# data[].attributes.body
Alexandra Sanzare

article: Creating Advocates for Public Libraries

evidence:

"While public libraries in the United States vary widely by size and location, they all serve a common purpose: to provide information, education, and recreation for all people in their service areas. To continue to serve this purpose, especially in the midst of the current shrinkage of public funding, public libraries need advocates who believe in them strongly and are willing to speak publicly on their behalf."

citation:
Imhoff, Kathleen R. T. “Creating Advocates for Public Libraries.” Public library quarterly (New York, N.Y.) 25.1-2 (2007): 155–170. Web.

article:

"Neighborhood disparities in access to information resources: Measuring and mapping U.S. public libraries’ funding and service landscapes"

evidence:
"Funding efforts are encouraged for other types of library resources such as staff education and training."

citation:
Sin, Sei-Ching Joanna. “Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Information Resources: Measuring and Mapping U.S. Public Libraries’ Funding and Service Landscapes.” Library & information science research 33.1 (2011): 41–53. Web.

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Title: “Part of My Daily Life”: The Importance of Public Libraries as Physical Spaces

Evidence 1. "Despite the growing use of public libraries’ online collections and services, the physical spaces public libraries provide their communities remain key to the fulfillment of their mission. This is indicated by the centrality of ‘library as place’ in public library mission statements (Hider et al. 2022)..." (Hider 1)

Evidence 2. "Interest in the use and value of the physical spaces of public libraries has if anything grown since libraries started establishing alternative, virtual spaces with their own collections and services. No longer were libraries defined so completely by bricks and mortar, which raised the question about the specific value, and future, of their physical spaces."

Marco

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Gabriel P.
Article Title: Essential connections : schools and public libraries for lifelong learning

Evidence 1: Recognition is now needed that information literacy, not information technology, is the main requirement for an informed citizenry, lifelong learning and an information-enabled knowledge nation.

Evidence 2: Public librarians also need to become more familiar with the pedagogical, information literacy and technological issues being addressed by teacher librarians, and support them similarly. Neither can achieve their full contribution to learning and society in isolation from each other.

Sourcing: A. Bundy

The Australian library journal, 2002, Vol.51 (1), p.47-70

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Article Title: MAKING PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN GHANA BETTER: A LOOK AT FUNDING AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES

Evidence:

1. “The preference for a dedicated-purpose source of financing public libraries is to ensure a predictable and sustainable funding” (Frimpong, et al).

2. “Local tax has therefore become a quintessential and popular source among the primary sources for financing public libraries” (Frimpong, et al).

Citation:

Frimpong, Kwarteng, and Kwabena Agyei. “MAKING PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN GHANA BETTER: A LOOK AT FUNDING AND GOVERNANCE ISSUES.” Library philosophy and practice (2020): 1–28. Print.

Sofia Blanco

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Factors Predicting the Importance of Libraries and Research Activities for Undergraduates

Evidence:
"Several researchers have conducted studies addressing the complex and dynamic value of libraries for colleges and universities; for example, through a comprehensive literature review, Lindauer (1998) concluded that academic libraries make significant contributions to campuses by promoting the quality of teaching and learning outcomes" (Soria 1).

"Even before enrolling, many prospective high school students consider libraries important in their college choice decisions (Lombard, 2012, Reynolds, 2007). Librarians are therefore in a position to use information regarding the importance students place upon libraries and research to leverage additional resources, build more advanced facilities, and expand their collections, all of which could attract more applicants to their institutions" (Soria 3)

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Article title: Books: An Essential Part of Essential Libraries

Evidence: "We need to promote the idea that reading books, any book in whatever form or format—including all the electronic forms—has the potential to both sustain and change a life. Reading a book, any book, has the potential to provide a path out of poverty and fuel the starting of that next, new business down the street."

