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Sentences that begin with "Not until..." | Britannica Dictionary

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Question

If a sentence begins with not until, what is the rule for inversion of subject and verb directly after not until? Example: "Not until we had/had we reached the top did we realize how far we had come."

Thank you,

Serge, United States

Answer

The correct form of the sentence you are asking about is:

Not until we had reached the top did we realize how far we had come.

When a sentence begins with the phrase not until, the subject and auxiliary verb in the first clause, immediately after not until, are not inverted ("we had reached"). However, in the second clause, the subject and auxiliary verb are inverted ("did we realize"). The grammatical structure of these sentences is shown in the diagram below.

Not until [1st clause: subject + auxiliary verb...] [2nd clause: auxiliary verb + subject...].

Here are some other examples, with brackets around the two clauses:

Not until [the rain stopped] [could we see the view of the ocean].

Not until [the president resigned] [did the protests stop].

Not until [my daughter called me] [did I stop worrying about her].

I hope this helps.

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Sentences that begin with "Not until..." | Britannica Dictionary

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Question If a sentence begins with not until, what is the rule for inversion of subject and verb directly after not until? Example: "Not until we had/

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Improving Sentence Structure in English with Exercises

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Improving Sentence Structure in English with Exercises

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If you're an English learner who has reached a more intermediate or advanced level, you might have noticed that you've made a lot of improvement, but you still want to improve your sentence structure.

First of all, the fact that you're even aware of this issue is a good thing! It means that you've gotten a better understanding of the language and its structures. Still, you've been making steady progress, and you want to keep moving forward.

So, you'd like to focus on improving your sentence structure, but you don't know where to start. Well, that's what we're going to talk about today!
Today, we'll take a look at four things that English learners can do in order to improve their sentence structure:
We'll also explore some practice exercises that you can use to improve in each of these areas.

So, if you're ready to learn some strategies that can help you with your speaking and writing, let's get started!

Practice Using Relative Clauses

I've talked a bit about different types of clauses in another post, but I didn't talk about relative clauses. So, what are they?

A relative clause is a clause that starts with a word like who, which, that, why, where, when, and whose, and we use them to describe nouns.You've probably learned about them in school, and you've heard people use them on plenty of occasions, but you may not know how to use them yourself.

Let's take a look at these two sentences. Neither one has a relative clause.

We can simplify this idea with a relative clause, like this:

Here are a couple more examples:

The tricky thing to remember about relative clauses is that there are actually two kinds: a defining relative clause and a non-defining relative clause. In order to figure out which one is which, just ask this simple question: If you take out the relative clause, does the meaning or structure change?

With a defining relative clause, the answer is yes. The information in a defining relative clause is essential and needs to be included in the sentence. For example, look what happens when I leave out the relative clause in this sentence:

You'll notice that the sentence needs more information. So, the relative clause "whose mother called yesterday," is a defining clause because it's necessary for the sentence to make sense.

However, in this sentence, notice what happens when I leave out the relative clause:

If I add the relative clause "which he wrote in two months" after the word "novel," it doesn't change the main idea of the sentence. The sentence makes sense without this extra information, so in this situation, we consider this a non-defining relative clause.

Keep in mind that when you write with a non-defining relative clause, you have to separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas.

NOTE: Sometimes English speakers will leave the relative pronoun (such as who, which, or that) out of the relative clause. For example, we can remove the word "that" from this sentence, and it's still correct:

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Improving Sentence Structure in English with Exercises - In English With Love

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If you're an English learner who has reached a more intermediate or advanced level, you might have noticed that you've made a lot of improvement, but you still want to improve your sentence structure. First of all, the fact that you're even aware of this issue is a good thing!

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In the English language, verbs are used to represent the action done by the subject in a sentence or a context. There are five main verb forms in English. Let us look at each one of them in detail.

Table of Contents

What Is a Verb Form?

A verb form is a way in which a verb is shaped or modified in order to suit the context that speaks about an action that is performed at a specific time. The five verb forms in English are root verb, third person singular present form of verb, present participle, simple past and past participle.

Root Verb with Examples

The root verb is the verb in its original form, without any inflexion or change. The root form of the verb is used as the base form to create the other forms of the verb. Keep in mind that this is not the case with all verbs. The root form of the verb is modified when conjugated to represent other forms of the verb only for regular verbs. Irregular verbs have unique ways in which they are conjugated, and not all remain the same.

Root verbs are most often used to indicate the simple present tense. Let us take a look at the following examples of how the root verb is used in sentences.

Examples of Root Verbs:

I love watching movies with my friends. (Root verb - love)

I finish my homework before 6 p.m. everyday. (Root verb - finish)

You play really well. (Root verb - play)

You are beautiful. (Root verb - be)

In the above examples, the verbs 'love', 'finish', 'play' and 'are' are used in their original form, and so they are called root verbs.

