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Globalization is simply the process in which people and goods move across borders easily.

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There are many types of map projections that project the world differently.

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https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/buddhism

Buddhism is a universalizing religion that many people follow all around the world.

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Although population pyramids are most often used to illustrate the population
composition of countries, they may also be used to illustrate the age-sex population
of subnational units.

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When this class would be toooooooo loud Ms.Wrzensinski would be like

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All maps provide information;maps distort spatialrelationships in shape, area, distance,and direction.

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Epidemiological Transition Model describes changing population patterns in terms of fertility, life expectancy, mortality, and leading causes of death. Stage 1 has pestilence and famine, which have many diseases that spread everywhere.

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Womens are getting more highly educated and more healthcares, which leds to a higher life expectations. The following response to those are the jobs and opportunities are getting more widely open and equal to every gender, so the world is getting more dependable on lots of jobs and works on all the genders. Mostly the jobs in the past used to be dominant on males because of some cultural and traditional reasons in some countries, but the world is developing and becoming more equal to everyone overtime.

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Benefits of economic empowerment

Women's economic empowerment is central to realizing women's rights and gender equality. Women's economic empowerment includes women's ability to participate equally in existing markets; their access to and control over productive resources, access to decent work, control over their own time, lives and bodies; and increased voice, agency and meaningful participation in economic decision-making at all levels from the household to international institutions.

Empowering women in the economy and closing gender gaps in the world of work are key to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [1] and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 5, to achieve gender equality, and Goal 8, to promote full and productive employment and decent work for all; also Goal 1 on ending poverty, Goal 2 on food security, Goal 3 on ensuring health and Goal 10 on reducing inequalities.

When more women work, economies grow. Women's economic empowerment boosts productivity, increases economic diversification and income equality in addition to other positive development outcomes.[2] For example, increasing the female employment rates in OECD countries to match that of Sweden, could boost GDP by over USD 6 trillion,[3] recognizing, however, that. growth does not automatically lead to a reduction in gender-based inequality. Conversely, it is estimated that gender gaps cost the economy some 15 percent of GDP.[4]

Increasing women's and girls' educational attainment contributes to women's economic empowerment and more inclusive economic growth. Education, upskilling and re-skilling over the life course - especially to keep pace with rapid technological and digital transformations affecting jobs-are critical for women's and girl's health and wellbeing, as well as their income-generation opportunities and participation in the formal labour market. Increased educational attainment accounts for about 50 per cent of the economic growth in OECD countries over the past 50 years.[5] But, for the majority of women, significant gains in education have not translated into better labour market outcomes.[6]

Women's economic equality is good for business. Companies greatly benefit from increasing employment and leadership opportunities for women, which is shown to increase organizational effectiveness and growth. It is estimated that companies with three or more women in senior management functions score higher in all dimensions of organizational performance.[7]

The world of work

Gender differences in laws affect both developing and developed economies, and women in all regions. Globally, over 2.7 billion women are legally restricted from having the same choice of jobs as men. Of 189 economies assessed in 2018, 104 economies still have laws preventing women from working in specific jobs, 59 economies have no laws on sexual harassment in the workplace, and in 18 economies, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working. [8]

Women remain less likely to participate in the labour market than men around the world. Labour force participation rate for women aged 25-54 is 63 per cent compared to 94 per cent for men. [9] When including younger (aged 15 years and up) and older women (aged 55 and up) , in 2018 women's global labour force participation rate is event lower at 48.5 per cent, 26.5 percentage points below that of men.[10]

Women are more likely to be unemployed than men. In 2017, global unemployment rates for men and women stood at 5.5 per cent and 6.2 per cent respectively. This is projected to remain relatively unchanged going into 2018 and through 2021.[11]

Women are over-represented in informal and vulnerable employment. Women are more than twice as likely than men to be contributing family workers.[12] From the latest available data, the share of women in informal employment in developing countries was 4.6 percentage points higher than that of men, when including agricultural workers, and 7.8 percentage points higher when excluding them.[13]

Globally, women are paid less than men. The gender wage gap is estimated to be 23 per cent. This means that women earn 77 per cent of what men earn, though these figures understate the real extent of gender pay gaps, particularly in developing countries where informal self-employment is prevalent.[14] Women also face the motherhood wage penalty, which increases as the number of children a woman has increases.[15]

Women bear disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work. Women tend to spend around 2.5 times more time on unpaid care and domestic work than men.[16] The amount of time devoted to unpaid care work is negatively correlated with female labour force participation.[17]

Unpaid care work is essential to the functioning of the economy, but often goes uncounted and unrecognized.[18]. It is estimated that if women's unpaid work were assigned a monetary value, it would constitute between 10 per cent and 39 per cent of GDP.[19]

Women are still less likely to have access to social protection. Gender inequalities in employment and job quality result in gender gaps in access to social protection acquired through employment, such as pensions, unemployment benefits or maternity protection. Globally, an estimated nearly 40 per cent of women in wage employment do not have access to social protection.[20]