Evidence 2: "There are several consequences for those who live in poverty, including the fact that high poverty is strongly correlated with high unemployment, high crime rates, and low academic achievement. We also know that poverty has a very strong impact on children (Krashen 2011):
•High-poverty families are more likely to lack medical insurance.
•Children in poverty are more likely to suffer from “food insecurity,” which means slower language development.
•Children of poverty have very little access to books at home and in their communities, with less access to good public libraries and bookstores.

Citation: Mia Høj Mathiasson, Henrik Jochumsen. (2022) Libraries, sustainability and sustainable development: a review of the research literature. Journal of Documentation 78:6, pages 1278-1304.
Crossref
Marcos Taica

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Ansley Smith
1.) "The public library is a democratic equalizer, open to all and providing access to information that helps people improve their individual, family, and community lives. In this Internet age, library staff, supporters, and advocates need to articulate both the earlier and newer roles their institutions play in their communities. Libraries today function as robust community centers, often providing services that people cannot get elsewhere."

2.) "We need to point out such relationships because nearly all public libraries are government entities, and people need to recognize them as such. Libraries are funded by tax dollars and when taxes are cut, library services usually suffer. Many people do not make this connection. Some people do not recognize that they are paying for library service with their tax dollars and that the library is there to serve them.

Scott, Rachel. “The Role of Public Libraries in Community Building.” Public library quarterly (New York, N.Y.) 30.3 (2011): 191–227. Web.

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Title: The Socioeconomic Profile of Well-Funded Public Libraries: A Regression Analysis

1. “Confirming prior research, a library’s municipal funding correlated strongly with its direct circulation. In terms of library outputs, the municipal funding appeared to represent a library’s staffing and number of annual visitations.” (Carlozzi 1).

2. “Previous research has demonstrated a strong correlation between funding and library activity, at least as measured through the variables of circulation and annual visitations.”
(Carlozzi 5).

Carlozzi, Michael. “The Socioeconomic Profile of Well-Funded Public Libraries: A Regression Analysis.” Evidence based library and information practice 13.2 (2018): 13–26. Web.

Taj Walker

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Thesis: Access to public library is essential to combating education inequality; especially during times of crisis.

"We are still working to develop ways to meet the needs of students, staff, and their families through the public library. Some schools in the northern area of the region have students coming from multiple, different public library catchment areas, and most of these libraries do not have the same resources as others, especially in the case of smaller systems. This posed an issue of equitable access for students: Why should some students in the class have access to library online resources, and some not because they come from different/smaller communities? We were able to mitigate this issue with the virtual school, but for students attending in-person learning, we could not give library cards to every student in the school board. Thankfully, another public library system in our area stepped up their access to offer virtual library access to any student or teacher in Hastings County (so everywhere except Prince Edward County)." (Lane 12)

Lane, Julie. "Gathering Strength to Combat Access Inequality: How a Small Rural Public Library Supported Virtual Access for Public School Students, Staff, and their Families." Information Technology and Libraries, vol. 41, no. 2, June 2022, p. NA. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A708432901/AONE?u=gale15691&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=17da1a1d. Accessed 18 Nov. 2022.
Ashlyn Witterschein

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Evidence 1: "this popularization of library space...will allow wider and cheaper access to diverse audiences, as well as creative inclusion of audio, video, and active links to an infinite variety of other resources that conventional print simply can’t provide."(Lynn 3-4)
Evidence 2: "For teachers in literary studies, in history, and other disciplines as well, libraries serve as essential laboratories for ongoing research, study, and instruction. Chemists and biologists need the resources of their labs. Musicians and musicologists require instruments as well. For the humanities, nothing can replace the library as a primary resource for researchers or a place of basic instruction for apprentices and students."(Lynn 8)
Citation: Lynn, David H. "What Place for Books? —: Libraries as Essential Laboratories." Kenyon Review, vol. 40 no. 4, 2018, p. 1-3. Project MUSE muse.jhu.edu/article/739334.
Name: Tanay Yarlagadda

# data[].attributes.body
Jack Nixon
Article 1:
In 2015, it was estimated that 101 public libraries served summer meals to children across California through the Lunch at the Libraryprogramme⁽²⁸⁾. Each participating library served lunches and/or snacks to children ≤18 years and was located in an area deemed eligible for federal reimbursement based on USDA criteria (areas where at least 50 % of residing children are eligible for free and reduced-price school meals, based on local school or Census data)⁽¹⁶⁾.