Third Person Singular Present Form with Examples

The third person singular form of the verb is used to represent the simple present tense. As far as regular verbs are concerned, the third person singular form is indicated by the addition of an 's' or 'es' to the end of the root verb.

Examples of Third Person Singular Present Form:

Tom likes having cereal for breakfast.

Root verb - like, Third person singular form - likes

Sheela teaches English for sixth grade students.

Root verb - teach, Third person singular form - teaches

My father reads the newspaper everyday.

Root verb - read, Third person singular form - reads

The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Root verb - rise, set; Third person singular form - rises, sets

Present Participle Form of the Verb with Examples

The present participle form of the verb is formed by adding an 'ing' to the base form/root verb. In some cases, when the word is a monosyllabic word that ends with a vowel followed by a consonant, the last consonant is doubled, and then the 'ing' is added. For verbs ending with an 'e', the 'e' is removed, and the 'ing' is added in most cases. However, there are a few verbs that retain the 'e' in the base form when converted to the present participle form of the verb.

This form of the verb is used in the continuous/progressive tenses to indicate that the action is still going on. It is also used to convert verbs into nouns that refer to an action.

Examples of Present Participle Form:

Words that have double consonants

Run - Running

Swim - Swimming

Forget - Forgetting

Sit - Sitting

Cut - Cutting

Examples of regular verbs converted to the present participle form

Cry - crying

Try - Trying

Read - Reading

Write - Writing ('e' is removed)

Age - Ageing ('e' is retained)

Simple Past Form of the Verb with Examples

The simple past form of the verb is used to denote an action that took place in the past. It is usually formed by adding an 'ed' or 'd' (for words ending in 'e') to the end of the root verb. However, there are irregular verbs that do not follow the general rule. Let us look at a few examples of the simple past form of the verb.

Examples of Simple Past Form:

Regular verbs in the simple past form

Cheat - Cheated

Dodge - Dodged

Jump - Jumped

Skip - Skipped

Iron - Ironed

Verbs that take the same form as the root verb in the simple past form of the verb

Irregular verb forms

Past Participle Form of the Verb with Examples

The past participle form of the verb is used to indicate the perfect tense. For regular verbs, the simple past form and the past participle form of the verb remain the same, whereas there are irregular verbs that take a different spelling when used as a past participle. Let us look at a few examples to understand better.

Examples of Past Participle Form:

Verbs that take the same spelling in the simple past and past participle forms of the verb

Verbs that take a different spelling when used in the simple past form and the past participle form

Test Your Knowledge of the Five Forms of Verbs

Why not check your understanding of the five different verb forms? Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the verb in the following sentences.

1. I _____ (go) to school everyday.

2. Teena ______ (love) ice cream.

3. Did you ________ (find) the pink dress I _____ (ask) for?

4. I will _______ (come) to the party tomorrow.

5. My mom ________ (clean) the house yesterday evening.

6. My name ______ (to be) Sheena D'Souza.

7. That bottle _______ (belong) to me.

8. My son, Sid can _________ (count) up to fifty.

9. Freddy will be _______ (go) to work tomorrow.

10. Joshua ______ (play) football.

Check your answers here.

1. I go to school everyday.

2. Teena loves ice cream.

3. Did you find the pink dress I asked for?

4. I will come to the party tomorrow.

5. My mom cleaned the house yesterday evening.

6. My name is Sheena D'Souza.

7. That bottle belongs to me.

8. My son, Sid can count up to fifty.

9. Freddy will be going to work tomorrow.

10. Joshua plays football.

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Verb Forms in English - Explore Different Forms with Examples

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In the English language, verbs are used to represent the action done by the subject in a sentence or a context. There are five main verb forms in English. Let us look at each one of them in detail.

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Regular and irregular plurals exercises. Plural of the nouns in English. Intermediate level esl.

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Most English nouns form their plural by adding either -s (book, band, bell s) or -es (box, bunch, batch es). These plural forms are said to follow a regular pattern.

Irregular Plural Nouns

"The Penguin Writer's Manual"

"There are no easy rules, unfortunately, for irregular plurals in English. They simply have to be learnt and remembered."

Not all nouns conform to the standard pattern. In fact, some of the most common English nouns have irregular plural forms, such as woman/wom en and child/child ren. In addition, several nouns have alternative plurals, one regular and the other irregular.

In regard to these alternative forms, there are no strict rules to guide our use of them.

"The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language"

"People have to learn which form to use as they meet the words for the first time, and must become aware of variations in usage. When there is a choice, the classical [irregular] plural is usually the more technical, learned, or formal, as in the case of formulas vs. formulae or curriculums vs. curricula. Sometimes, alternative plurals have even developed different senses, as in the cases of (spirit) mediums vs. (mass) media, or appendixes (in bodies or books) vs. appendices (only in books)."