Women are less likely than men to have access to financial institutions or have a bank account. While 65 per cent of men report having an account at a formal financial institution, only 58 per cent of women do worldwide. [21]

The digital divide remains a gendered one: most of the 3.9 billion people who are offline are in rural areas, poorer, less educated and tend to be women and girls.[22]

Women are less likely to be entrepreneurs and face more disadvantages starting businesses: In 40% of economies, women's early stage entrepreneurial activity is half or less than half of that of men's.[23]

Women are constrained from achieving the highest leadership positions: Only 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs are Women.[24]

Violence and harassment in the world of work affects women regardless of age, location, income or social status. The economic costs - a refelction of the human and social costs - to the global economy of discriminatory social institutions and violence against women is estimated to be approximately USD 12 trillion annually.[25]

Almost a third of women's employment globally is in in agriculture, including forestry and fishing, but this may exclude self-employed and unpaid family workers. Yet, differences across countries and regions are striking. The share of women workers in agriculture is only 9.5 per cent in upper-middle-income countries and 2.6 per cent in high-income countries, while agriculture remains the most important employment sector for women in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.[26]

Women farmers have significantly less access to, control over, and ownership of land and other productive assets compared to their male counterparts. Land is perhaps the most important economic asset; women account for only 12.8 per cent of agricultural landholders in the world.[27]

Women and girls suffer most from the dearth of safely managed water and sanitation. Women and girls are responsible for water collection in 80 per cent of households without access to water on premises.[28] Menstrual hygiene management is difficult in the absence of water, soap and gender-responsive sanitation facilities, whether at home, school or work.

Women and girls are more likely to carry the burden of energy poverty and experience the adverse effects of lack of safe, reliable, affordable and clean energy. Indoor air pollution from using combustible fuels for household energy caused 4.3 million deaths in 2012, with women and girls accounting for 6 out of every 10 deaths.[29]

Environmental degradation and climate change have disproportionate impacts on women and children. Women often bear the brunt of coping with climate-related shocks and stresses or the health effects of indoor and urban pollution, which add to their care burden. As land, forest and water resources are increasingly compromised, privatized or "grabbed" for commercial investment, local communities and indigenous peoples, particularly women, whose livelihoods depend on them, are marginalized and displaced. Globally, women are 14 times more likely than men to die during a disaster.[30]

Sustainable Development

Women constitute approximately half of the 258 million migrants who live and work outside their countries of birth. Migrant women and girls outnumber men and boys in all regions except Africa and Asia; in some countries of Asia, men migrants outnumber women by about three to one.[31]

Despite gender inequalities in the labour market and gender wage gaps globally, women migrant workers were responsible for sending half of the estimated $601 billion in remittances worldwide in 2016.[32]

Research has shown that women migrant workers are often more likely than men to remit on a regular basis owing to women's stronger links to family members and self-insurance motives[33] underlining the link between a woman's gendered caregiving role in the household and her increasing propensity to remit.[34]

Although many migrant women are highly skilled and well-educated, they face challenges in accessing foreign labour markets. Employment restrictions for migrants coupled with the de-skilling prevalent in gendered labour markets and pervasive stereotypes associated with migrant women in countries of destination, can negatively impact their job prospects. Indeed, many migrant women participate in low-skilled and precarious jobs characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, limited labour and social protections, and exposure to physical and sexual violence.

Women migrant workers

Women migrant workers are often concentrated in informal, low paid and unregulated work. The main sectors in which women migrant workers are employed are: services and retail (18.8 per cent), elementary occupations (17.3 per cent), craft and related trades (15.2 per cent), professionals (13.9 per cent) and clerks (12.3 per cent).[ 35] Of the estimated 11.5 million international migrant domestic workers (in 2013), approximately 73.4 per cent were women.[ 36]

Notes

[1] UN Secretary General's High Level Panel on Women's Economic Empowerment, Leave No One Behind: A Call to Action for Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment. . Available at: https://www.empowerwomen.org/-/media/files/un%20women/empowerwomen/resources/hlp%20briefs/unhlp%20full%20report.pdf?la=en

[2] International Monetary Fund (2018). Pursuing Women's Economic Empowerment https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment

[3] PwC, Women in Work Index 2018. Available at: https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics-policy/insights/women-in-work-index.html

[4] See Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate Effects of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1-32.https://doi.org/10.1086/683847 and Ferrant, G. and A. Kolev (2016), Does gender discrimination in social institutions matter for long-term growth?: Cross-country evidence. OECD Development Centre Working Papers, No. 330, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en

[5] OECD, Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship: Final Report to the MCM 2012. http://www.oecd.org/employment/50423364.pdf p. 3.

[6] UN Women, Progress of the World's Women 2015-2016. Chapter 2, p. 69.

[7]McKinsey & Company, Women Matter: Time to accelerate. Ten years of insights into gender diversity 2018. Available at: https://www.empowerwomen.org/-/media/files/un%20women/empowerwomen/resources/hlp%20briefs/unhlp%20full%20report.pdf?la=en .

