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NAME- SARABJYOT SINGH
COURSE- GNED-1515 WORLD MYSTERIES

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POST 1 PSEUDOSCIENCE- FLAT EARTH THEORY.

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POST 1 PSEUDOSCIENCE- FLAT EARTH THEORY.

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DEFINITION- THE FLAT EARTH THEORY IS AN UNCLAIMED THEORY OF THE EARTH BEING FLAT RATHER THAN SPHERICAL. MANY THEORIES SUPPORT THIS BUT ONLY A FEW OF THEM WERE ABLE TO GET ATTENTION.

CONNECTION- FLAT EARTH THEORY IS A THEORY THAT CLAIMS EARTH IS FLAT RATHER THAN SPHERICAL. MANY PEOPLE CLAIM EARTH IS AN ISLAND FLOATING IN AN OCEAN WHILE OTHERS BELIEVE THAT EARTH IS FLAT AND DOES NOT HAVE GRAVITY. ALL THESE THEORIES WERE UNCLAIMED UNTIL GREEK SCIENTIST ARISTOTLE FOUND SOME AMAZING FACTS SUPPORTING THE THEORY OF SPHERICLE EARTH. HE EXPLAINED THE LUNAR ECLIPSE, THE STAR'S POSITIONS, SHAPE OF THE HORIZON WHICH SUPPORTED HIS THEORY. ON TOP OF THIS, IN 1972, AN ASTRONAUT CAPTURED AN EARTH PHOTOGRAPH WHILE RETURNING FROM THE MOON MISSION WHICH VERIFIED ARISTOTLES THEORY.

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DESCRIPTION- ASTROLOGY IS A BELIEF THAT SUPPORTS AND CLAIM A RELATION BETWEEN THE POSITION AND MOVEMENT OF CLESTIAL BODIES SUCH AS PLANET, AND STARS AND A PERSON'S PERSONALITY AND HIS FUTURE PREDICTIONS. THIS CAN INCLUDE TRAITS SUCH AS BIRTHPLACE. TIME OF BIRTH, DIRECTION OF HOUSE, MOTHER- FATHER ASTROLOGY MATCH ETC.

CONNECTION- THESE CLAIMES ARE NOT LIMITED TO THE ABOVE BELIEFS BUT ALSO INCLUDES- THE HOROSCOPE: THESE ARE THE 12 HOROSCOPE WHICH IS SHOWN IN THE PICTURE WHICH ARE SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. THESE SIGNS ARE RELATED TO BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONALITY. MANY PEOPLE WHO CAN READ ASTROLOGY CHARGES MONEY WHICH LEADS TO FRAUDULENT INFORMATION AND MISLEADING. THESE REGARED AS PSEUDOSCIENCE. NO CLAIMS HAVE BEEN FOUND REGARDING THE CELESTIAL BODY AND HUMAN TRAITS.

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DESCRIPTION- MAGNETIC THERAPY IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO MEDICINE, AN OPERATION THAT HEALS THE BODY WITH THE POWER OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS. THIS THERAPY CAN CURE PAIN, REDUCE INFLAMMATION AND IMPROVE BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE BODY.

CONNECTION - IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL WORLD, IS CONSIDERED PSEUDOSCIENCE AS IT FAILS TO QUALIFY THE STEP TO APPROVE IT AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. THESE THERAPIES ARE OFTEN EXPENSIVE AND TIME-CONSUMING. THE MEDICAL SCIENCE ONLY APPROVES TRANCANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION WHICH IS PRACTICED BY NEUROLOGISTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER MENTAL HEALTH. MAGNETIC THERAPY IS A SCAM ACCORDING TO THE VIDEO AS IT CHARGES HEAVY MONEY FROM THE PATIENTS IN THE FORM OF MAGNETIC BRACELETS AND WATCHES.

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Questions for Pseudoscience | Magnet Therapy

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POST 4 PSEUDOSCIENCE- PYRAMID POWER THEORY.

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POST 4 PSEUDOSCIENCE- PYRAMID POWER THEORY.

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DESCRIPTION- PYRAMID POWER IS A THEORY THAT CLAIMS THE SUPERNATURAL POWER OF PYRAMIDS OR PYRAMID-SHAPED STRUCTURES TO POSSESS CERTAIN POWERS SUCH AS PRESERVING FOOD, AND INFLUENCING HUMAN HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.