As you'll see in the list that follows, many words with irregular plurals are loanwords that have kept their foreign plural forms (or at least held on to those forms as alternatives to regular English plurals).

100 Irregular Plural Nouns List

In the list below, you'll find singular noun forms in the left column and the corresponding plural forms in the right column. When a noun has more than one plural form, the irregular one appears first, though that doesn't necessarily mean that the irregular form is more widely accepted than the regular form.

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Not all English nouns form their plural by adding "s" or "es." Here you'll find a list of some of the most common irregular plurals in English.

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Active and passive voice. English intermediate grammar exercises. is done, was done, was being done, has been done, will be done, should be done, etc.

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You can do 1 and 3 as well.

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Passive voice exercises: elementary and intermediate level esl. Active and passive in English. Verbs exercises

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Passive Voice - Online Exercises - English Grammar

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Passive Voice - English Grammar and Vocabulary Exercises

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Reported speech exercises. Reported statements in English. Direct and indirect speech exercises for esl.

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Second conditional exercises elementary and intermediate level esl. 2nd conditional sentences in English

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Second conditional - Grammar chart

If clause and main clause

We use if + past to talk about an imaginary present or future situation (although the verb is in past, the meaning is present or future). And we use would + infinitive to talk about the result or consequence of that imaginary situation.

Comma

When the ifclause comes first, we normally put a comma after it. We don't use a comma when the main clause comes first and the if clause comes second.

Would

Would/wouldn't is the same for all persons.

I/you/he/she/it/we/they would/wouldn't do that if it was possible.

Could

We can often use could + infinitive instead of would + infinitive in the main clause.

In the second conditional we can use if I/he/she/it were (more formal) instead of if I/he/she/it was (spoken English).

But we use were (NOT was) when we give advice with the expression if I were you.

First conditional vs second conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about possible future situations and we use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical or imaginary future situations.

If I don't have a meeting tomorrow morning, I'll have lunch with you. (It's possible. Maybe I don't have a meeting.)

If I didn't have a meeting tomorrow morning, I'd have lunch with you. (It's hypothetical. I have a meeting tomorrow, so I won't be able to have lunch with you.)

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Second conditional. We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary present or future situations. A2. Pre-intermediate English grammar and exercises.

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English grammar exercise about the second conditional

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Are you a learner at B1 (intermediate) or B2 (upper intermediate) English level? In this section, you can improve your grammar with our clear and simple grammar lessons.

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Use of English PRO - Crack the Cambridge English Exams

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Use of English PRO - Crack the Cambridge English Exams

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Take thousands of real Cambridge English Examinations

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Common Mistakes with Dependent Prepositions | Learn English Online

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COMMON MISTAKES WITH DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

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COMMON MISTAKES WITH DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

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We all want to speak English correctly and naturally. If you still translate your thoughts in your own language word by word into English, there is a high chance you could be building some very common phrases inaccurately.
Want to revise your prepositions? Check your knowledge with our free quiz >>>
Why are dependent prepositions important?

Prepositions are hard to guess in a foreign language. You just have to remember how to use them. In English, some verbs prefer particular prepositions (without any logical connection), and we call them dependent.

Dependent prepositions are the ones which belong to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. They don't form a new phrase, and they are often not translated into other languages or used differently in them.
For example, do you say
We are arriving in Amsterdam or We are arriving to Amsterdam?

When are you meeting him? or When are you meeting with him?

She asked a coffee or She asked for a coffee?

Can be confusing, right? Don't jump to making your decision based on how the sentence is said in your own language.

In today's lesson, I will show you which mistakes to avoid in using dependent prepositions after verbs.

Watch this video about 5 most common mistakes with dependent prepositions

And even more most common mistakes with dependent prepositions

You may find interesting
Figure Out English 13 Everyday phrases: 'It depends', 'It doesn't matter', 'It takes' Figure Out English 15 Which prepositions to use after 'go' and 'arrive' Figure Out English 26 How to use 'have' in everyday speaking

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Common Mistakes with Dependent Prepositions | Learn English Online

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We all want to speak English correctly and naturally. If you still translate your thoughts in your own language word by word into English, there is a high chance you could be building some very common phrases inaccurately. Want to revise your prepositions?

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Dependent Prepositions: Usage, Examples, and 200 You Should Know

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The list of English grammar rules attached to prepositions with relation to time, place, phrases, etc. is quite lengthy. There are even different types of prepositions that add another layer to all of the rules. In this article, we're going to focus on the one preposition type that will help you truly sound like a native: dependent prepositions.

At this point, you know and understand prepositions. They're words like in, at, over, under, etc. that connect nouns and pronouns to verbs and adjectives. Along with articles, they're the most used words in the English language and are necessary for the most basic functions of the English language.