[8] World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2018. (Washington, D.C., 2018). Available at: http://wbl.worldbank.org/

[9] UN Women, Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (New York, 2018). Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/2/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2018

[10] International Labour Organization (ILO), World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for Women 2018: Global Snapshot (Geneva, 2018). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_619577.pdf

[11] Ibid.

[12] Ibid.

[13] ILO, Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture, third edition (Geneva, 2018). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_626831/lang--en/index.htm

[14] UN Women, Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (New York, 2018). Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/2/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2018

[15] Damian Grimshaw and Jill Rubery, "The motherhood pay gap: A review of the issues, theory and international evidence," International Labour Organization, Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 57, (Geneva, 2015). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_348041.pdf

[16] ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for women 2017 (Geneva, 2017). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/trends-for-women2017/lang--en/index.htm

[17] OECD Development Centre, 2014. Unpaid Care Work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes (2014). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf

[18] Diane Elson, Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues, World Development, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 611-627 (1999).

[19] UNRISD, Research and Policy Brief 9:Why Care Matters for Social Development. Available at: http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/25697FE238192066C12576D4004CFE50/%24file/RPB9e.pdf

[20] ILO, Women at Work: Trends 2016 (Geneva, 2016). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_457317.pdf

[21] Demirguc-Kunt and others,The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World. Policy Research Working Paper 7255. (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2015). Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/187761468179367706/pdf/WPS7255.pdf

[22] E/CN.6/2018/3. Available at: http://undocs.org/E/CN.6/2018/3

[23] Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2017). GEM 2016/2017 Women's Entrepreneurship Report. Women's Entrepreneurship Report. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/49860

[24] Cheryl. (2014). Women CEOs of the S&P 500. http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-ceos-sp-500

[25] McKinsey & Company, The Power of Parity: How advancing aomen's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth (2015). Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Employment%20and%20Growth/How%20advancing%20womens%20equality%20can%20add%2012%20trillion%20to%20global%20growth/MGI%20Power%20of%20parity_Full%20report_September%202015.ashx

[26] E/CN.6/2018/3. Available at: https://undocs.org/E/CN.6/2018/3

[27] FAO, Gender and Land Statistics Recent developments in FAO's Gender and Land Rights Database (Rome, 2015). Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4862e.pdf

[28] UN Women. Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (New York, 2018). Available at: < a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/2/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2018">https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/2/gender-equality-in-the-2030-agenda-for-sustainable-development-2018

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "New UN DESA report finds numbers of migrants continue to rise", 18 December 2017. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/international-migration-report-2017.html

[32] Western Union, "Western Union Pays Tribute to Global Women Work-Force as World Economic Change Agents and Calls for Greater Recognition and Integration", 8 March 2016. Available at: http://ir.westernunion.com/news/archived-press-releases/press-release-details/2016/Western-Union-Pays-Tribute-to-Global-Women-Work-Force-as-World-Economic-Change-Agents-and-Calls-for-Greater-Recognition-and-Integration/default.aspx

[33] Maelan Le Goff, "Feminization of migration and trends in remittances", January 2016. Available at: https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/220/pdfs/feminization-of-migration-and-trends-in-remittances.pdf?v=1.

[34] Mónika López-Anuarbe and others, "More than altruism: cultural norms and remittances among Hispanics in the USA", Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 17, No. 2 (May 2016). Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12134-015-0423-3

[35] UN Women, Women migrant workers' journey through the margins: labour, migration and trafficking (New York, 2016). Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/women-migrant-workers-journey.pdf?la=en&vs=4009

[36] ILO, ILO global estimates on immigrant workers: Results and methodology: Special focus on migrant domestic workers (Geneva, 2015). Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf

[Last updated July 2018]

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When more women work, economies grow. If women's paid employment rates were raised to the same level as men's, the United States' gross domestic product would be an estimated 9 per cent higher, the Euro-zone's would climb by 13 per cent, and Japan's would be boosted by 16 per cent.

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The industrial revolution made jobs more easily accessible and more money was made

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Anthony Elizondo Unit 4 the government knowing only one person can actually do something

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Anthony Elizondo Unit 4 the government knowing only one person can actually do something

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Monarchy is when one person leads a country or region

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The Industrial Revolution- The Industrial Revolution is the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, this video Compares patterns and trends in visual sources to draw conclusions.

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What was the Industrial Revolution? | History in a Nutshell | Animated History

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The people cluster to the urban areas and the carrying capacity wouldn't be able to handle the population

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Urban Sustainability-  This video talks about the concept of urban sustainability, it Explains a likely outcome in a geographic
scenario using geographic concepts,
processes,models, or theories.

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6.8 Urban Sustainability (Unit 6 Cities/Urban Land Use, Topic 8 of AP Human Geography)

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During the industrial revolution companies sent kids in to work on machines, they got limbs cut off because there were not safe precautions. The companies pretended they didnt see it and continued sending kids in.