De La Cruz, Monica M, Kimmy Phan, and Janine S Bruce. “More to Offer Than Books: Stakeholder Perceptions of a Public Library-Based Meal Programme.” Public health nutrition 23.12 (2020): 2179–2188. Web.

Article 2:
► Many factors influence a student's frequency of public library (PL) use. ► 67% of survey respondents were PL users; 93% used a school library. ► Ethnic minority students used PLs more often than Caucasian students. ► High neighborhood PL service level and accessibility contributed to higher PL use. ► PL use varied inversely with school information environment and school library use.

Sin, Sei-Ching Joanna. “Modeling the Impact of Individuals’ Characteristics and Library Service Levels on High School Students’ Public Library Usage: A National Analysis.” Library & information science research34.3 (2012): 228–237. Web.

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(Jack M)
Article Title: Making Public Libraries in Ghana Better: a look at governance and funding issues

E1: "This is because vibrant economic and commercial activities in many local government areas in the country are few, unemployment high and incomes low. Additionally, most local governments in the country, have weak capacities to mobilize revenue locally."

E2: "Coffman thus describes the library funding challenge as a fundamental structural problem that has persisted for a long time. No matter the financial encumbrances however, society must endeavour to keep public libraries opened, because of the important role they play."

Citation: Frimpong, Kwarteng ; Agyei, Kwabena. "making public libraries in ghana better: a look at governance and funding issues." Library of Philosophy and practice, https://fau-flvc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_2462684402&context=PC&vid=01FALSC_FAU:FAU&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=any,contains,library%20funding%20to%20better%20community&offset=0

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Name: Victor Vasquez

Title: New survey finds cultural consumers love libraries, support public funding

Evidence 1: “Seismic shifts in the way we create meaning are reorganizing our work, leisure, and belief systems--in essence, our culture” (American Libraries Association).

Evidence 2: “consumers who love art and entertainment also value libraries and believe they should be publicly funded” (American Libraries Association).

Citation: "New survey finds cultural consumers love libraries, support public funding." American Libraries, vol. 40, no. 12, Dec. 2009, p. 21. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A215245642/AONE?u=gale15691&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=32dd31f0. Accessed 18 Nov. 2022.

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Article Title: Manual on School Uniforms.

Evidence 1: "In response to growing levels of violence in American
schools, many communities are deciding to adopt school-uniform
policies as part of an overall program to improve school safety and
discipline."

Evidence 2: They observed that the adoption of school uniform policies can promote school safety, improve discipline, and enhance the learning environment. The potential benefits of school uniforms
include:
"• Decrease violence and theft-even life threatening situations -among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers.
.Helps prevent gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school instilling students with discipline.
.Help students and parents resist peer pressure.
.Help students concentrate on their school work.
.helping school officials recognize intruders who come to the school."

U.S. Department of Education World Wide Web Site: http://www.ed.gov/.

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Article Title: Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health

Evidence 1. Within schools, uniforms reinforce institutional culture, signaling school values to students, thereby identifying the wearer with objectives beyond the self.

Evidence 2. The positive psychological effect of removing competitive dressing probably only holds for students with a certain level of material wealth

Source: Reidy J (2021) Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health. Public Health Rev 42:1604212. doi: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1604212

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School Uniforms Effecting School Environments

# data[].attributes.subject
School Uniforms Effecting School Environments

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Article title: The impact of school uniforms on school climate

Evidence 1: “Research shows that students' positive reactions to school may increase their chances of staying in school, of developing a lasting commitment to learning, and of using the school setting to their advantage (Epstein and McPartland, 1978)” (Murray).

