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This conflict was a struggle of superpowers, of capitalism against communism. The USSR and the United States measured their arsenals in a fight in which smaller forces from the country itself also participated.

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-->The goal was to create a single communist country that was an ally of China and the USSR.
--> Show patriotic displays of power

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In November 1968, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed a new set of military and economic agreements. The USSR agreed to supply deliveries of food, petroleum, transportation equipment, iron and steel, other metals, fertilisers, arms, munitions and other commodities, for strengthening North Vietnam's defences.

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--> The North Vietnamese leadership's goal of reunifying the country, a goal supported by both China and the Soviet Union and flatly rejected by the United States for fear that the entire region would fall into the hands of communism.

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--> The ideological differences between the two antagonistic states into which the country had been divided in 1954: North Vietnam, with a communist regime and planned economy; and South Vietnam, which defended liberal democracy, capitalism and the market economy.

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--> Economic issues due to raw materials from the region.

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--> The Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, when North Vietnamese patrol boats clashed with an American destroyer that had sailed into waters the communists claimed as their own. Due to this incident, the United States government decided to massively intervene in the war. This involvement peaked in 1968, when some 500,000 Americans were sent to Vietnam.
--> Prevent the spread of communism.
--> Maintain a zone of influence within the framework of the cold war.  Installing a North American government in Vietnam and influencing the region.

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The main interests of the US were mostly ideological, driven exclusively by prestige and bureaucratic interests.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3slnPIh_oU

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Sound Smart: Vietnam War Protests | History

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVNUlOUlMeo

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Opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States

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The years of anti-war protest
Vietnam were the ones with the greatest conflict
social and internal division in the United States
since the Civil War in the middle of the century
past. They were years of great confusion and
violence, as well as hopes and innovations in the political struggle, which had
a profound effect on the American nation.

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The hippie movement has a great relationship with the Vietnam War as it was the most active group against the conflict in that country, where the United States intervened.

In the sixties, the young people who rebelled against the state of affairs and against the war in Vietnam was for being used as cannon fodder in a war they considered absurd. They opposed capitalist consumerism, conservative customs.

It was a short, intense movement and had a great impact. Free sex and polyamory were conquered, the use of the contraceptive pill became popular and the taboo on premarital relationships was lifted. Interracial couples began to abound and with homosexuality, it was accepted in more intellectual and liberal sectors. Interest in caring for the environment also grew.

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Buffalo Springfield - For What It's Worth (Official Audio)

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Creedence Clearwater Revival - Fortunate Son

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0:00 / 7:57•Watch full video

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The Rolling Stones - Gimme Shelter (Official Lyric Video)

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- Many of the songs written and produced during the cold war encouraged many to end it
-They are protests against it
- Gathered many people together
-Rebellious ideologies
- Hippies
- Woodstock: every ticket you bought was a protest against war

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1. The Collapse of French Indochina and Rise of Ho Chi Minh: As Japan and France fought over Vietnam, an independence movement was forming under Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam’s independence from France on September 2, 1945.
2.Battle of Dien Bien Phu: The conflict between the French and the Viet Minh and the question of who would rule Vietnam and how drew the interest of world superpowers.
3. The 1954 Geneva Accords Divide Vietnam: The Geneva Accords were signed in July of 1954 and split Vietnam at the 17th parallel. North Vietnam would be ruled by Ho Chi Minh’s communist government and South Vietnam would be led by emperor Bao Dai.
4. The Cold War: Vietnam was divided during the Cold War, when tensions between the U.S. and The Soviet Union were at an all-time high.
5. The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem
6. Gulf of Tolkin incident

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1D9LkFiSK0kE-lFOS634GuwFOZ8lDrkk3oXgiYKyDLAI/edit?usp=sharing

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What happened to the United States in Vietnam -Franklin (2016) points out- caused a prolonged culture shock that transformed many aspects of American society, even influencing writing and the study of literature.
This process would favor the questioning of stereotypes and myths, which sustained the idealized image of North American society -disseminated, above all, by television- with its idyllic white, Anglo-Saxon, relatively prosperous middle-class family. The issue of the Vietnam War was a decisive element that contributed to deepening discontent and shaking the prevailing culture of consensus.

This new pop culture sensibility embraced a provocative anti-authoritarianism that offered a clean break from the sunny optimism of most films and music in the 1950s and early 1960s.

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In addition to the tragic and irreparable consequences left by all wars, such as millions of citizens killed, displaced or refugees, the Vietnam War caused severe damage to the country's infrastructure and its vegetation, due to the use of napalm and chemical weapons. Other consequences were:

- The reunification and reconstruction of Vietnam. Under the same flag and a single government. The economic and social challenges of this new government were particularly severe, considering the state of ruin in which the war left the country.

- The United States suffered an overwhelming defeat. This was a very severe blow to the military and political image of the country in the world, which served to change the idea that this nation had in the world and that its population had of itself.

- Communist movements in Laos and Cambodia. With the defeat of the United States, revolutionary leaders from neighboring countries found a favorable outlook for their own totalitarian regimes.

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Vietnam is located at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia.

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International actors involved in the conflict

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International actors involved in the conflict

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Countries involved:

1. United States: got involved to prevent South Vietnam from falling into communist hands.

2. China: Newly communist China had supported Ho Chi Minh during the war with the French, and continued to do so during the war with the U.S. by providing weapons, expertise and manpower.

3. Soviet Union: The Soviet Union aided North Vietnam, with increasing support in the late 1960s.

4. Laos: North Vietnamese moved troops through the country and supported a communist insurgency.

5. Cambodia: while officially neutral, tolerated communist intrusions and was bombed by the United States for those intrusions

6. South Korea and Other U.S. Allies: the main U.S. and South Vietnamese partner

7. Vietkong: a member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954–75 with the support of the North Vietnamese army and opposed the South Vietnamese and US forces in the Vietnam War.

NGO´s involved

The United Nations tried to intervene, but was paralyzed by Cold War politics. However, many others decided to help the situations as they could: CARE, Catholic Relief Services, International Voluntary Services, the American Friends Service Committee, and the Mennonite Central Committee.

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The Vietnam War was a long conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians.

Opposition to the war in the United States divided Americans. Communist forces ended the war by seizing control of South Vietnam in 1975, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year.