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Anthony Elizondo 3.4 settlers when they realized there is not a water source nearby

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Anthony Elizondo 3.4 settlers when they realized there is not a water source nearby

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Most settlers wanted to live next to water

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Green Revolution made agricultural production more frequent

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at the beginning of the year when I still didn't know the difference between longitude and latitude.

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this is unit 6.6 basue when density happens it effects multiple things like how crowded it is and where you moved to be quiet wont be quiet anymore

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economy was getting better in the states after a long time

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UNCLOS (United Nations Conventions Law Of Sea) adopted the International Law of the Sea in 1983. The law is broken up into 3 zones, territorial water zone, contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic zone. This law was created for countries to understand how to deal with allocational boundary disputes in the sea.

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Malthusian theory concluded that the natural resources are not going to be able to sustain the exponential population growth, but the development of GMO foods made crops supply become also exponentially developed enough to support the population of the world since it made crops grow faster and more in a short period of time by making it to be more flexible and easier to grow in any conditions.

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Feed Your Mind Main Page en Español (Spanish)
Am I eating foods that come from GMO crops?

It is very likely you are eating foods and food products that are made with ingredients that come from GMO crops. Many GMO crops are used to make ingredients that Americans eat such as cornstarch, corn syrup, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, or granulated sugar. A few fresh fruit and vegetables are available in GMO varieties, including potatoes, summer squash, apples, papayas, and pink pineapples. Although GMOs are in a lot of the foods we eat, most of the GMO crops grown in the United States are used for animal food.

To make it easier for consumers to know if the foods they eat contain GMO ingredients, the U.S. Department of Agriculture maintains a list of bioengineered foods available throughout the world. Additionally, you will start seeing the "bioengineered" label on some of the foods we eat because of the new National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard.

GMOs, Farm to Table

What GMO crops are in the United States?
Corn:
Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO. Most GMO corn is created to resist insect pests or tolerate herbicides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn is a GMO corn that produces proteins that are toxic to certain insect pests but not to humans, pets, livestock, or other animals. These are the same types of proteins that organic farmers use to control insect pests, and they do not harm beneficial insects, such as ladybugs. GMO Bt corn reduces the need for spraying insecticides while still preventing insect damage. While a lot of GMO corn goes into processed foods and drinks, most of it is used to feed livestock, like cows, and poultry, like chickens.
Soybean:
Most soy grown in the United States is GMO soy. Most GMO soy is used for food for animals, predominantly poultry and livestock, and making soybean oil. It is also used as ingredients (lecithin, emulsifiers, and proteins) in processed foods.
Cotton:
GMO cotton was created to be resistant to bollworms and helped revive the Alabama cotton industry. GMO cotton not only provides a reliable source of cotton for the textile industry, it is also used to make cottonseed oil, which is used in packaged foods and in many restaurants for frying. GMO cottonseed meal and hulls are also used in food for animals.
Potato:
Some GMO potatoes were developed to resist insect pests and disease. In addition, some GMO potato varieties have been developed to resist bruising and browning that can occur when potatoes are packaged, stored, and transported, or even cut in your kitchen. While browning does not change the quality of the potato, it often leads to food being unnecessarily thrown away because people mistakenly believe browned food is spoiled.
Papaya:
By the 1990s, ringspot virus disease had nearly wiped out Hawaii's papaya crop, and in the process almost destroyed the papaya industry in Hawaii. A GMO papaya, named the Rainbow papaya, was created to resist ringspot virus. This GMO saved papaya farming on the Hawaiian Islands.
Summer Squash:
GMO summer squash is resistant to some plant viruses. Squash was one of the first GMOs on the market, but it is not widely grown.
Canola:
GMO canola is used mostly to make cooking oil and margarine. Canola seed meal can also be used in food for animals. Canola oil is used in many packaged foods to improve food consistency. Most GMO canola is resistant to herbicides and helps farmers to more easily control weeds in their fields.
Alfalfa:
GMO alfalfa is primarily used to feed cattle-mostly dairy cows. Most GMO alfalfa is resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray the crops to protect them against destructive weeds that can reduce alfalfa production and lower the nutritional quality of the hay.
Apple:
A few varieties of GMO apples were developed to resist browning after being cut. This helps cut down on food waste, as many consumers think brown apples are spoiled.
Sugar Beet:
Sugar beets are used to make granulated sugar. More than half the granulated sugar packaged for grocery store shelves is made from GMO sugar beets. Because GMO sugar beets are resistant to herbicides, growing GMO sugar beets helps farmers control weeds in their fields.
Pink Pineapple:
The GMO pink pineapple was developed to have pink flesh by increasing the levels of lycopene. Lycopene is naturally found in pineapples, and it is the pigment that makes tomatoes red and watermelons pink.

What about animals that eat food made from GMO crops?

Similarly, the DNA from GMO animal food does not make it into the meat, eggs, or milk from the animal. Research shows that foods like eggs, dairy products, and meat that come from animals that eat GMO food are equal in nutritional value, safety, and quality to foods made from animals that eat only non-GMO food.