CONNECTION- THESE CLAIMS ARE SIMILAR TO THE STORAGE OF FOOD IN COOLER ENVIRONMENT. AS PYRAMIDS HAVE LOWER TEMPERATURES THE FOOD CAN SUSTAIN MORE THAN THE EXPECTED TIME. SOME CLAIMS ARE SUCH THAT- FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CAN BE STORED FOR A LONGER TIME WHICH WAS NOT TRUE THE SECOND WAS ENHANCING THE LIFE SPAN OF A HUMAN.WN FOR A COUPLE OF YEARS BUT LACKS SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT AND EVIDENCE TO CLAIM ITS AUTHENTICITY. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF SKEPTICISM WITH NO FURTHER CLAIMS AND RESULTS AS AN EXAMPLE OF PSEUDOSCIENCE.

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DESCRIPTION- CRYONICS IS A MEDICAL PRACTICE OF PRESERVING THE DEAD BODIES AT LOW TEMPERATURE FOR FUTURE ENDEAVOURS. AN ANTIFREEZE LIQUID IS USED TO PRESERVE THESE BODIES FOR LONG DURATION. THIS PROCESS MINIMIZES THE CHANCES OF ICE FORMATION IN TISSUES TO AVOID ANY CELLULAR DAMAGE.

CONNECTION- THIS WAS NEVER A SUCCESSFUL TRIAL AND WAS HIGHLY SPECULATIVE. MANY PEOPLE OPPOSED THIS DUE TO ETHICAL AND MORAL VALUES WERE BEEN DISTURBED. THIS PROCESS IS HIGHLY EXPENSIVE AND THE FIRM HAS TO PAY A HEAVY AMOUNT TO THE INDIVIDUAL TO HAVE THEIR BODY UNBURIED. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS THEORY AND THE SUCCESS RATE WERE CLOSE TO ZERO.

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The Dark Side of Science: Cryonics Freezing the Dead to revive later (Short Documentary)

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DESCRIPTION- THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES PASSED ON FROM TO GENERATION MORALS AND VALUES ARE A FEW EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT WISDOM. HOWEVER, WE HAVE TO CONSIDER RED FLAGS AND USE CRITICAL THINKING TO PURSUE AND JUDGE MODERN PRACTICE AND ANCIENT PRACTICE.

CONNECTION- SKEPTISM SHOULD BE APPROACHED WHEN CONSIDERING ANCIENT WISDOMAND BELIFES. IN ANCIENT TIMES EVERYTHING BEINGS TO PRAISE GOD ETC. ANCIENT WISDOM WILL NOT BECAUSE IT WAS A PART OF OUR PAST. THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE HAS ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS.

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The Vikings were a brutal people, renowned over a thousand years later for their skill and fearlessness in battle. Whilst many subsequent depictions have descended into unfounded conjecture, in particular the common belief in horned helms, and accounts of their deeds avoidably have become exaggerated across the centuries, it is undeniable that life during the Viking Age was, to borrow the words of Thomas Hobbes, "nasty, brutish, and short".

Here are 16 facts about brutal Viking life you should know about:

16. The Vikings murdered so many infant girls they induced an imbalance in the gender ratios

The raids during the Viking Age, in which European women were abducted back to Scandinavia, are legendary. But recent historical inquiry has indicated that these were not mindless acts of savagery, rather a coordinated response to a self-inflicted lack of Viking women.

According to James Barrett of Cambridge University, "selective female infanticide was recorded as part of pagan Scandinavian practice in later medieval sources, such as the Icelandic sagas", and resulted in a substantial decline in the ratio between men and women. This theory is supported by Soren Sindbaek, explaining the "social motivation behind the fact that a large number of young men chose to set out on extremely risky voyages" and "the wish of disadvantaged young men to acquire resources necessary to set up a family" is a plausible solution to this age-old question of why.

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16 Facts About the Brutality of Viking Life

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16 Brutal Facts About Life in the Viking Age

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DISCRETION- RED HERRING IS SOMETHING THAT REFERS TO DIVERTING ONES ATTENTION TO IRRELEVANT TOPIC TO HIDE FACTS. RED FLAGS CAN EMERGE IN THE FORM OF HALF KNOWLEDGE, OVEREMPHASIS, LACK OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE, DEFENSIVENESS ETC.