Evidence 2: “students in schools with uniforms overwhelmingly rate their school climate as being more positive than students in schools without school uniforms.” (Murray).

Citation: Murray, R. K. (1997). The impact of school uniforms on school climate. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 106-112. Retrieved from https://go.openathens.net/redirector/fau.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/impact-school-uniforms-on-climate/docview/216036861/se-2

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Article title: School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance

Evidence:

1. "Students wearing a uniform listen better with lower teacher waiting times. Originality/value – Students peak perform when teachers create a disciplined atmosphere where students listen to teachers, where noise levels in the classroom are low and they do not have to wait to start class and teach. Good discipline allows students to work well and this ultimately leads to better academic performance." (Baumann)

2. "Uniforms contribute to better discipline in everyday school operations. The findings support that in general, implementing school uniforms at schools might enhance discipline and allow for better learning. The authors recommend keeping uniforms where they are already used and to consider introducing uniforms where they are not yet common." (Baumann)

Source: Baumann, Chris. “School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance.” Fau Libraries, https://fau-flvc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_journals_2105071411&context=PC&vid=01FALSC_FAU%3AFAU&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo+Central&tab=Everything&query=any%2Ccontains%2CSchool+uniforms+good&offset=0.

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Article Title: Clean bodies in school: spatial-material discourses of children’s school uniforms and hygiene in Tamil Nadu, India

Evidence: "The uniform is also an attempt to aesthetically align and aspire to middle-class sensibilities of gendered modesty and style, thus reduce class-based distinctions."

Evidence 2: "In the regions’ fast-growing urbanization and lower middle-class’ upward mobility, the government schools become symbolic sites attended by only those who cannot afford even the low-fee private schooling. The provision of uniforms, a key inclusive policy effort, is also seen by the public as a welfare project that affords clean clothes to ‘underprivileged children’ for use outside as well as during the school."

Citation: R. Maithreyi, Divya Kannan. (2022) Special issue: modernity, schooling, and childhood in India: trajectories of exclusion. Children's Geographies 0:0, pages 1-6.

# data[].attributes.headline
Article: School uniforms, dress codes, and free expression: What's the Balance?

# data[].attributes.subject
Article: School uniforms, dress codes, and free expression: What's the Balance?

# data[].attributes.body
1.
"The push for school uniforms started in 1996, when the U.S. Department of Education urged the adoption of school uniforms as a strategy for reducing school violence. The focus then was on potential discipline and safety benefits, including:

* Decreasing violence and theft;

* Preventing gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school;

* Instilling students with discipline;

* Helping parents and students resist peer pressure; and

* Helping school officials recognize nonstudents who may be in the school."(Underwood 4)
2. "But, in fact, it seems easier (legally) for schools to control student dress with a wholesale approach, like uniforms, rather than dealing with individual situations or a list of apparel to be excluded in a dress code policy.(Underwood 8)

Citation: Underwood, Julie. "School uniforms, dress codes, and free expression: What's the balance? Requiring school uniforms may be less legally fraught than implementing a school dress code." Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 99, no. 6, Mar. 2018, p. 74. Gale OneFile: High School Edition, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A538859261/STOM?u=gale15691&sid=bookmark-STOM&xid=644c4093. Accessed 18 Nov. 2022.

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Article title: DRESSED FOR SUCCESS? THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL UNIFORMS ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT AND BEHAVIOR

Evidence 1. "Third, a concern for adolescents, particularly girls, is that there may be substantial peer pressure to dress well which could, in turn, lead to low self esteem if a child is unable to dress “properly” due to low income or parental preferences." (Gentile 2)

Evidence 2 "For elementary students we find little evidence of uniforms having impacts on attendance or disciplinary infractions.19 On the other hand, for middle and high school students, we find significant improvements in attendance rates, particularly for females. School fixed- effects estimates in column (3) indicate that female attendance increases by a statistically significant 0.3 percentage points after uniform adoption." (Gentile 14)

Citation
Dressed for Success? The Effect of School Uniforms on Student Achievement and Behavior Elisabetta Gentile and Scott A. Imberman
NBER Working Paper No. 17337
August 2011

JEL No. I21
http://www.nber.org/papers/w17337

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dressed for Success? The Effect of School Uniforms on Student Achievement and Behavior

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Founded in 1920, the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals.