But once advancing beyond the basics of prepositions, many learners find that using them properly can become a little difficult. In fact, even though articles and prepositions are the most used words in English, they're usually the last grammar aspect that speakers master. Why? Well, the words are used in literally thousands of different ways.

To navigate or skip ahead to the section you're looking for, click on the links in the Table of Contents below.

Table of Contents

What is a Dependent Preposition?

Dependent prepositions are prepositions that depend on or must follow a particular verb, noun, or adjective.

Said in another way: when you use certain verbs, nouns, or adjectives, they are followed by a specific preposition (some use different prepositions for different meanings, but we'll get to that later ...). In these situations, there is no point in asking why. Sometimes there's logic to the word combinations, but in most situations, there is no none.

Let's look at an example sentence:
Grunge musicians ditched the costumes and flamboyant hair styles of the 80s and dressed in everyday style clothes and had unkempt hairstyles.
In the sentence above, in is a dependent preposition, and that combination is what English speakers use to describe the clothes someone is wearing. We don't say dressed on, dressed down, dressed up, or any other combination in that instance.
Examples

She dressed in red for our first date.

To boost his confidence, Joe dressed in his favorite suit for the debate.

Dependent Prepositions vs. Phrasal Verbs vs. Infinitives

Though we don't use dressed down or dressed up in the context of those sentences, English speakers DO use those combinations. These combinations are known as phrasal verbs and are NOT considered a dependent preposition.

The key difference between a phrasal verb and a preposition-dependent verb is that a phrasal verb can be followed by an adverb, and the phrase has its own meaning. Dependent prepositions do not create a new phrase.

In addition, when identifying dependent prepositions, remember that a preposition is only followed by a noun or pronoun. This can be confusing when looking at dependent prepositions like pleased with.

You may think, "But I thought you can use ' pleased to' as well."

And you're right! You can use pleased to, but it's followed by a verb which makes it an infinitive. That's not a dependent preposition. It's an adjective followed by an infinitive.
Examples of Infinitives

I'm pleased to meet you.

She was pleased to see her mother.

They were pleased to hear that she's doing well.

Different Words... Different Prepositions...

Lastly, there are different dependent preposition combinations that mean the same thing. For example, an object could belong to someone, be the property of someone, and be owned by someone. All combinations imply possession or ownership.

That's the problem for ESL students (and native speakers at times!). There is a VERY long list of these combinations, and they don't always translate well into other languages.

So how do I learn dependent prepositions?

I'm glad you asked. The simple answer is: they're just like irregular verbs; you have to memorize them. But don't worry! At Magoosh, we'll never leave you hanging.

Below is a list of dependent prepositions broken up by their part of speech adjective, noun, verb (and in alphabetical order) with examples for context. Be sure to bookmark this page and refer to this definitive list anytime you have a question about a dependent preposition.

We also made a Quizlet (online flashcard) deck to help you learn this list.
>>Click here for the dependent prepositions flashcard deck<<
If you go through our list and see one we missed (Great catch!), be sure to leave a comment below. You can also scroll down for a few additional resources on the topic.

List of 200 Dependent Prepositions to Know

Common Mistakes with Dependent Prepositions

Hopefully our list has answered any questions you have about dependent prepositions. Again, if we missed one or two, feel free to leave a comment below! We'd love to get your feedback.

Ultimately, these dependent preposition combos should become part of your muscle memory. And you can't master them without context. Here are two examples of embarrassing mixups that we've noticed in the past. May they serve as good learning materials for you.

Jake Pool worked in the restaurant industry for over a decade and left to pursue his career as a writer and ESL teacher. In his time at Magoosh, he's worked with hundreds of students and has created content that's informed-and hopefully inspired!-ESL students all across the globe. Jake records audio for his articles to help students with pronunciation and comprehension as he also works as a voice-over artist who has been featured in commercials and on audiobooks. You can read his posts on the Magoosh blog and see his other work on his portfolio page at jakepool.net. You can follow him on LinkedIn!

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Dependent Prepositions: Usage, Examples, and 200 You Should Know

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The list of English grammar rules attached to prepositions with relation to time, place, phrases, etc. is quite lengthy. There are even different types of prepositions that add another layer to all of the rules. In this article, we're going to focus on the one preposition type that will help you truly sound like a native: dependent prepositions .

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Learning Vocabulary - Dependent prepositions
Introduction

Jack: Hello my name's Jack

Rich: and I'm Rich and welcome to this week's Premier Skills English podcast

Jack: Where we talk about football and help you with your English.

Rich: We recommend that you listen to this podcast on the Premier Skills English website because that is where we have the transcript, language examples, activities, quizzes and a discussion page to help you understand everything we talk about.

Jack: However, if you're listening on Spotify or Apple Podcasts, you can leave answers to our questions in the review section. We do read all the reviews and would love to hear from you.