CONNECTION- WE HAVE SEEN MANY VIDEO CLIPS AS AN EXAMPLE OF RED HERRING. THIS RED HERRING MAY BE USED AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN AN ARGUMENT TO DISTRACT ONE FROM THE DEFENSE SIDE OR THE ONE WHO RAISES VOICE. AN EXAMPLE HAS BEEN ATTACHED TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE.

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Simpsons Logical Fallacies:  Red Herring

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POST 8 RED FLAGS- SUPPRESSION BY AUTHORITIES.

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POST 8 RED FLAGS- SUPPRESSION BY AUTHORITIES.

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DISCRIPTION-THE EFFORTS BY THE AUTHORITIES SUCH AS GOVERNMENT, INSTITUTION, POLITICAL POWER ETC TO CONTROL INFORMATION OR TO MISLEAD A TRUE NEWS BY A FALSE NEWS FOR THEIR OWN CAUSE IS CALLED SUPPRESSION BY AUTHORITIES. THIS IS GENERALLY SEEN IN UPPER CLASS WHO CAN EASYLY PUT PRESSURE ON TO THE NOT SO PRIVELLEGE ONES.

CONNECTION- SUPPRESSION BY THE AUTHORITES CAN EASILY BE WHERE WE CAN SMELL PROPOGANDA. IN MANY COUNTRIES THE MEDIA IS CONTROLLED BY THE RULING PARTY TO HIDE THEIR ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES WHICH RESULT AS A RED FLAG TO THE CITIZENS WHO ARE PAYING TAXES. SUPPRESSION CAN BE OF ANY TYPE BE IT THE INTERNET CONTROLL BY THE AUTHORITIES, SUPPRESSION OF PROTEST, POLITICAL REPRESSION ETC.

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Cameroon's Journalists Face Suppression by Authorities

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DESCRIPTION- VERBOSITY IS A TERM REFERRED TO EXAGGERATING AND USING MORE WORDS THAN REQUIRED. IT IS LIKE PUTTING PRESSURE ON SOMEONE WITH TONES OF QUESTION AND MISLEAD THE TOPIC COMPLETELY.

CONNECTION- VERBOSITY CAN CREATE PROBLEMS WHERE A SOLUTION IS REQUIRED DAILY. TO TACKLE THIS SOLUTION ONE SHOULD ANALYZE IF SOMEONE IS USING PROOF OF VERBOSITY. HE WILL ASK THE QUESTION IN A RAPID FIRE WAY TO CONFUSE THE OPPONENT. THERE WILL BE A SUDDEN CHANGE IN THE VOICE OF THE SPEAKER AND WILL TRY TO AVOID THE MAIN KEY ISSUES.

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VERBOSITY: How politicians and scammers trick us all! 😱 #language #politics #scammer #english

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POST 10 REASON FOR BELIEF- EMOTIONAL CONNECTION. 

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POST 10 REASON FOR BELIEF- EMOTIONAL CONNECTION. 

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DESCRIPTION- CONNECTIONS THAT ARE EMOTIONAL ARE THE ONES FROM OUR LOVED ONES OR THE ONES WE CAN TRUST COMPLETELY. PEOPLE OFTEN DO NOT NOT CARE THAT MUCH IF THERE IS A KNOWN PERSON IS INVOLVED IN AN ACTIVITY OF PURCHASE OR A DEAL BEING DONE.

CONNECTION-WELL, MANY FACTORS ARE CONTIBUTING TO EMOTIONAL CONNECTION SUCH AS- PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE, EMOTIONAL COMFORT ETC. IN EMOTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE A PERSON IS DEEPLY CONCERNED ABOUT POLITICAL IDEOLOGY, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, LIKES AND DISLIKES WHERE IS IS NO USE OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD. THE IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL CONNECTION ARISES FROM THESE BELIEFS WHERE TRUST AND RESPECT STAY ON TOP PRIORITY AND THERE IS NO ROOM FOR SKEPTICISM.