Learn more about GMO Crops and Food for Animals.

Who makes sure animal food is safe?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the primary regulatory agency responsible for ensuring the safety of GMO and non-GMO food for animals. The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine manages this responsibility. FDA requires that all food for animals, like food for human foods, be safe for animals to eat, be produced under clean conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be accurately labeled.

Are there GMO animals in the food supply?

Yes. FDA has approved an application allowing the sale of the AquAdvantage Salmon to consumers. The AquAdvantage Salmon has been genetically modified to reach an important growth point faster. FDA has also approved an alteration in the GalSafe pig for human food consumption and potential therapeutic uses. The GalSafe pig was developed to be free of detectable alpha-gal sugar on its cell surfaces. People with Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) may have allergic reactions to alpha-gal sugar found in red meat (e.g., beef, pork, and lamb). FDA has determined that food from the AquAdvantage Salmon and the GalSafe pig are as safe and nutritious to eat as food from non-GMO salmon and pigs.

Are GMOs used to make anything besides food?

When you hear the term "GMO" you probably think of food. However, techniques used to create GMOs are important in creating some medicines as well. In fact, genetic engineering, which is the process used to create GMOs, was first used to make human insulin, a medicine used to treat diabetes. Medicines developed through genetic engineering go through an in-depth FDA approval process. All medicines must be proven to be safe and effective before they are approved for human use. GMOs are also used in the textile industry. Some GMO cotton plants are used to create cotton fiber that is then used to make fabric for clothing and other materials.
How GMOs Are Regulated in the United States

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Many GMO crops are used to make ingredients that Americans eat such as cornstarch, corn syrup, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, or granulated sugar.

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Distance decay is the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The more farther something is, you are more likely to not travel as far for it since it’s so far away from where you are. Some people will travel far for urban places but it’s agitating since they can run into traffic and longer travel time.

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when ava never shuts up.

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in unit one it’s introduction to maps and how they helped people get around

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Geodata, also known as geographic data or geospatial data, refers to data and information that has explicit or implicit association with a location relative to Earth.

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Spatial data is any type of data that directly or indirectly references a specific geographical area or location. Sometimes called geospatial data or geographic information, spatial data can also numerically represent a physical object in a geographic coordinate system. However, spatial data is much more than a spatial component of a map.

Users can save spatial data in a variety of different formats, as it can also contain more than location-specific data. Analyzing this data provides a better understanding of how each variable impacts individuals, communities, populations, etc.

There are several spatial data types, but the two primary kinds of spatial data are geometric data and geographic data.

Geometric data is a spatial data type that is mapped on a two-dimensional flat surface. An example is the geometric data in floor plans. Google Maps is an application that uses geometric data to provide accurate direction. In fact, it is one of the simplest examples of spatial data in action.

Geographic data is information mapped around a sphere. Most often, the sphere is planet earth. Geographic data highlights the latitude and longitude relationships to a specific object or location. A familiar example of geographic data is a global positioning system.

Georeferencing and geocoding

Similar processes, georeferencing and geocoding, are important aspects of geospatial analysis. Both geocoding and georeferencing involve fitting data into the real world by using appropriate coordinates, but that is where the similarity ends.

Georeferencing concentrates on assigning data coordinates to vectors or rasters. This approach helps accurately model the planet's surface.

Geocoding, on the other hand, provides address and location descriptors. These can include information about cities, states, countries, and so on. Each exact coordinate references a specific location on the earth's surface.

Geospatial customer data displayed on a map for a fictitious restaurant.

Vector and raster

Vector and raster are common data formats used to store geospatial data.

Vectors are graphical representation s of the real world. There are three main types of vector data: points, lines and polygons. The points help create lines, and the connecting lines form enclosed areas or polygons. Vectors often represent the generalization of features or objects on the planet's surface. Vector data is usually stored in shapefiles, sometimes referred to as .shp files.

Raster represents information presented in a pixel grid. Each pixel stored within a raster has value. This can be anything from a unit of measurement, color or information about a specific element. Typically, raster refers to imagery, but in spatial analysis it frequently refers to an orthoimage or the photos taken from aerial devices or satellites.

There is also something called an attribute. Whenever spatial data contains additional information or non-spatial data, it is called an attribute. Spatial data can have any number of attributes about a location. For example, this may be a map, photographs, historical information or anything else that may be deemed necessary.

What is spatial data science?

Spatial data science concentrates on extracting deeper insights from data by leveraging a comprehensive set of spatial algorithms and analytical methods. These include using machine learning and deep learning to identify hidden patterns within the data. This approach helps improve predictive models.

Spatial data may also include attributes that provide more information about the entity it represents. This helps users understand where things happen and why they happen there. For example, geographic information systems (GIS) and other specialized software applications help access, visualize, manipulate and engage in spatial analysis.

Experts expect spatial data science will become more important as government agencies and enterprises strive to make smarter data-driven decisions.

