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The Middle Ages lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. During this period monasteries and convents became the great centres of culture. The Church had the control, which meant that the main musical manifestation of the Middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, turned into the Church’s official type of singing.

Gregorian chant: This chant is a singing with a single monodic line. The principal aim of the music was to transmit the religious and liturgical texts.

The notation wasn’t developed yet, singers read using NEUMAS, but these notation didn’t give so much information about the pitch or the duration. Most of the music was freely rhythmically, vocal and in Latin.

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Composers started writing music in a staff. Beggining of polyphony (more than one melodic line). We can outline the Notre Dame’s school from Paris (Perotin).

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Sederunt principes (Pérotin) - New York Polyphony/ Lizzie Ball

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Is the period of polyphonic musical production, both French and Italian, after the ancient art and before the musical work of the Franco-Flemish school. It is the second great period of Western polyphony. It began around 1320 and lasted for most of the fourteenth century, with France and Italy as its main focus.

It owes its name to the treatise of the same name by Philippe de Vitry and for its advances in the technique of musical notation, it was a turning point for the musical conception of the early fourteenth century.

We can point out the MOTETE and MADRIGAL musical forms.

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El Motete medieval: Ars Antiqua et Ars Nova | laReverdie

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This era went from the 15th to the 16th centuries. During this musical period there was a flashback to the classic models of Antiquity (Greece and Rome) and a great cultural development.

The humanism appears, which is an intellectual movement developed in Europe in the renaissance that, breaking the medieval scholastic traditions and fully exalting the qualities of human nature, it pretended to discover man and give a rational meaning to life taking as teachers the Greek classics and Latins, whose works was rediscovered and studied.

The music already uses the polyphonic texture, with compositions in several voices, both in religious vocal music and profane songs. In Spain, we can highlight Tomas Luis de Victoria and Cristóbal de Morales.

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Semana de Pasión: O Crux, Ave Spes Unica. 5 v. m. - Remastered

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Semana de Pasión: O Crux, Ave Spes Unica. 5 v. m. - Remastered

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It is the artistic period that lasted from the 17th century until the middle of the 18th century. Baroque music is characterised by the ornamentation of the melody and the contrasts: changes in the rhytm, dynamics and the timbre. The great vocal music forms were born:

The opera

The oratorio.

The orchestra was also born. And with it, the first large forms of instrumental music like the Concerto. The great composers of history emerged:

Antonio Vivaldi

Johann Sebastian Bach

Henry Purcell

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Bach & Vivaldi - The Best of Baroque Music

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This  is the period that covered the second half of the 18th century. It meant a return to the Classical Antiquity’s ideals of beauty and proportion, (trying to avoid the complexity of the Baroque). The music is characterised by a natural style with simple melodies, regular beat and phrases. The result was an easy and elegant music.

The most important composers from the Classicism were:

Haydn

Mozart

Beethoven

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8 Hours Mozart | Mozart's Greatest Works | Classical Music Playlist

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BEETHOVEN (Bonn, Germany, 1770 - Vienna, 1827) 

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BEETHOVEN (Bonn, Germany, 1770 - Vienna, 1827) 

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Born into a family of Flemish origin.

Beethoven's true musical vocation did not really begin until 1779, when he came into contact with the organist and teacher Christian Gottlob Neefe. He was who introduced him to the study of J. S. Bach, a musician to whom Beethoven would always admire.

Ludwig was a member of the Bonn court orchestra since 1783, in 1787 he made his first trip to Vienna for the purpose of receiving Mozart lessons. However, death of his mother forced him to return to his hometown a few weeks after his arrival.

In 1792 Beethoven traveled to the Vienna again to work with Haydn and Antonio Salieri, and he made himself known as a composer and pianist in a concert that took place in 1795 with great success. His career as an interpreter was abruptly interrupted as a result of the deafness that began to affect him from 1796 and from 1815 completely deprived him of hearing.

The last years of Beethoven's life were also marked by loneliness and progressive introspection, despite which he continued his compositional work, and it was even the time when he created his most impressive and advanced works.

Tradition divides Beethoven's career into three great creative periods or styles:

The first period covers the compositions written up to 1800, characterized by closely following the model established by Mozart and Joseph Haydn and classicism in general, without excessive innovations or personal traits. Works such as the famous Septimino or his first two piano concertos belong to this period.

A second manner or style spans from 1801 to 1814, a period that can be considered mature, with fully original works in which he displays an absolute mastery of form and expression (the opera Fidelio, his first eight symphonies , his last three piano concertos, the Violin Concerto).

The third stage extends until the death of the musician and is dominated by his most innovative and personal works. Symphony No. 9, the Missa solemnis, and the later string quartets and piano sonatas represent the culmination of this period and of Beethoven's style.

Beethoven's works anticipated many of the features that were to characterize later romantic music and even that of the 20th century. His production, in effect, is situated between the classicism of Mozart and Haydn and the romanticism of a Schumann or a Brahms. There is no doubt that, as a composer, he marks a before and after in the history of music.