Rich: In this week's podcast, we're going to help you with vocabulary and, more specifically, we're going to look at things called dependent prepositions.

Jack: A dependent preposition is a preposition that is used next to specific verbs, adjectives and nouns.

Rich: For example, I'm very good at football but Jack is very bad at football.

Jack: Sorry?

Rich: I'm very good at football but Jack is very bad at football. We say that someone is good or bad at something. 'At' is a dependent preposition here. Shall I say the sentence again?

Jack: No, I think everyone understood! In this podcast, we're going to be looking at dependent prepositions with adjectives.

Rich: That's right. We're going to chat about our plans for the weekend and use lots and lots of these adjective plus preposition collocations.

Jack: Later, your task will be to talk about your plans for the weekend and use as many of these collocations as you can.

Last week's Football Phrase

Rich: But, before we look at all that, let's look at last week's football phrase. If you didn't hear it last week we'll give you one more chance to guess and give you the correct answer at the end of the show when we give you a new football phrase.

Jack: Last week, it was Rich's turn and it was quite a difficult phrase but a few of you gave us the right answer. Well done to Liubomyr from Ukraine, Elghoul from Algeria, Lakerwang from China and Ali Vasheghani from Iran. Let's hear the phrase one more time.

Rich: The phrase is *** ** * *****. The phrase is used to describe a team that starts a season or a match really well. If a team scores twice in the first ten minutes of a match you might say they've got *** ** * *****. Liverpool have got *** ** * ***** this season.

Jack: We'll give you the answer at the end of the show and we'll have a new football phrase for you to guess.

Introduction to roleplay

Rich: In this week's roleplay, we're talking about our weekend plans. Jack is very excited about his weekend plans but I'm not so enthusiastic about the weekend.

Jack: While you are listening, we want you to answer a question. The question is:

Rich: What's Jack going to learn at the weekend?

Roleplay

Jack: Friday at last! What are you up to this weekend?

Rich: I'm not sure. I'm a bit fed up with doing the same things all the time.

Jack: I know what you mean. I get sick and tired of the same old routine that's why I'm doing something different this weekend!

Rich: Oh, what are going to do?

Jack: I'm going on a cooking course.

Rich: But you're good at cooking. I remember that curry you rustled up a couple of months ago.

Jack: Yeah, thanks, I do like cooking but I'm pretty bad at baking. You see I've been hooked on these little pasties I get in town. They're Argentinian empanadas. I'm mad about them.

Rich: I've never heard of them.

Jack: As I was saying, they're like little pasties. Argentina is really well known for them.

Rich: I thought Argentina was famous for Messi and Maradona not for its pasties. So, you're going to learn how to cook them.

Jack: Yeah, the bakers down the road is doing a weekend course specialising in Argentinian food. Why don't you come along? I could have a word with the guy who's responsible for the course.

Rich: Nah, I'm not that interested in cooking but don't forget to save me a few of those pasties because I am interested in eating!

Jack: What are you going to do then if you're so bored of everything?

Rich: I dunno. There's no football due to the international break.

Jack: You shouldn't be afraid of doing something different!

Rich: I know. I'm quite fond of music and I'm keen on getting out of town so I could go to a concert. I'll check what's on in London. I could go there for the weekend.

Jack: See. That's something to get excited about. Cheer up and don't be such a wet blanket all the time!

Language Focus: Dependent Prepositions

Rich: Did you get the answer to the question? What's Jack going to learn at the weekend?

Jack: Well, the answer is I'm going to learn how to cook Argentinian Empanadas which are a type of pasty and are absolutely delicious.

Rich: Don't confuse the words pasty and pastry. Pasty is a small type of savoury pie that is filled with meat and vegetables and a pastry is a small type of cake that's sweet - like a croissant.

Jack: OK, in the roleplay we used lots of adjective plus preposition collocations. Some were really common and some were more difficult. Let's start with the easiest ones.

Rich: I said that Jack was good at cooking but bad at baking.

Jack: In these examples, at is a dependent preposition. When teachers talk about dependent prepositions, what we normally mean are very common collocations; that is, words that very often go together.

Rich: There are different types of phrases with prepositions. We have nouns plus prepositions like 'respect for' or verbs plus prepositions like 'lend to' or 'rely on' but in this podcast we're looking at adjectives plus prepositions like 'good at' and 'bad at'.

Jack: These phrases look a bit like phrasal verbs, but they are not quite the same. Dependent prepositions are fixed to specific words - so we say good at and not good of or good about.

Rich: The preposition doesn't change the meaning of the adjective, it just links the adjective with its object. So when I said I was good at football, the adjective good is linked to the noun football.

Jack: Some of the phrases we used were a bit tricky so we want to look at a few of them. The first two phrases were quite similar in meaning.

Rich: If you are fed up with something or sick and tired of something, you are bored or disgusted with it because you have experienced it for too long.