Other aspects of spatial data science include spatial data mining and data visualization.

Spatial data mining describes the process of discovering hidden patterns in large spatial data sets. As a key driver of GIS application development, spatial data mining allows users to extract valuable data on contiguous regions and investigate spatial patterns. In this scenario, spatial variables like distance and direction are taken into account.

Data visualization software, such as Tableau, allows data scientists and marketers to connect different spatial data files like Esri File Geodatabases, GeoJSON files, Keyhole Markup Language ( KML) files, MapInfo tables, Shapefiles and TopoJSON files. Once connected, users can create points, lines and polygon maps using the information in spatial data files, lidar data files and geospatial data files.

Spatial data is important for the internet of things ( IoT). It helps IoT protocols use remote sensing to collect data for spatial analysis. Spatial data is also used in transportation and logistics to help companies understand which machine would work best at a specific location, make accurate time estimations for deliveries and track deliveries in real time.

Example of a mobile app created with IBM's PAIRS service, which enables data scientists and developers to produce complex applications using enormous geospatial-temporal data sets from IoT data, maps, weather, drones, satellite, etc.

Environmental technologies also use spatial data to monitor temperature patterns, tidal patterns and more. The ability to track at-risk areas in combination with historical data, weather data and geospatial data gives scientists better information to predict natural disasters.

Continue Reading About spatial data

Dig Deeper on Database management

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What is spatial data and how does it work?

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Spatial data is any type of data that directly or indirectly references a specific geographical area or location. Sometimes called geospatial data or geographic information, spatial data can also numerically represent a physical object in a geographic coordinate system. However, spatial data is much more than a spatial component of a map.

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The Industrial Revolution  in this video transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

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What was the Industrial Revolution? | History in a Nutshell | Animated History

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the population density for india is increasing

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Von Thunen's model was created before industrialization and is based on the following limiting assumptions: The city is located centrally within an "Isolated State" which is self sufficient and has no external influences

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0:00 / 0:59•Watch full video

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PREVIEW

Urban sustainability is the construction and design of cities with high consideration for the renewability of resources being used. its design inititaves and zoning practice.

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Instructor: David Wood Show bio

David has taught Honors Physics, AP Physics, IB Physics and general science courses. He has a Masters in Education, and a Bachelors in Physics.

Urban sustainability is the construction and design of cities with high consideration for the renewability of resources being used. Identify the importance of air and water sanitation, the protection of ecosystems and farmlands, and the use of different types of energy sources. Updated: 12/21/2021

There are few places that are worse for the environment than a city. Huge numbers of people coming and going, driving cars, and shopping for products, while factories pump all kinds of pollution into the atmosphere. Sustainability is the ability of our planet and our resources to endure forever, or a way of living without actively using our resources. Urban sustainability refers to building cities that can continue without running out of resources.

The urban environment has unique challenges when it comes to sustainability. Growing cities require more land and buildings. Outer-city areas can build up just as quickly as inner-city areas, while suburban boundaries can expand. This rapid development makes sustainable growth more difficult.

Let's take a look at some of the challenges faced by advocates of urban sustainability and what it would take to solve them.

Video

Quiz

Course

Air, Sanitation & Water Pollution

Perhaps the most obvious and well-documented issue with urban sustainability is pollution. Pollution takes into account how cities dispose of garbage and waste products, how businesses and factories release chemicals into water sources and smog into the air.

Pollution is a major problem in every city. Typically, the bigger the city the worse the pollution. While regulating business-generated pollution is one way to solve the problem, it can discourage businesses from moving to the city. Some solutions can include improving refuse collection, instituting recycling programs, and even composting food and human waste. Cities can also build and subsidize public transportation to reduce car exhaust and traffic. However, these programs cost money, which can lead to higher taxes. For political reasons, taking action to prevent pollution can be difficult. However, worsening pollution can result in the public becoming more open to these measures. Such is the case in places like Beijing, China, where smog has become a major health crisis.

Ecosystems & Farmland Protection

While discussion of ecosystems may seem irrelevant to urban sustainability, in some ways it's even more important. As humans become more concentrated inside cities, those cities, which contain their own bird, insect, and plant life, expand and disrupt more natural ecosystems.

In terms of urban sustainability, it's possible to carefully design urban environments that minimally impact ecosystems by understanding how they interact with ecosystems inside and outside of the boundary of a city. For example, migration routes of animals can be taken into account, leaving green areas through which they can safely pass. Havens for birds and insects can be built throughout the city, providing recreational areas for humans at the same time. Urban farming, or the growing of small amounts of food, often in fenced courtyards or on rooftops, is becoming increasingly popular.

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Urban Sustainability: Definition & Issues - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Urban sustainability is the construction and design of cities with high consideration for the renewability of resources being used. Identify the...

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When ever a south Korean walks into North Korea territory. The boundaries are defined in the place by the locations with similar beliefs and similar characteristics occur. But since Korea is still in a war the situations like the image of the meme would happen

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in this video you look at some of the most complex international border. Which then shows how complex borders intertwine with international borders.