Indeed, in 1789 the Bastille fell and with it a whole conception of the world that included the role of the artist in his society. Following in the footsteps of his admired Mozart, Beethoven was the first musician that managed to become independent, without being in the service of a prince or an aristocrat, although, he managed to succeed and earn the respect and recognition of their contemporaries.

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Beethoven 9th Symphony - Movement IV - "Ode to Joy"

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In Spain, we can highlight the classical music composer Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga, populary called “The Spanish Mozart”.

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It is the period that lasted almost the whole 19th Century, an era guided by the spirit of the French revolution (that proclaimed the freedom of the expression). Aesthetically, the romantic music sytle generally advocated the substitution of the rational expression typical of the previous classicism for a greater subjectivity and emotional perspective. Music was considered the most romantic form of all arts because it allowed the passionate expression of feelings.

Great instrumental forms like the symphony and the concerto, made the most of the grandeur of the orchestra and the virtuosity of solo performers.

The composer no longer worked for a protector; but he became a free and creative “genius”. The main composers were:

Mendelssohn

Brahms

Tchaikovsky

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Más de cien años después de su estreno, El lago de los cisnes, sigue siendo el ballet más interpretado en el mundo.
Sinónimo de danza clásica, relata la historia de amor entre el príncipe Sigfrido y la frágil Odette, a quien el perverso hechicero Rothbart ha condenado a ser cisne durante el día, y bella princesa en la noche.

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The 20th century begins with a period of rapid changes in which several music styles coexist. Contemporary art music does not look for beauty or entertainment anymore but tries to experiment with new languages. This type of music is generally characterised for the seeking of the originality and creativity. Among the most important styles/trends, also called vanguards, we can find:

Impressionism: It seeks a delicate description of atmospheres with non-Seinfeld melodies and great tímbrica color. The most prominent composers are Debussy (1862-1918) and Ravel (1875-1937)

Primitivism: it seeks to express ideas or images related to antiquity or to some "primitive" culture or attitude. We can highlight Igor Stravinsky and his ballet “The Rite of Spring”.

Dodecafonism (Twelve-Tone technique): It is a composition technique created by Schoenberg. It consists of working with the twelve notes of the chromatic scale in a particular order.

Aleatoric music: It offers an indefinite music based on chance and the freedom of the performer. The composer suggests general instructions so that the performer improvises on his own. It pioneer and main representative is John Cage (1912-1992).

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With the arrival of the electronic music, we can also point out others kind of popular music:

Urban Music: Pop, Rock, Jazz, Blues Rap, Soul, Reggeaton, Trap…

We can highlight these artist from differents decades:

50’s: Elvis Presley

60’s and 70’s: The Beatles and The Rolling Stones.

80’s: Queen

90’s: Michael Jackson

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Modas Musicales de 1950 a 2010 | Jaime Altozano

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-Galicia: Muñeiras

-Cataluña: Sardana.

-Aragón: Jota

-País Vasco: Aurresku

-Madrid: Chotis

-Andalucía: Flamenco

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It is a bit complex to define exactly the characteristics of contemporary music because many of the works are created with experimental ideas and breaking the structures of classical music with total freedom.

In this way, we obtain endless possibilities that are difficult to define or pigeonhole.

If we try to be inclusive, these would be some of the characteristics that we find in contemporary music:

It fuses various musical techniques.

Collection of styles and ideas from different sources.

It does not necessarily belong to a single style.

It is created anywhere in the world, it is not located in any specific continent or area.

It has several different movements of which we find a great variety: modern movement, postmodern, polystylism, conceptualism, postminimalism, electronic music, neo-romanticism, spectralism, neotonalism, new simplicity, free improvisation, new complexity and sound art.

He crosses the limits and makes use of other arts that are not necessarily sound, such as painting, poetry and the plastic arts.

The use of tools is totally free, as long as there is a musical concept.

Elements as contradictory as silence itself can be part of a work of contemporary music.

The work 4'33" by John Cage is a great example, since it lasts as long as the name of the work indicates and not a single note is played.

Use of recordings or electronic musical elements that are not necessarily musical instruments.

Use of digital or electronic instruments such as synthesizers and MIDI.

Contemporary music can sometimes become confusing or too complex to understand, so some musicians seek simplicity in response.

Some styles of contemporary music do not seek to follow a specific style, but instead try to break the rules or the structure of a particular idea.

I play with improvisation and spontaneity to fully release creativity.

Sometimes it is sought to avoid referencing recognizable musical genres or styles with the intention of creating something totally new.

It can be very abstract, dissonant and atonal. Which can make it difficult to hear or even understand.

Use of extended techniques, complex textures, instability as a resource, microtonality , discontinuous melodies, sudden changes in textures and complex rhythms.

It incorporates other elements and senses besides hearing, resulting in the use of technology, sculpture, video, the human body and much more.

There is no doubt that curiosity is limitless for human beings and that it turns out to be one of their most important qualities for evolution and development in art.

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Análisis de MOTOMAMI 🦋 Entendiendo la transformación de ROSALÍA (con Rosalía)