Jack: In my old job, I had to travel to Manchester on the train twice a week which was OK at first, but after a while, I was fed up with it and eventually, I was completely sick and tired of it.

Rich: The next phrase is hooked on something. If you are hooked on something, you are enjoying it so much that you can't stop doing it.

Jack: I sometimes get hooked on games - the worst are online games. I have to delete them from my phone. The next phrase is similar; mad about. To be mad about something has two meanings. It can mean you are really angry about something or it can mean that you really like something.

Rich: I love this phrase - I'm mad about football. I'm also mad about the international break because I can't watch the Premier League.

Jack: Heard of is an interesting phrase. It means to know about something obscure or not well known. It's most commonly used in negative sentences and questions.

Rich: Have you heard of Erling Braut Haaland?

Jack: I've never heard of him.

Rich: Apparently he's been linked with Manchester United.

Jack: Hmmm... OK - last one. Fond of. If you are fond of something, you like it a lot.

Rich: It's a bit stronger than like, it's more like a little love than a lot of like. I'm fond of music - it means a lot to me.

Jack: Right, we used a lot of adjectives with different prepositions in the roleplay. Now, we want you to listen to the roleplay again very carefully. How many dependent prepositions do you hear?

Rich: Afterwards, we're going to give you a quiz so that's why we want you to listen carefully.

Roleplay Repeated

Jack: Friday at last! What are you up to this weekend?

Rich: I'm not sure. I'm a bit fed up with doing the same things all the time.

Jack: I know what you mean. I get sick and tired of the same old routine that's why I'm doing something different this weekend!

Rich: Oh, what are going to do?

Jack: I'm going on a cooking course

Rich: But you're good at cooking. I remember that curry you rustled up a couple of months ago.

Jack: Yeah, thanks, I do like cooking but I'm pretty bad at baking. You see I've been hooked on these little pasties I get in town. They're Argentinian empanadas. I'm mad about them.

Rich: I've never heard of them.

Jack: As I was saying, they're like little pasties. Argentina is really well known for them.

Rich: I thought Argentina was famous for Messi and Maradona not for its pasties. So, you're going to learn how to cook them.

Jack: Yeah, the bakers down the road is doing a weekend course specialising in Argentinan food. Why don't you come along? I could have a word with the guy who's responsible for the course.

Rich: Nah, I'm not that interested in cooking but don't forget to leave a few of those pasties for me because I am interested in eating!

Jack: What are you going to do then if you're so bored of everything?

Rich: I dunno. There's no football due to the international break.

Jack: You shouldn't be afraid of doing something different!

Rich: I know. I'm quite fond of music and I'm keen on getting out of town so I could go to a concert. I'll check what's on in London. I could go there for the weekend.

Jack: See. That's something to get excited about. Cheer up and don't be such a wet blanket all the time!

Quiz

Jack: If you counted seventeen dependent prepositions you did very, very well.

Rich: Now, we're going to give you a little quiz.

Jack: We're going to say and adjective and we want you to say the correct preposition.

Rich: There are eight dependent prepositions for you to guess. Here goes.

Jack: Number one. Fed up. Is the answer fed up with, fed up on or fed up of?

Rich: The answer is ... fed up with. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Jack: I'm a bit fed up with doing the same things all the time.

Rich: Number two. Responsible. Is the answer responsible at, responsible for or responsible with?

Jack: The answer is ... responsible for. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Rich: I could have a word with the guy who's responsible for the course.

Jack: Number three. Fond. Is the answer fond of, fond for or fond on?

Rich: The answer is ... fond of. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Jack: I'm quite fond of music.

Rich: Number four. Hooked. Is the answer hooked in, hooked out or hooked on?

Jack: The answer is ... hooked on. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Rich: You see I've been hooked on these little pasties I get in town. They're Argentinian empanadas.

Jack: Number five. Due. Is the answer due of, due to or due from?

Rich: The answer is ... due to. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Jack: There's no football due to the international break.

Rich: Number six. Keen. Is the answer keen in, keen of or keen on?

Jack: The answer is ... keen on. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Rich: I'm keen on getting out of town so I could go to a concert.

Jack: Number seven. Excited. Is the answer excited over, excited in or excited about?

Rich: The answer is ... excited about. Here's an example from the roleplay:

Jack: See. That's something to get excited about. Cheer up!

Rich: Number eight. Bored. Is the answer bored by, bored with or bored of?

Jack: The answer is .. bored by, bored with and bored of but here's what we said in the roleplay:

Rich: What are you going to do then if you're so bored of everything?

Jack: Did you get all the answers right? That last one was a bit of a trick question. All three options are correct, although bored of is more common in British English than American English and bored by is not as common as the other two.

Rich: If you want to practise these phrases a bit more, we have the transcript for this podcast on the Premier Skills English website and a few more explanations and activities to help you understand.