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How emotional intelligence helps us to understand ourselves and relate better to others

H ave you ever compromised with a family member to bring a resolution to an argument? Are you a manager who has had to deal with employees being in poor moods and having all-around bad days? When facilitating a group discussion, do you try to make sure everyone's thoughts and ideas are heard equally? If you have been in any of these or similar situations, you've most likely used emotional intelligence, the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways; communicate effectively; empathize with others; and overcome challenges.

In its simplest form, emotional intelligence is having the awareness that emotions can influence behavior and positively or negatively have an impact on other people.

The concept of emotional intelligence, often shortened to EI and also known as emotional quotient or EQ, was created by researchers Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer in 1990 and later popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman through his 1995 book, "Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ." Over the years, studies have concluded that emotional intelligence is necessary in the workplace, at home, and at school. Today, doctors continue to stress the importance of emotional intelligence for maintaining healthy relationships with others.

According to Goleman, there are five basic components of EI: self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, empathy, and motivation. PositivePsychology.com identifies self-awareness as the capacity to recognize and understand one's actions and moods as well as the emotions of others. (A big part of that is being able to identify emotions in the first place.) Self-regulation involves how we deal with emotions, including our coping mechanisms and how we manage conflict and difficult situations. The component of social skills is pretty straight-forward: It's how well we interact with other people. Remembering that interaction involves good listening and verbal and non-verbal skills is important. Empathy, of course, refers to our ability to understand and relate to how other people are feeling. Finally, motivation includes being internally driven (as opposed to externally driven by rewards such as money) to meet personal needs and goals, as well as being action-oriented.

"EQ is actually amazing in that it can really propel people forward in an organization or really help people become the best leaders possible." -V. Blue Lemay, faculty program director

So, what does this all mean? Why is emotional intelligence important? I posed these questions to some colleagues at Excelsior College and we all seemed to agree that emotional intelligence is an intrinsic part to who we are as human beings. "EQ is very much about how we can understand others and making sure that others understand our perspective and can appreciate us just as much as we appreciate ourselves and appreciate others," says V. Blue Lemay, faculty program director of Excelsior's humanities programs. Khamel Abdulai, director of training and talent management in the Human Resources unit, takes it a step further, saying EQ can also be seen as the alignment between the way we perceive ourselves and the way others perceive us.

Our personal perception and others' perception of ourselves aren't the only reasons emotional intelligence is important. In their 2019 article, "Improving Emotional Intelligence," authors Jeanne Segal, Melinda Smith, Lawrence Robinson, and Jennifer Shubin break down the benefits and conclude EQ affects our performance at work and school, our physical and mental health, our relationships, and our social intelligence.

Having high emotional intelligence can help us deal with complex issues in the workplace as well as help us to be successful leaders. "EQ is actually amazing in that it can really propel people forward in an organization or really help people become the best leaders possible," says Lemay. She adds that being knowledgeable in technical or industrial skills is important, but without EQ, we wouldn't be leading to the best of our abilities. Mark Howe, vice president of human resources at Excelsior, says, "I've been able to tell if someone has high EQ when they're able to make decisions that they can accept that don't always benefit them - in fact, might hurt them - but they understand the greater impact."

Emotional intelligence is a crucial part of many professions. In health care, for instance, EQ is evident in the interaction between medical professionals and patients. In the McGill Journal of Medicine article "Emotional Intelligence: Use in Medical Education and Practice," author Jimmy Bejjani argues that being emotionally aware leads to making rational decisions and taking advantage of new opportunities. "Physicians care for themselves through self-awareness and reflection, which appears to be one of the most important things to provide good care to others. By being more sensitive to their own and their patients' feelings and emotions, EI physicians use supportive behavior and provide psychological benefits," writes Bejjani.

Lisa Rapple, faculty program director of undergraduate health care management, referenced her own clinical experiences in critical care, emergency medicine, and several other acute care areas when considering the significance of emotional intelligence. She says that with today's technology, sometimes it's hard for physicians to connect personally to patients, but that human interaction - the emotional intelligence aspect - is a necessary component to health care. Anna Zendell, faculty program director of graduate health sciences programs, agreed, saying, "To have EI you have to be able to hear and see other people in a very real way."

