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Mental Health Fact Sheet for the Classroom

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Mental Health Fact Sheet for the Classroom

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Minnesota Association for Children's Mental Health:Fact Sheets for the Classroom
Mental Health

The Minnesota Association for Children's Mental Health (MACMH) has graciously provided the School Mental Health Connection with access to their Fact Sheets for the Classroom. These concise and well-organized documents are excellent resources for classroom teachers interested in enhancing the classroom behavior and academic performance of children with mental health issues. Each Fact Sheet addresses one of the common mental health disorders among children. You may view the Fact Sheets separately; you may also view them aggregately by selecting below the Complete Set file which combines each of the Fact Sheets into one document.

Again, many thanks to MACMH for developing these remarkable resources and for granting access to them here. Should you wish to obtain more resources or information from MACMH, you can visit their website.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

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Minnesota Association for Children's Mental Health:Fact Sheets for the ClassroomMental Health The Minnesota Association for Children's Mental Health (MACMH) has graciously provided the School Mental Health Connection with access to their Fact Sheets for the Classroom. These concise and well-organized documents are excellent resources for classroom teachers interested in enhancing the classroom behavior and academic performance of children with mental health issues.

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The Evaluation Results Meeting will follow either an initial evaluation or a reevaluation. The initial or first evaluation determines whether a child meets state criteria for eligibility, and as a result, qualifies for special education and related services. Each reevaluation determines whether the child needs continuing special education services. In both cases, an evaluation plan is developed after discussion between school district staff and parents. The school must provide the parents with the evaluation results within 30 school days of the date the parents signed the consent to evaluate form.

This resource will help you understand the Individualized Education Program (IEP) and the importance of your participation in developing your child's IEP.

The IEP team, including the parents, will ask important questions at the annual IEP meeting. The answers to these questions will be documented every year as the present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP) statement on the IEP. A student's annual IEP will be the map guiding him or her from beginning levels of performance to higher levels of performance.

You are the expert on your child and an important member of your child's IEP team. Your input makes a difference in developing an IEP with appropriate supports and services to help your child make meaningful progress. Sometimes, it feels overwhelming.

Here are tips and tools you can use to turn your questions and concerns into action. Your participation on your child's IEP team matters. Use these resources to find your voice and advocate effectively for your child.

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Understand the Individualized Education Program (IEP) and the importance of your participation in developing your child's IEP. You are a required member of your child's IEP team, and your ideas must always be considered in any decisions the IEP team makes.

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SSTs, 504s, and IEPs...Oh My! The School Counselor's Role

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At TSCA, our mission is to serve professional school counselors by advocating for and advancing the role of the professional school counselor and the comprehensive school guidance and counseling program throughout Texas.

We value...

Professional commitment and involvement

Comprehensive developmental guidance programs to meet the social, educational, personal, and career needs of all students

Professional development and empowerment of the professional school counselor

Professional school counselors as essential educators and mental health professionals in the school system

Advocacy and promotion of the benefits of developmental guidance and counseling programs carried out by professional school counselors in the schools

Texas SCHOLAR is a collaborative project designed to support the work of Texas professional school counselors. The site supports each aspect of implementing the Texas Model for Comprehensive School Counseling, 5th edition. Bookmark and visit the site often for resources, templates, lessons, and more.

Recent News

More than 100 chaplains oppose new school chaplain law (SB763) set to start on Sept. 1. School board members will need to approve the move with a vote...

National School Counseling Week (Feb. 6-10)

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Home - Texas School Counselor Association

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At TSCA, our mission is to serve professional school counselors by advocating for and advancing the role of the professional school counselor and the comprehensive school guidance and counseling program throughout Texas. We value...

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Home - American School Counselor Association (ASCA)

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Paranoia involves intense anxious or fearful feelings and thoughts often related to persecution, threat, or conspiracy and occurs in many mental disorders.

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If a person is experiencing psychosis, a neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drug is most often used, since antidepressants and lithium (used for bipolar disorder) take several weeks to start working. Antipsychotic medications should help resolve symptoms quickly, sometimes as quickly as 3-5 days. Long term use of older antipsychotic drugs have been known to cause tardive dyskinesia, a serious and sometimes irreversible disorder of body movement. After symptoms of psychosis improve, mood symptoms may be treated with antidepressants, lithium, anticonvulsants, or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Sometimes a neuroleptic is combined with lithium or an antidepressant and then gradually withdrawn, to be restored if necessary. The few studies on drug treatment of this disorder suggest that antipsychotic drugs are most effective. The greater effectiveness of these new drugs may be partly due to their activity at receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is not influenced as strongly by standard antipsychotic drugs.