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The Most Complex International Borders in the World

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in unit 7 the industrial revolution happens, many new factories are made and new things are invited

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People gather information for record data for analytical purposes. For example Census data

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this explains the wage gap between the men and women economy

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this shows that low income residents become increasing concerned with eviction when the threat of gentrification enters their neighborhood.

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the green revolution brought more food and resources to the environment

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this is an example of britain's political power and territory

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this is an example of religion diffusion

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this because of property taxes and texas is cheaper causing other people to move

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this is because of distance decay because there are less interaction with people because of technology

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This shows the power of Geographic power. saying that having the knowledge of knowing about a geographic are can give you an edge in many ways.

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this meme shows how fast the Industrial Revolution came and how fast it had an impact on the United States of America.

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Industrialization contains 5 different stages as a part of the Demographic Transition Model. It also includes social classes: High, middle, and low. Along with urbanization and colonial & imperialism.

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Urban sustainability talks about how in urban areas people are innovating new ways to meet sustainable goals as population grows and people use more resources.

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6.8 Urban Sustainability (Unit 6 Cities/Urban Land Use, Topic 8 of AP Human Geography)

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The Von Thunen Model describes what is being produced based off the cost of transportation, which is determined by the location of the market. It predicts that the human population will used land in relation to the cost of land.

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Von Thünen Model! AP Human Geography (Advanced Placement)

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This video talks about differences in policies between states. Internal boundaries can be between different states. Like borders between provinces or states like Georgia and FLorida.

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4.6 Internal Boundaries (Unit 4 Political Geography, Topic 6 of AP Human Geography)

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This video mainly talks about how culture spreads to other places. Where a cultural trait originates is called cultural hearth. There are two main types of diffusion: Relocation and Expansion.

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0:00 / 11:22•Watch full video

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3.4 Types of Diffusion (Unit 3 Cultural Geography, Topic 3 of AP Human Geography)

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Aging population talks about improving healthcare as a way to somewhat extend our lives. It says how having an older population can have an impact on society.

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2.9 Aging Populations (Unit 2: Population & Migration Topic 9 of AP Human Geography)

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Regional analysis includes three main regions: functional, formal, and perceptual. This video also talks about political, physical, cultural, etc. Regional analysis can be a way on how to determine regions based on its features.

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1.7 Regional Analysis (Unit 1 Topic 7 of AP Human Geography)

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Theories of Development - this video talks about the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different geographic models and theories in a specified context.

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Rostow's Model, World Systems Theory, and more Theories of Development! AP Human Geography

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Urban Data- this video is about urban data and they way it was used. it explains what maps or data imply or illustrate about geographic principles, processes, and outcomes.

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What is Urban Planning? Crash Course Geography #47

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in unit 6 they talk about infrastructure which is building new things like roads and buildings

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition new technology we manufactured and processed in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States. Tractors, Cars, Trains (etc)

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The Industrial Revolution (18-19th Century)

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Von Thünen Model- This video shows the von thunen model, it was based on these limiting assumptions: The city is located centrally within an "Isolated State" which is self sufficient and has no external influences. The Isolated State is surrounded by an unoccupied wilderness.

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Language can be diffused in many different ways such as hierarchical, stimulus, and relocation diffusion

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All of these are issues of housing discrimination and therefore are "hard to swallow pills".

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Christian never does his work

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Urban Sustainability is to meet the needs of people now without stopping future generations from doing the same in urban areas. Focuses on sustaining the median.

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6.8 Urban Sustainability (Unit 6 Cities/Urban Land Use, Topic 8 of AP Human Geography)

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This shows that there are too many maps to keep up with

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The internet causes space-time compression to occur and therefore impacts globalization. This is a cause of diffusion, as the title of the unit indicates.

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This is when kids back then would have to work in factories and they reach in small dangerous places and risk losing arms

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A wage gap is the difference between the amount paid to women vs men, and in which most cases, women are to get paid less. This relates to 7.4 when we discussed topics such as GII and labor force participation.

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The industrial revolution caused more job opportunities which helped helped people be wealthier.

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Von Thunen Model is used to predict agricultural land use patterns and make assumptions to benefit profit, markets, equally farm-able lands, transportation, and productivity.

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Internal Boundaries- This video is about Internal Boundaries and the different views and effects they had where they were placed. it identify the scales of analysis presented by
maps, quantitative and geospatial data, images, and landscapes.

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4.6 Internal Boundaries (Unit 4 Political Geography, Topic 6 of AP Human Geography)

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A political boundary is not just a line marking territory on the ground, but also vertical plane that cuts through subsoil, rocks and the airspace above-coal, gas & oil reserves often cross these lines
Relic Boundary is a former boundary that no longer functions.
Antecedent is a border drawn before it was well populated, physical landscape describes boundary.
(etc)

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4.4 Defining Political Boundaries (Unit 4 Political Geography, Topic 4 of AP Human Geography)

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This is density and land use and how the less stressful and painful low density is compared to high density

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This relates to 6.1, where we learned about urbanization and population. Population density is not how big the total population of an area is, it is the number of people in a country divided by the area in square kilometers or miles.

