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The Cardiovascular System’s effect on the Urinary System 

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The Cardiovascular System’s effect on the Urinary System 

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The main function of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the entirety of the body.

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How the kidneys and heart work together ❤️

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How the kidneys and heart work together ❤️

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The heart is responsible for all the blood delivered around the body. The role of the kidneys is to filter this blood through the process of glomerular filtration. Waste is extracted from the blood and disposed of through the ureter, bladder and urethra and clean blood is able to be delivered back to the heart.

The kidneys also help regulate water and salt levels to maintain the balance of blood pressure.

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How the kidneys regulate blood pressure 

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How the kidneys regulate blood pressure 

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When blood pressure drops, the kidneys produce an enzyme called Renin, which a specialised hormone that is produced in the Juxtaglomerular cells within the kidney.

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When your blood pressure drops, it can lead to a starvation of oxygen throughout your organs. This can be related to dehydration or other more serious medical conditions and t times, may be life threatening.

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Angiotensinogen is a protein which is produced in your liver. This protein is inactive until Renin comes into contact and creates the hormone Angiotensin 1.

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04: Angiotensin 1 converts into Angiotensin 2

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04: Angiotensin 1 converts into Angiotensin 2

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Angiotensin 1 flows throughout your bloodstream and during this process is split up by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) - which converts Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin 2, an active hormone.

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Angiotensin 2 causes the walls of the arterioles to constrict, which increases blood pressure.

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06: Antidiuretic and Aldosterone hormone is released 

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06: Antidiuretic and Aldosterone hormone is released 

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Along with constriction, Angiotensin 2 also triggers the release of Adolsterone (adrenal glands) and Antidiuretic hormone (pituitary gland). This causes the kidneys to retain sodium, and excrete potassium.

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Due to the sodium retention, your kidneys retain water.

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The retention of water increases blood volume and blood pressure rises.

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The main function of the kidneys is to remove waste products from the blood and to produce urine.

As the Kidneys filter the blood, the waste products from the blood are used to produce urine.
If there are no waste products filtered out of the blood, then there is no urine to be produced.

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The nephron loop as two parts, ascending and descending loops.
The ascending loop of henle is to generate a concentration gradient that creates a region of high concentration of sodium in the medulla of the kidney. The descending loop of henle is permeable to water and low permeability to ions and urea.

the descending loop os relatively impermeable to solute but permeable to water, the water will move out by osmosis, the fluid in the tubule becomes hypertonic.
As the think ascending loop is impeccable to water and permeable to solute sodium and chloride ions.
Sodium and chloride ions move out down the concentration gradient. As the fluid is isotonic it quickly becomes hypotonic as more ions leave. Sodium and chloride ions are actively transports out of the tubule, making the tubular fluid very hypotonic.
The filtrate continues into the DCT.

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Glomerular filtration also known as the Bowmans capsule is shaped like sac. The sac is the first portion of the nephron. As the blood reaches the Kidney's for filtration, it enters the glomerular filtration. As The glomerular filtration separates the blood into two components, part one is the filtered blood product. The second part consists of the filtrate that is moved through the nephron. Glomerular Filtration, blood plasma and dissolved substances (smaller than most proteins) get filtered into the glomerular capsule.

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Afferent and efferent arteriole are blood vessels. These blood vessels bring blood from the kidneys into the glomerular filtration. The unwanted waste from the filtration continue and goes back out through the efferent arteriole back to general circulation.

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The glomerular filtration drains into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The proximal Convoluted tubule is responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water.
Resorption of salt, water and glucose from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the tubule and transported into the blood stream. The filtration continues from the proximal convoluted tubule to the nephron loop.

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The Distal Convoluted tubule is responsible for actively secreting ion and acids, it selectively reabsorbs water.  DCT regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting proteins (H+) into the filtrate. The final concentration of urine, in the DCT is dependant on antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is present as it becomes permeable to water.

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The Distal Convoluted tubule drains into the collecting duct, the filtrate now drain into several collecting ducts converging and drain into a larger system called the papillary duct, this now empties into the minor calyx. After emptying the filtrate, now urine, drains into the renal pelvis. This is the final stage where sodium and water are reabsorbed.

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90% of absorption occurs in the small intestine, this includes nutrients, electrolytes and water. Absorption occurs in a number of different ways -
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
active transport.
Once the products have been absorbed they will then move into the blood or the lymph fluid. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia.)