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Article 1:
School Uniforms: Tradition, benefit or predicament?

evidence:

"Another advantage is that the difference between different income
groups, usually conspicuous due to clothing, is lessened because all learners look alike and nobody is
dressed according to what they can afford"
(Van Aardt pg. 5)

Wilken, Ilani, and Annette Van Aardt. “School Uniforms: Tradition, Benefit or Predicament?” Education as change 16.1 (2012): 159–184. Web.

Article 2:
School discipline, School Unifroms and Academic Performance

evidence:
"School uniforms are one of the several strategies used by public schools to restore order in classroom and safety in the schools" (Krskova pg. 4).

Baumann, Chris, and Hana Krskova. “School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance.” International journal of educational management 30.6 (2016): 1003–1029. Web.

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Article Title: School Discipline, School Uniforms, and Academic Performance

E1: "confirm a strong correlation between economic indicators and education supporting the widely spread view that education is crucial to a country’s success and subsequently well-defined educational policies are required to influence a country’s education system."

E2: " the “role of uniform is also to mark out a group of people” and that a uniform “indicates membership of a group in a social environment”. A uniform may as such also contribute to better levels of discipline in an educational environment,"

Citation: Baumann, Chris, Krskova, Hana. "School discipline, school uniforms, and academic performance" International journal of educational management (2016),  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJEM-09-2015-0118/full/html

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Article Title: Making the School Uniform Decision: Is It Right for Your School?

1. “In 1996 President Bill Clinton brought school uniforms into the national spotlight when, in his State of the Union Address, he said: “[I]f it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms”“ (McDaniel 4).

2. “Cherry Hill Elementary School implemented what is usually considered the first formal policy in a public elementary school requiring uniforms to reduce social pressure and also the cost of clothing.” (Mc Daniel 3).

Thomas R. McDaniel (2013) Making the School Uniform Decision: Is It Right for Your School?,Kappa Delta Pi Record, 49:4, 162-167, DOI: 10.1080/00228958.2013.845504

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Thesis Statement: European schools are providing financial aid and guidance to families of young children in order to mitigate uniform costs.

"Last year the Department for Education in England issued its first statutory guidance on the cost of uniforms, reinforcing previous recommendations. For instance, schools should not insist on items available from one supplier. Schools are "expected" to adhere to the rules by this September and must do so by next year." (The Economist 3)

"The guidance will make it easier for parents to buy cheap, generic schoolwear from high-street shops and supermarkets (though specialists say their clothes are better and will last longer). The industry wants the government to scrap VAT on all uniforms, which is levied at 20% on clothes for children over 14."(The Economist 4)

"Uniform distribution; The cost of school clothes." The Economist, 27 Aug. 2022, p. 21(US). Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A714964198/AONE?u=gale15691&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=9ef1f8ec. Accessed 18 Nov. 2022.

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1.) "One possibility is that the restrictiveness of uniforms induces students to become disruptive as a way to rebel against authority or increased conformity could make school boring." (Gentile, Paragraph 6)

2.) "Of particular concern is that schools and districts that adopt uniforms are likely to have lower achievement and more behavior problems than those that choose not to adopt uniforms. In addition, students and parents may choose schools in part based on whether or not they have uniforms." (Gentile, Paragraph 9)

Source:
Dressed for Success? The Effect of School Uniforms on Student Achievement and Behavior

Elisabetta Gentile, Elisabetta I

ISSN: 0094-1190 , 1095-9068

Journal of urban economics. , 2011, Vol.71(1), p.1-17 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094119011000611

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Abstract

Uniform use in public schools is rising, but we know little about how they affect students. Using a unique dataset from a large urban school district in the southwest United States, we assess how uniforms affect behavior, achievement and other outcomes. Each school in the district determines adoption independently, providing variation over schools and time. By including student and school fixed-effects we find evidence that uniform adoption improves attendance in secondary grades, while in elementary schools they generate large increases in teacher retention.