Task

Jack: Your task this week is to tell us about your plans for the future. You can tell us your plans for this weekend, next month or your next holidays.

Rich: Or you can tell us about a change that you plan to make in your life.

Jack: You can choose, but it's important to say why you have these plans and why you are doing them.

Rich: We also want you to tell us how you are feeling about these plans.

Jack: And, of course, we want you to use some of the dependent prepositions we have used in this podcast.

Rich: What are you fed up with? What are you excited about? What are you mad about? What are you keen on or fond of doing?

Jack: Try to use as many of the phrases as you can.

Rich: Write all your answers on the Premier Skills English website. You'll find the page for this podcast on the homepage or under skills>listen>podcasts>learning vocabulary: dependent prepositions.

Football Phrase

Rich: OK, it's time for this week's football phrase. I think this week's phrase is going to give everyone a chance to make a guess. Are you ready, Jack?

Jack: I'm ready. This week's phrase is just a word. The word is ****** and it describes the action when a player puts the ball through another player's legs. It looks great and makes the other player look a bit silly. It can be a noun or a verb.

Rich: There is a great story about the origins of the word. We spoke about it in a podcast ages ago. I think we should talk about it again in another podcast.

Jack: Good idea. Before we forget, if you're still thinking about last week's football phrase - the answer was off to a flier.

Rich: Write your answers in the comments section on the Premier Skills English website and we'll announce your name on next week's show.

Jack: Right, that's all we have time for this week. Bye for now and enjoy your football!

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تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية

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Jack: Hello my name's Jack Rich: and I'm Rich and welcome to this week's Premier Skills English podcast Jack: Where we talk about football and help you with your English. Rich: We recommend that you listen to this podcast on the Premier Skills English website because that is where we have the transcript, language examples, activities, quizzes and a discussion page to help you understand everything we talk about.

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Connectors in English Grammar: Simple Guide to Learn the Use of Linkers

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Connectors in English Grammar: Simple Guide to Learn the Use of Linkers

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(FCE) 40 Key Word Transformation: Exercises

B2 First (FCE) Use of English Part 4: Tips & Strategy

The important thing in key word transformations is that you keep the meaning the same - EXACTLY the same. So it's important that you read through the first sentence and your second sentence to ensure you have kept the meaning the same. Look at these two sentences:

Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and would take it in July.
Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and could take it in July.

One letter has been changed, from "would" to "could" but it changes the meaning of the sentence totally. Be careful of this!

A good way to practise this part of the FCE exam is to get used to writing and re-writing sentences using different structures and without changing the meaning.

(FCE) 40 Key Word Transformation: Exercises

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B2 First (FCE) Use of English Part 4: Tips & Strategy

B2 First (FCE) Use of English: Part 4 question type here is called key word transformation.

You must complete a new sentence that has a similar meaning. You use a word in capitals given in bold for each sentence, which you must not change.

1. Read the sentence carefully and think about its exact meaning.

2. Check your tenses - if the first sentence is in the past tense, the second should be, too!

3. Contractions (e.g. haven't) count as two words.

4. Try to keep the same meaning - If the first sentence says 'Tom said...' then don't write 'He said...' in the second sentence. (Write 'Tom said'.)

5. Write between two and five words, including the word given.

Find things that are the same in both sentences and delete them. That helps you to focus on what you actually need to be transforming.

Because of the scoring system, it's possible to get 50% in this section without getting any of the questions 100% correct. So it's worth answering every question! Even incomplete answers can get points

Make absolutely sure that the two sentences mean the same thing. For example, if the sentence to transform has names in it, the answer will have to have them too.

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40 Key Word Transformations Ex. | B2 First (FCE) | engxam.com

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An essay is the first part of the writing and it is obligatory. The question always has a discursive focus. Discursive writing is a style used in academic writing and it requires the high level of language competence.

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B2 First (FCE) Practice Test

FCE Reading and Use of English Part 4: Key Word Transformation

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. For example:

A very friendly taxi driver drove us into town.
DRIVEN
We ..................................... a very friendly taxi driver.

Answer: WERE DRIVEN INTO TOWN BY

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B2 First (FCE, First Certificate in English) Part 4 Key Word Transformation Practice Test

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FCE Reading and Use of English Part 4: Key Word Transformation

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KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION - FIRST CERTIFICATE

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KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION - FIRST CERTIFICATE

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First Certificate in English (FCE)

The final part of the Use of English paper is Key Word Transformations. A sentence followed by a key word and a second sentence which has a gap in it. You have to use the key word to complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.

4. I regret not speaking to Marge sooner.
had
I wish ______________________________ sooner.

Exam Tip!

Each question is marked in two halves and it's perfectly possible to get one whole point in the exam just for getting a single word correctly, even if you don't know the other words to put in the gap. So you should always give every question a try.

Exam Tip!