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Gentrifiacation is when wealthier people move into poor urban areas and cause the poor population out because of rising house cost!

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This is a satirize of the cultural preference in China of preferring to have males than females,so they end up having more males dominantly in the country.

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Types of Diffusion- This video is about the 3 different types of diffusion, Stimulus, expansoin, and relocation diffusion. It describes a relevant geographic concept,process, model, or
theory in a specified context

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AP Human Geography - Types of Diffusion Review

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This article relates to Unit 1.6 because it explains how GPS works, a scale of analysis used by everybody, everyday.

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Satellite Navigation - GPS - How It Works

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Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals from medium earth orbit. Users of Satellite Navigation are most familiar with the 31 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites developed and operated by the United States. Three other constellations also provide similar services.

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Diffusion is the spread of an idea or trait from its hearth.
-Relocation Diffusion
-Expansion Diffusion
-Contagious Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion (Migration Diffusion) people bring their traits and beliefs with them and are not being transferred to others. An example is my Dad family from the Dominican Republic migrating to the US in order to find more and new opportunities, but continue to speak Spanish and eat traditional Hispanic foods.
Expansion Diffusion is the spread of a feature or idea to other people. An example is COVID-19 spreading from one person to many others, which also ties into Contagious Diffusion.
Contagious Diffusion is the spread of a feature or idea from one person outward to multiple people. An example is a missionary goes door to door and converts families to Christianity.
Stimulus Diffusion is the spread of a feature or idea from one person outward but is adapted to its new location.
(ETC)

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3.4: Types of Diffusion! AP Human Geography

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This guy will not stop talking

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Relative location is using objects in the area to describe the specific location you’re in or looking for.

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The world is very unevenly developed

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This image relates of 7.2 because it explains the economic sectors.

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This connects to 5.11, when we learned about cause and effect within the agricultural world. One consequence of irresponsible use of energy around the world is climate change, which is something farmers deal with unfortunately often.

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The Green Revolution started to begin producing more food and expanding agriculture

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During the development of industrialization rich people used factories to underpay workers keeping them poor

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One of the positive effects of the industrial revolution was increase in wealth.

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7.1 Industrial Revolution-The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient. (Source- Zack Elrod: Youtube)

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0:00 / 14:09•Watch full video

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relationships in a specified
context or region of the world, using geographic
concepts, processes, models, or theories.

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laugh now

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This is an example on an international boundary dispute between the Dominican Republic and Haiti

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In unit 5 it is introduction to agriculture and new technology like tractors

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This relates to 1.2, Geographic data, and how groups of people or organizations may gather data. One of these organizations is The Census Bureau, who tend to annoy people due to knocking on their door and asking questions to gather information.

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Speed 2 1.5 1 ½ ¼

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6.4 Size and Distribution of cities- How big cities population is and how big they are area of land wise. It talks about the biggest cities in the world and some of the smallest and how you can figure them out. The size distribution multiplied by its population.(Source- Youtube: Tinya Duffey)

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APHG Unit 6: 6.4 Size and Distribution of Cities

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Not saying they had cars just saying it was much easier to be a farmer after the agricultural revolution

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this shows how cities across the world have similarities like ports and farms around the city. People will follow whats successful.

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This article relates to unit 6.8 because it talks about urban sustainability and its challenges and opportunities.

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Urbanization has become one of the most important issues which define the human relationship with the ecosystem. Measuring progress towards sustainabl…

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In the Industrial Revolution kids worked in the machine factories and sometimes their legs or arms would get caught in the machine and get cut off

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Europe's colonization of Africa has permanently altered politics in continent. Leading to several conflicts like the Sudan civil war and the Rwandan genocide. It's also economically drained the continent, leaving the vast majority of the African peoples in poverty, most evident in the company Shell taking control of the Nigerian military to drain the country's oil reserves, leading to the vast majority of Nigeria's citizenry living in inhabitable conditions.

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This meme shows the populations growth in the stage 1 or 2 of the demographic transitions models. The flush is the old population that passed away, but still the population's rising exponentially because of the high rate of TFR

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Forced migration forced people to moved out of their living situation and consequently mad them sad

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North and South Korea are separated by the Korean Peninsula, a militarized zone. Which makes both countries their own nations. Never just say “Korea”, lol. It’s North or South. This relates to the topic of how space is politically organized.

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This relates back to 7.8, sustainable development, and how sustainable development policies are made to try and help the problem with pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. This video is talking about the things that cause sustainable development policies.

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4.7 The Von Thunen Model attempts to differentiate between land use patterns based on the different scales of agricultural production. More specifically, it relates transportation costs to distance from the market in an attempt to further explain rural land use.(Source- Youtube: Zack Elrod)

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This shows diffusion because these 10 states all have whataburger however the rest of the U.S. does not