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How the filtered blood exits the collecting ducts

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How the filtered blood exits the collecting ducts

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Filtered blood enters through the glomerulus where waste products and other substances are filtered out. The filtered substance then passes through the proximal tubule, loop of henle and distal tubule before entering the collecting duct and exiting now in the form of urine. The collecting duct then merge at the base of the pyramids to form the renal papilla which then allows for the process of elimination to occur

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The urinary system has 5 key functions:
- Regulation of ions in the blood
- Regulation of blood pressure and volume
- Regulation of blood PH
- Production of hormones
- Excretion of waste

The urinary system has 4 key structure
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra

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Once urine has been produced by the collecting duct it passes through 6 structures before exiting the body:

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Collects urine from the renal papilla

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Minor calyces merge together to form a major calyx which fuse to create the renal pelvis

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Funnel shaped structure which collects urine from the major calyx and stores the urine before passing through to the ureters

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Smooth muscle tubes which connect to each kidney to the urinary bladder. The Involuntary muscle contraction or peristaltic contractions help with the transport of urine from the kidneys, through to the ureter into the bladder

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A sac made of epithelium where urine is stored before exiting the body through the urethra. The bladder is able to maintain continence by delaying and controlling urination. Micturition reflex is a reflex that signals the brain that the body is ready to void. The body uses both voluntary and involuntary muscles to allows the human they need to void as well as the internal structures

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Urine exits the body from the bladder through the urethra due to bladder muscles tightening, squeezing the urine out of the bladder. The brain is then signal to relax sphincter muscles to allow urine to pass. Urethra size differs between males and females. females urethra function is only for the passing of urine whereas males urethras has multiple functions such as passing of urine and ejaculation

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The Gastrointestinal is also referred to as the Digestive System and is approximately 10m long. It starts from the mouth and goes through the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, where it ends at the anus. The primary function of the Digestive System is to digest food and liquid, so it can be used throughout the body. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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The Hypothalamus is closely associated with the Pituitary Gland and is often referred to as the master Endocrine Gland. It is important for the release of hormones such as Angiotensin ll.
Angiotensin ll binds to the Hypothalamus to stimulate thirst and increase your water intake to make sure your body is staying hydrated. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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To function properly, the body relies on water. It helps with digestion and absorbs nutrients, as well as helps get rid of waste products such as feces and urine. The intake of water is essential as we need to stay hydrated or our body won't function correctly and we may develop serious health problems. (Retrieved from - https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/drinking-water-and-your-health)

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The Mouth is the beginning of the Gastrointestinal System where it takes food and liquid into the body.
The mouth has several functions -
ingestion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
Teeth chew and grind up food, releasing saliva from the salivary glands which helps to break down and dissolve food and liquid, turning it into a bolus, making it easier to swallow. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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The main function of the oesophagus is to move food and liquid (bolus) from the mouth to the stomach. The bolus moves down the oesophagus by peristalsis (rhythmic contractions) into the stomach. There are two sphincters, the upper oesophageal sphincter that regulate the movement of food and liquid into the oesophagus. The other is the lower oesophageal sphincter which regulates the movement of food and liquid from the oesophagus to the stomach. (Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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The stomach is situated at the end of the oesophagus and is controlled by the lower oesophageal sphincter. The functions of the stomach are -
storage sight for food and liquid
digestion mechanical/ chemical
turns food into chyme
produces intrinsic factor
Once food and liquid (gastric contents) enter the stomach, it will undergo gastric motility, where the gastric juices and bile start to break down by grinding (peristalsis) and retropulsion into chyme. The chyme will then slowly move through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine, where nutrients will be absorbed. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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Once liquid leaves the stomach it enters the Small Intestine, where it is mixed with digestive juices and comes in contact with the mucosa for absorption. The mucosa is covered with villi and is made up of four different cells, Absorptive cell, Goblet cell, Enteroendocrine cell and Paneth cell.
The Small Intestine is made up of three parts -
Duodenum - the entrance
Jejunum - the middle
Ileum - where it meets the large intestine.
Mechanical digestion will take place and two types of motility will occur -
Segmentation - the mixing of chyme and digestive juices. The food will come in contact with the Mucosa which is important for absorption.
The second type is Peristalsis - this is where the chyme is propelled down the length of the small intestine.
(Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb any remaining water back into the body,  that hasn't been absorbed by the small intestine. The remaining waste or residue is then turned into faeces, which move into the rectum where the defecation reflex is initiated and faeces can be excreted. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia.)

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The liver is the largest gland in the body and it plays an important role within the body. The main function of the liver is to remove toxic substances from the body, process food nutrients and is responsible for the production of bile, which is essential for the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
It also plays a role in blood volume as it produces Angiotensinogen, which is released when blood pressure drops. (Retrieved from - Principles of anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare students in Australia)

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Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the filtrate and returning them to the blood.

Tubular secretion is the process of secreting excess or waste substances from the blood into filtrate in the tubules.