Outside of medications, finding help through counseling, family therapy, case management, peer supports, or other enhanced services like supported employment, supported education, or supported housing is very helpful. Mood problems and psychosis are likely to increase with stress and lack of sleep. Supports can help to reduce stress, problem solve, provide additional resources and education and help understand how best to recover from mental health problems. For Schizoaffective Disorder, combining therapy and medication treatments will increase chances of recovery. Having access to various types of treatment might depend on where you live.

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If a person is experiencing psychosis, a neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drug is most often used, since antidepressants and lithium (used for bipolar disorder) take several weeks to start working. Antipsychotic medications should help resolve symptoms quickly, sometimes as quickly as 3-5 days.

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People with psychotic disorders lose contact with reality and experience a range of extreme symptoms that usually includes: Hallucinations-hearing or seeing things that are not real, such as voices Delusions-believing things that are not true However, these symptoms can occur in people with other health problems, including bipolar disorder, dementia, substance abuse disorders, or brain tumors.

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Does your child seem unusually sad, irritable or quiet lately? Such changes in mood could be due to a temporary stress in life. But how do you know if it's something more? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of children with depression and anxiety has increased over time, and 3.2% of children between the ages of 3 and 17 have a current diagnosis of depression.

Types of depression and mood disorders in children

Children may experience different types of depression and mood disorders. A licensed mental health professional can provide a diagnosis based on your child's symptoms and recommend the best treatment.

The most common types of depression and mood disorders in children include:

Major depressive disorder (MDD): Also called major depression, MDD is diagnosed when a child experiences severe or intense depression that lasts more than two weeks.

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): Also called dysthymia, a child with PDD experiences milder symptoms of depression, but the symptoms last for a longer time (more than one year in children, two years in adults).

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood: This diagnosis describes depressed mood that develops within 3 months after an upsetting or stressful event, such as a death in the family or parental separation. Some adjustment difficulties are normal and expected in children; this diagnosis only is given if the difficulties are out of proportion to the triggering event and cause impairment in daily functioning.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): SAD is a form of MDD with a seasonal pattern. Children with this form of depression tend to experience symptoms primarily when the hours of daylight are shorter, as occurs during the winter months in the northern hemisphere.

Bipolar disorder: A diagnosis of bipolar disorder describes episodic periods of mania (persistently euphoric or irritable mood together with an increase in goal-directed behaviors, present most of the day, nearly every day for at least a week) alternating with episodic periods of depression. Bipolar disorder is rare in children. Sudden anger outbursts are not bipolar disorder.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): DMDD is diagnosed when a child over age 6 displays a lasting and intense pattern of irritability, aggression, anger, severe tantrums and frequent outbursts. The child's mood is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day, even between temper outbursts, and has been this way for over a year.

What are risk factors for childhood depression?

It's important for parents and caregivers to understand the risk factors for depression in children, which can include anxiety, family history of mental disorders, hormonal changes in puberty and life stressors.

"Chronic anxiety is one of the most common risk factors we see for depression in children," explains Alice Ann Holland, Ph.D., ABPP, Research Director of the Neuropsychology Service at Children's Health℠ and Assistant Professor at UT Southwestern. "This is anxiety that hasn't been properly diagnosed or treated for anywhere from months to years, which wears children down emotionally over time."

Risk factors for childhood depression can include life stressors such as:

In addition to the above life stressors, adolescents and teens may also deal with the following situations that can trigger depression:

Academic stress, especially related to college admissions

Athletic performance pressure

Dating relationships, including negative relationships and breakups

Sleep deprivation

Is my child depressed?

Symptoms of depression can vary in children and are different from a temporary change in mood or sadness. If your child displays signs of depression lasting more than two weeks, or if symptoms seem to occur around the same time as certain stressors (such as tests) or at certain times of the week (such as Sunday evenings before the school week starts), anxiety or depression may be the cause.