As Bejjani points out, though, unless we are caring for ourselves, we cannot care for each other. Therefore, having a high emotional quotient is critical for our own health. For instance, if you can't manage your emotions, you probably can't manage stress either.

A high emotional quotient allows us to better express how we feel and to understand how others are feeling, leading to improved communication at work and at home. As a by-product, being emotionally intelligent connects you to the world around you. Lemay explains, "Emotional intelligence is really about the strategy, being aware of myself, being aware of the strategies that I can use at any moment." She uses her real-life working relationship with Rapple to emphasize her point, saying the two are different in their work strategies, but being able to listen and understand each other balances them out. Zendell agrees, saying, "Self [awareness] and awareness of others, and that depth of awareness for others, is really the core - it's essential to EI." Abdulai adds to this thought by relating emotional intelligence to his experience in HR. "In HR, our primary function is one of service, so the extent that we are seen as approachable, empathetic, and for people to sort of understand where [other] people are coming from, I think that's a very important attribute for our work," he says.

EQ also has an important part to play in education. Lemay, Rapple, and Zendell have woven EQ principles into many of their courses at Excelsior. Interpersonal communication, conflict management, leadership, team building, and cultural sensitivity are themes found across many health sciences and humanities courses. In HUM 321 Medical Humanities, for example, students learn about the softer side of medicine. "That medical humanities course is really to infuse those professionals with an understanding of how important the human part of the medical establishment is," says Lemay. Rapple adds, "We're teaching students in health sciences [that] they can be clinicians, they can be leaders, and if [EQ] is not part of what we're helping them to understand or evaluate in their own selves, then we're doing them a disservice."

That brought up the question, Can emotional intelligence be taught? As Abdulai deftly points out, "People are careful to say that it can be learned and not say that it can be taught, because the whole key thing is that a lot of how you acquire it is through self-motivation." In short, you have to want to improve your emotional intelligence, and self-improvement leads to better relationships. "It's a skill worth honing if you want to progress and you want to be successful in the workplace and in home life," says Rapple.

An easy way to assess your emotional intelligence is by evaluating your own performance and comparing it to the opinions of your peers, according to Lauren Landry, who wrote the article "Why Emotional Intelligence Is Important in Leadership" for Harvard Business School Online. "Through this process, you'll gain insights into your own behavior and discover how you're perceived in the organization," wrote Landry.

By being aware of our emotional intelligence and taking steps to improve it, we can improve our relationships and our success in life. In a CareerBuilder survey, 71 percent of employers valued EQ over IQ, citing that employees with high EQ are the employees who can best deal with conflict and pressure. Thus, being able to understand our own emotions and those of other people can benefit not only ourselves, but also the world around us. By understanding and improving our emotional intelligence or emotional quotient, we can better connect with our fellow humans. "What gives me hope is the idea that we now recognize that we're a collective species and part of this is not just our physical survival, but our ability to connect on an emotional level as well," says Abdulai.

Seven Tips to Boost Your Emotional Intelligence

1. Be present. When you are truly "in the moment," you are more able to notice and respond to other peoples' emotions. You can notice their body language and changes in mood more readily. If you notice a change in a person's behavior, you can then alter your way of communicating.

2. Listen. It might seem easy, but listening to others requires a lot of skill. Pay attention to the words that are spoken to you. Repeat what you've heard back to the person, letting them know you've understood them, and even ask for confirmation on what you think they meant. Then give your response.

3. Respond, don't react. Instead of subconsciously reacting purely due to emotions, take a moment to pause and think over the situation. After you have recognized your emotions, you are able to respond in a more emotionally intelligent way.

4. Take responsibility for yourself. Remember that how you act is your responsibility; no one is controlling you. Your emotions and behavior are under your control so remember to always take responsibility for how you feel and behave.

5. Practice empathy. Empathy is the ability to put yourself into someone else's position and relate to their situation. It involves being able to feel what the other person is feeling. Identifying and recognizing emotions is a good way to improve one's empathy. Ask yourself questions such as, What is the reason for this emotion?

6. Seek feedback from others. A good way to grow in your emotional intelligence is to ask others how they think you're doing. Understanding their perception of you can help you work on different areas.

7. It's a lifelong process. You won't get better at emotional intelligence overnight; you'll be practicing and fine-tuning it as your life experiences unfold.