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dressed for success? The effect of school uniforms on student achievement and behavior

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Uniform use in public schools is rising, but we know little about how they affect students. Using a unique dataset from a large urban school district in the southwest United States, we assess how uniforms affect behavior, achievement and other outcomes. Each school in the district determines adoption independently, providing variation over schools and time.

# data[].attributes.body
Article Title:  “School discipline, school uniforms and academic performance”

Evidence:

1. “For countries where students wear school uniforms, our study found that students listen significantly better, there are lower noise levels, and lower teaching waiting times with classes starting on time” (Baumann, Krskova).

2. “Students wearing a uniform are more disciplined and that in turn results in less “waste” on disciplinary issues, but instead more time for teaching and learning” (Baumann, Krskova).

Citation:

Baumann, Chris, and Hana Krskova. “School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance.” International journal of educational management 30.6 (2016): 1003–1029. Web.

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Evidence:
"In many post-colonial contexts, school uniforms frequently appear as visual symbols of a child's clean, schooled body and democratic access to education" (Kannan 1).

" First, as a disciplinary tool regulating children’s bodily hygiene, the code underscores how the body can be presented – what is acceptable, appropriate, and allowed to be visible, where and to whom – in the school landscape" (Kannan 2).

R. Maithreyi, Divya Kannan. (2022) Special issue: modernity, schooling, and childhood in India: trajectories of exclusion. Children's Geographies 0:0, pages 1-6.

# data[].attributes.body
Article 1:
The uniform code’s role within cleanliness discourses and ideas in relation to schools are two-fold. First, as a disciplinary tool regulating children’s bodily hygiene, the code underscores how the body can be presented – what is acceptable, appropriate, and allowed to be visible, where and to whom – in the school landscape.

Kannan, Smruthi Bala. “Clean Bodies in School: Spatial-Material Discourses of Children’s School Uniforms and Hygiene in Tamil Nadu, India.” Children’s geographies ahead-of-print.ahead-of-print (2022): 1–15. Web.

Article 2:
According to Shao et al. (2004, p. 1164), “many organisations use employee costumes or uniforms to provide visual cues to customers”. These cues are recognised to form a significant part of the overall service environment.

Baumann, Chris, and Hana Krskova. “School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance.” International journal of educational management 30.6 (2016): 1003–1029. Web.

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Thesis Statement: Schools should provide educational resources for low-income students during the summers so that they don't forget what they've learned throughout the school year.

Article Title: Advantages: a private school focuses a summer learning program on low-income students

Evidence:
1.) “In Hillsborough County, only six of every 10 high school graduates from low-income families go on to college, vs. eight in 10 among their more affluent peers. Experts say one factor is summer learning loss --the idea that students lose ground academically when they don't engage in educational activities during summer break. Because summer camps and other enrichment programs can be expensive, the problem is especially acute for low-income students” (Martinez, 59).

2.) “Berkeley Prep will launch a six-week summer learning program designed to give low-income, non-Berkeley students a competitive edge when they return to school in the fall. In addition to core classes and electives, they'll learn strategies for college readiness, including writing essays and public speaking” (Martinez, 59).

Citation:
Martinez, Amy. "Advantages: a private school focuses a summer learning program on low-income students." Florida Trend, vol. 59, no. 3, June 2016, p. 59. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A453722729/ITOF?u=gale15691&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=6c496e6e. Accessed 15 Nov. 2022.