The important thing in key word transformations is that you keep the meaning the same - EXACTLY the same. So it's important that you read through the first sentence and your second sentence to ensure you have kept the meaning the same. Look at these two sentences:
Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and would take it in July.
Tommy said he was ready for his driving test and could take it in July.
One letter has been changed, from "would" to "could" but it changes the meaning of the sentence totally. Be careful of this!

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Exam Tip!

The most common grammatical topics covered in Key Word Transformations are:

modal verbs and semi-modal verbs

verb patterns such as verb/infinitive, verb/gerund/ verb + preposition + gerund, etc

active voice to the passive voice

direct speech to reported speech

phrasal verbs and multi-word verbs

common idioms

third conditional

look like and seem / do and make / regret and wish

Exam Tip!

A good way to practise this part of the FCE exam is to get used to writing and re-writing sentences using different structures and without changing the meaning.

How many ways can you write this sentence:

Mr. Jones made us stay late because we arrived late.

Here are a few:

We were made to stay late by Mr. Jones because we arrived late.
Mr. Jones forced us to stay late because we arrived late.
We were forced to stay late by Mr. Jones because we arrived late.
Mr. Jones made us stay late because of our lateness.
and so on...

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B2 First (First Certificate in English) Examination Key Word Transformations | esl-lounge Student

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B2 First examination preparation. Use of English paper - Key Word Transformations section. Rewrite the sentence using the prompt word.

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KEY - READING AND USE OF ENGLISH CAMBRIDGE

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KEY - READING AND USE OF ENGLISH CAMBRIDGE

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CAMBRIDGE READING AND USE OF ENGLISH MOCK TEST

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CAMBRIDGE READING AND USE OF ENGLISH MOCK TEST

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Exercise 10 Subjunctive Mood 1 - Learn American English Online

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Directions: Change each sentence to the subjunctive mood. These are all requests.

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▶️ Boost your English with Phrasal Verbs!

She insists that he come.

The English subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form that expresses something desired or imagined.

We use the subjunctive mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

wants to happen

anticipates will happen

imagines happening

Base Subjunctive

Form of base subjunctive

The form of the base subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs and all persons, the form is the base of the verb, for example: be, have, do, go, sing, work

The base subjunctive does not use any other forms (goes, sings, works).

This table shows the base subjunctive in all persons, using the verbs be, work and sing as examples:

base-subjunctive

be

work

sing

Note that the subjunctive does not change at all according to person ( I, you, he etc).

Use of base subjunctive

In certain that clauses

The base subjunctive is typically used in that clauses after two structures:
1. suggest-verb (or noun) + that

advise, ask, command, demand, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, suggest

command, demand, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion

2. advisable/anxious-adjective + that

advisable, best, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, unthinkable, urgent, vital

adamant, anxious, determined, eager, keen

Look at these sentences which include examples of the above:

Notice above↑:

the position of not when creating negation

that the main clause can be in any tense

Look at some more examples, which include that clauses in negative and continuous form:

The judges order that he stay the execution.

We have made a request that we not be disturbed.

It is important that a car be waiting when we arrive.

The manager was eager that his visitor see the new building.

The board of directors recommended that he not be dismissed.

Have you seen my suggestion that work hours be reduced?

The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in British English, where should structures are often used:

It was essential that we should vote the following day.

He requested that the car park should not be locked at night.

be after if

We sometimes use subjunctive be after if/whether, though this is rather formal, especially in British English:

If that
be
(not)

the case,

I intend to report the matter.

Whether he
be
prepared or not,

If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.William Shakespeare

Fixed expressions

Note the following fixed expressions with the subjunctive:

Bless you!

God bless America!

God save the Queen.

Long live the President!

Heaven forbid!

Heaven help us!

were-Subjunctive

Form of were-subjunctive

were-subjunctive

be

I

were

you

were

he, she, it

were

we

were

you

were

they

were

Note that the subjunctive does not change according to person ( I, you, he etc).

Use of were-subjunctive

In the following examples, you can see that we sometimes use the were-subjunctive (instead of was) after:

Note that in these cases were is always correct, but was is possible in informal language:

Formal with were

Informal with was

I'd tell her if I were you.

We do not normally say "if I was you" even in colloquial language.

If I Were a Rich Man Fiddler on the Roof
If I were a boyBeyoncé
If I were a carpenter
And you were a lady,
Would you marry me anyway?
Would you have my baby?Tim Hardin

Strange as it may seem, although the words hope and wish seem to be similar, we do not use the subjunctive with hope. Correct sentences with hope would be, for example:

I hope that this computer works.

I hope that this computer is working.

Subjunctive Quiz

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The English subjunctive is a special verb form that expresses something desired or imagined. We use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody: wants to happen or anticipates happening (example: He asked that we BE early; We were determined that it REMAIN secret).