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Emotional Connection - Excelsior College

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How emotional intelligence helps us to understand ourselves and relate better to others H ave you ever compromised with a family member to bring a resolution to an argument? Are you a manager who has had to deal with employees being in poor moods and having all-around bad days?

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POST 11 REASON FOR BELIEF- PERCEPTION AND OBSERVATION.

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POST 11 REASON FOR BELIEF- PERCEPTION AND OBSERVATION.

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DESCRIPTION- PERCEPTION AND OBSERVATION ARE TWO INTERCONNECTED BUT DISTINCT COGNITIVE TRAIT THAT HUMAN POSSES. THERE IS A VERY THIN LINE BETWEEN THE TWO TOPICS BUT BOTH HAVE EQUAL IMPORTANCE IN THEIR SECTOR.

CONNECTION- OBSERVATION IS A PROCESS OF GAINING INFORMATION ABOUT ANYTHING THROUGH HEARING, TOUCH, SIGHT, TASTE AND SMELL WHEREAS, PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS OF INTERPRETING INFORMATION AND MAKING RESULTS OUT OF IT THROUGH SENSORY POWER. OBSERVATION CAN BE ALTERED WHILE PERCEPTION IS SUBJECTIVE AND CAN BE CHANGED FROM PERSON TO PERSON. PERCEPTION AND OBSERVATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN THE CLAIMED SOURCE AND THE EVIDENT SOURCE. BY GOOD OBSERVATION, HUMAN CAN DUBUNK FAKE CLAIMS.

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The Important Gap Between Observation and Perception

Whether in problem-solving, or broad lean behaviors, or seeing the customer as an entrepreneur, there is much articulated about the idea of going to see for yourself. There are many terms for it, such as "direct observation" that we articulated in The Hitchhiker's Guide to Lean , or Gemba commonly used by the lean community, or just "go and see." But this principle and practice is about much more than going to see. It is about what and how you see.

In the 1992 movie White Men Can't Jump , Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson get into an argument about Jimi Hendrix in this scene (warning: foul language). Wesley's character is trying to explain to Woody's character that there is a difference between "listening to" Jimi Hendrix and "hearing" Jimi.

Now if you think I can't swivel from that movie to Ancient Greek Stoic philosophers, think again...

In the book The Daily Stoic , the entry for April 10th is called "Judgements Cause Disturbance", and while after a different outcome, does help illustrate this concept.

"It isn't events themselves that disturb people, but only their judgments about them." - in Enchiridion. The samurai swordsman Musashi made a distinction between our "perceiving eye" and our "observing eye." The observing eye sees what is. The perceiving eye sees what things supposedly mean. Which one do you think causes us the most anguish? An event is inanimate. It's objective. It simply is what it is. That's what our observing eye sees. This will ruin me. How could this have happened? Ugh! It's so-and-so's fault. That's our perceiving eye at work. Bringing disturbance with it and then blaming it on the event.

Now Epictetus' point is more to focus on not letting the perceiving eye bother you when there is nothing truly of concern from the observing eye. However, both eyes are of value.

The perceiving eye is where insight comes from. It is where we make meaning from what we see. It's where we study, and our mind interacts with what we see. We might draw from intuition, experience, reasoning, or more.

The observing eye sees things for what they are. There is little insight or meaning, but just truth.

The effective observer is (1) very aware of both the observing eye and the perceiving eye, and (2) very much in control of which one is shaping decisions and actions. This is not about one being good and one being bad. We need to see things as they really are. We also need to create meaning from what we see.

A flamingo is pink, tall, and tropical. That is observation, but perception is about meaning and a flamingo is either a beautiful bird or an ugly one. Both can be right because it's s a matter of perception. I want to state as fact that fake flamingo lawn ornaments are just ugly, but yet because of their mere existence, certainly some perceive them differently.

Finally, to offer one more philosopher's view from long, long ago. Obi-Wan Kenobi says that "you're going to find that many of the truths we cling to depend greatly on our own point of view."

So, develop your pure, unfiltered observing eye. Also develop your insightful perceiving eye. Both will be needed.

