more.

https://www.holidify.com/pages/culture-of-nepal-862.html

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Nepal is rich in art and sculptures. There are many temples, churches, monasteries, and other religious houses in every corner of the country.  They are built in unique pagoda style. Thangka or Paubha painting is one of the most popular one which represents the Hindu and Buddhist deities. These are the main attraction for the tourist which promotes Nepalese tourism.

Citation:https://www.altitudehimalaya.com/blog/unique-arts-of-nepal#:~:text=Arts%20and%20Crafts%3A%20The%20art,%2C%22%20are%20also%20famous%20worldwide.

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Nepal being culturally diversified, people celebrate a wide range of festivals throughout the year.  Dashain is the main festival usually falls in September or October and last for 15 days. It is a Hindu festival that honours the goddess Durga and marks the victory of good over evil. Families come together, and people receive tika (blessings) from their elders. Similarly, Tihar (Diwali) is another Hindu festival celebrated for five days. This festival is also called as light festival.

Citation: https://www.nepaleverestbasecamp.com/festivals-in-nepal

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Health to me means being physically fit, emotionally strong, mentally stable and being free from any illness or pain. I feel healthy when I can manage the stress and emotions effectively which helps me to maintain a meaningful relationship with others.

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This competency standard 12.3 helps to deliver person-centre and family-focused care. I respect humanity and treat everyone including Refugees with dignity and respect. I have learnt that effective communication with patients provides them with a feeling of support, increase the effectiveness of treatment and improves the outcomes of disease (Farzi et al., 2022). I have educated myself about the legal and ethical standards that helps to access the healthcare services and equity. Now, I have gained skills and feel confident about looking after patients from different cultural backgrounds.

Citation: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

Farzi, S., Taleghani, F., Yazdannik, A., & Esfahani, M. S. (2022). Communication culture in cancer nursing care: an ethnographic study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(1), 615-623.

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The impacts of social determinants on migrants and refugees in Australia is significant and can have far-reaching consequences on their health. World Health Organization (WHO), defines social determinants are the condition in which people are born, grow, live, and work that have significant impact on their health outcomes and daily life (Ziersch et al., 2017).

Food insecurity:
When people migrate to a new culture, there food habits changed.  Refugees in Australia start a new living, but food environment differs from their home country (Kavian et al., 2020). They cannot effort nutritious food due to poor income which leads to malnutrition, weakens immunity system, and leads to different diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer (Mehdi et al., 2023).

Unemployment and job insecurity:
Unemployment and job insecurity is another common problem faced by the refugees. This could be due to communication error due to language, lack of confidence in new society, qualification mismatch, racial discrimination, lack of vocational training and sometimes lack of opportunities in the areas. This will bring financial stress, lower socio-economic status, and reduced access to resources for health and well-being. It results in depression, anxiety, separation from family (Kavian et al., 2020).

Housing, basic amenities and the environment:
Housing in another social determinant faced by the refugees. In Australia, research indicates that 40% of refugee may have difficulty in finding house to live. The cost of living is too high in Australia (Ziersch et al., 2017). Due to the financial crises, Refugees are not able to afford for good houses as a result all the families are bound to live together in a confined space. This brings the higher chances of social conflicts, personal insecurity, and emotional disturbances to them. Poor housing leads to problem like lack of drinking water, proper sanitation, dampness, growth of mould, lack of enough lights can cause respiratory problems and mental health issues (Ziersch et al., 2020).

Citation:
Kavian, F. et al. (2020) ‘Migration, stress and the challenges of accessing food: An exploratory study of the experience of recent Afghan women refugees in Adelaide, Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), p. 1379. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041379.

Mehdi, S.P., Pasricha, J. and Biggs, B.A. (2023) ‘Hyperlipidaemia and weight amongst Afghani refugees attending a general practice clinic in regional Australia’, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 25(3), pp. 589–595. doi:10.1007/s10903-022-01446-1.

Ziersch, A. et al. (2017) ‘Exploring the relationship between housing and Health for Refugees and asylum seekers in South Australia: A qualitative study’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), p. 1036. doi:10.3390/ijerph14091036.

Ziersch, A. et al. (2020) ‘Integration and social determinants of health and wellbeing for people from refugee backgrounds resettled in a rural town in South Australia: A qualitative study’, BMC Public Health, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09724-z.

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According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) the number of refugees has reached 71.44 million worldwide. During the past decade there has been a sharp increase in the number of Afghani people migrating to Australia. According to the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census, there are 53,082 Afghani refugees were assigned to humanitarian visa. Many Afghanis came to Australia due to ongoing-civil war with the Taliban. Upon arrival, they face the listed below health issues (Kavian et al., 2020).

Mental Health: Mental health reflects emotions, psychological and social wellbeing which can lead to depression. Therefore, Refugees should be supported by providing culturally adapted environment, social security, economical support, health, and educational services (Slewa-Younan et al., 2014).

Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death globally. It is caused by various strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mostly affects the lungs. The first line treatment is Isoniazid for 6 to 9 months (Ali et al., 2018).

Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is transmitted through contact with blood, semen, or other fluids. Vaccination is highly effective in preventing Hepatitis B as a routine immunization. It is recommended for children, infants and high -risk areas (Zubair et al., 2015).

Citation:
Ali, F., Shafee, M., Akbar, A., Khan, N., Khetran, M. A., Rahman, F., & Mengal, M. A. (2018). Frequency of Pulmonary tuberculosis in Afghan assylum seekers dwelling in Balochistan, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 43(4), 577-80.

Kavian, F. et al. (2020) ‘Migration, stress and the challenges of accessing food: An exploratory study of the experience of recent Afghan women refugees in Adelaide, Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), p. 1379. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041379

Slewa-Younan, S. et al. (2014) ‘Mental health literacy of resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia: Knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and beliefs about helpfulness of interventions’, BMC Psychiatry, 14(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0320-x.

Zubair Ahmad, K., Mohammad, S., & Faseeh, S. (2015). Frequency and risk factors of hepatitis B and    C in Afghan patients presenting to tertiary care hospital in Peshawar.