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The Important Gap Between Observation and Perception - JFlinch

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Whether in problem-solving, or broad lean behaviors, or seeing the customer as an entrepreneur, there is much articulated about the idea of going to see for yourself. There are many terms for it, such as "direct observation" that we articulated in The Hitchhiker's Guide to Lean, or Gemba commonly used

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DESCRIPTION- PATTERNICITY IS A MEDICAL TERM USED BY NEUROSCIENTISTS TO PERCEIVE PATTERNS IN RANDOM NOISE OR DATA.

CONNECTION- THE CAPACITY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN TO RECOGNIZE PATTERN IN VARIOUS THINGS. THE BRAIN HAS POWER TO WORK IN PATTERN WITH THE HELP OF WIRED TECHNOLOGY. PATTERNICITY CAN ALSO BE TERMED CONFIRMATION BIAS. PEOPLE OFTEN SEEK AND INTEREST ON INFORMATION THAT ARE CONFIRMED.

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Why do people see faces in nature, interpret window stains as human figures, hear voices in random sounds generated by electronic devices or find conspiracies in the daily news? A proximate cause is the priming effect, in which our brain and senses are prepared to interpret stimuli according to an expected model. UFOlogists see a face on Mars. Religionists see the Virgin Mary on the side of a building. Paranormalists hear dead people speaking to them through a radio receiver. Conspiracy theorists think 9/11 was an inside job by the Bush administration. Is there a deeper ultimate cause for why people believe such weird things? There is. I call it "patternicity," or the tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningless noise.

Traditionally, scientists have treated patternicity as an error in cognition. A type I error, or a false positive, is believing something is real when it is not (finding a nonexistent pattern). A type II error, or a false negative, is not believing something is real when it is (not recognizing a real pattern-call it "apatternicity"). In my 2000 book How We Believe (Times Books), I argue that our brains are belief engines: evolved pattern-recognition machines that connect the dots and create meaning out of the patterns that we think we see in nature. Sometimes A really is connected to B; sometimes it is not. When it is, we have learned something valuable about the environment from which we can make predictions that aid in survival and reproduction. We are the ancestors of those most successful at finding patterns. This process is called association learning, and it is fundamental to all animal behavior, from the humble worm C. elegans to H. sapiens.

Unfortunately, we did not evolve a Baloney Detection Network in the brain to distinguish between true and false patterns. We have no error-detection governor to modulate the pattern-recognition engine. (Thus the need for science with its self-correcting mechanisms of replication and peer review.) But such erroneous cognition is not likely to remove us from the gene pool and would therefore not have been selected against by evolution.

In a September paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, "The Evolution of Superstitious and Superstition-like Behaviour," Harvard University biologist Kevin R. Foster and University of Helsinki biologist Hanna Kokko test my theory through evolutionary modeling and demonstrate that whenever the cost of believing a false pattern is real is less than the cost of not believing a real pattern, natural selection will favor patternicity. They begin with the formula pb > c, where a belief may be held when the cost (c) of doing so is less than the probability (p) of the benefit (b). For example, believing that the rustle in the grass is a dangerous predator when it is only the wind does not cost much, but believing that a dangerous predator is the wind may cost an animal its life.

The problem is that we are very poor at estimating such probabilities, so the cost of believing that the rustle in the grass is a dangerous predator when it is just the wind is relatively low compared with the opposite. Thus, there would have been a beneficial selection for believing that most patterns are real.

Through a series of complex formulas that include additional stimuli (wind in the trees) and prior events (past experience with predators and wind), the authors conclude that "the inability of individuals-human or otherwise-to assign causal probabilities to all sets of events that occur around them will often force them to lump causal associations with non-causal ones. From here, the evolutionary rationale for superstition is clear: natural selection will favour strategies that make many incorrect causal associations in order to establish those that are essential for survival and reproduction."

In support of a genetic selection model, Foster and Kokko note that "predators only avoid nonpoisonous snakes that mimic a poisonous species in areas where the poisonous species is common" and that even such simple organisms as " Escherichia coli cells will swim towards physiologically inert methylated aspartate presumably owing to an adaptation to favour true aspartate."

Such patternicities, then, mean that people believe weird things because of our evolved need to believe nonweird things.
Note: This article was originally published with the title, "Patternicity".

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Patternicity: Finding Meaningful Patterns in Meaningless Noise

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Why the brain believes something is real when it is not