Signs of depression in children

Signs of depression in children age 12 and younger may include the following:

Decreased interest in favorite activities

Difficulty initiating and/or maintaining social relationships

Extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure

Frequent absences from school and/or a sudden decline in grades

Physical symptoms with no medical cause

Frequent sadness, tearfulness or crying

Hopelessness

Low energy

Low self-esteem

Increased irritability

Increased frequency or severity of tantrums (for younger children)

Major change in eating and/or sleeping patterns

Obsessive fears or worries about death

Social isolation

Talking about or attempting to run away from home

Thoughts or expressions of suicide or self-harming behavior

Trouble concentrating

Signs of depression in teens

Signs of depression in adolescents age 13 to 18 may include all of the above, plus:

Increased interest in topics related to death

Increased risk-taking behaviors

Excessive or inappropriate feelings of guilt

Feelings of worthlessness or self-hatred

Substance use

Short temper

Trouble making decisions

Dr. Holland notes that two signs of depression are commonly missed in children. One of those signs is increased irritability. "People often associate depression with sadness, but children and adolescents may simply demonstrate increased irritability rather than overt signs of sadness like crying," she says. It's normal for children to be irritable at times - such as when they're overtired, stressed or not feeling well. But if your child has been unusually short-tempered or moody for weeks to months, this could be a sign of depression.

The other commonly missed sign of depression in children is somatic symptoms, meaning any health issues, such headaches or stomach aches, that do not have a physical cause. Again, it's normal for children to not feel well occasionally. However, "If the school nurse says your child is getting a stomachache every day during math class, that could be a red flag," says Dr. Holland.

How can I help my child with depression?

Medication can have an important role in the treatment of depression in children and teenagers, and it is especially indicated for cases of severe depression. "If a child is too depressed to engage in therapy, medication can kick-start engagement and get them to better engage with therapy and benefit from it," says Dr. Holland. However, parents may find it reassuring to know that medication is not always necessary when treating depression in children.

Studies have shown that in the majority of cases, therapy is as effective or more effective than medication alone when it comes to treating depression in children and adolescents. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or CBT, is one common type of therapy that research has shown to be effective for childhood depression treatment. For very young children or those with limited language skills, research indicates that play therapy is the preferred approach.

If you're concerned that your child may be experiencing symptoms of depression, consider the following steps to help:

Start by talking with your child: On a regular basis, ask them about how they're doing in all aspects of their life. "Establish open communication with your child before you have any concerns, so that if concerns arise, they're comfortable talking to you about what's going on," says Dr. Holland. Still, if concerns do arise, don't assume your child will tell you if they're feeling depressed. Young children in particular have difficulty putting their feelings into words. Adolescents and teens may feel ashamed or embarrassed about acknowledging feelings of depression. With children of all ages, parents should convey their concern and ask questions in a loving, supportive way.

Get other adults engaged: Speak with your child's teachers, coaches and anyone else who works with your child regularly. Ask them if they've noticed any changes in your child's mood or behavior. Request they keep an eye on your child and let you know about any out-of-the-ordinary behavior.

Consult with a mental health professional: You can go alone to meet with a mental health professional - such as a school psychologist, counselor, therapist or psychiatrist - to discuss your concerns about your child. In speaking with you, this specialist may be able to help you discern if your child is dealing with chronic anxiety, coping with a temporary life stressor, exhibiting typical behavior for their age or is demonstrating symptoms of depression. This initial conversation should help guide your decision whether to have your child by evaluated by or pursue treatment (such as therapy or medication) with that specialist or be evaluated by another mental health professional (since not all mental health providers conduct evaluations).

Does my child need counseling?

To know when to seek counseling for your child, parents should look for noticeable changes in behavior, such as decreased interest in fun activities, social isolation or statements such as "I don't want to be alive anymore." A mental health professional can help your child process these feelings and provide an appropriate diagnosis.

If you are unsure if your child needs counseling for depression, speak to a physician about your child's symptoms. Teenagers in particular are at high risk for acting impulsively on feelings of depression and suicidal thoughts, so parents should seek professional help before those thoughts and feelings escalate.

Dr. Holland notes that teenagers may be resistant to counseling and therapy and recommends involving them in the process. Get their buy-in by asking them if they have a preference on a provider (e.g., male or female, young or old) and listen to their feedback. Encourage your child to be patient at the beginning of counseling, as it can take a few sessions to develop a therapeutic relationship. However, if after a few sessions it becomes clear that your child is not comfortable with that provider, you can look for a new therapist. Ask your child what he or she did and didn't like about that therapist, as this can guide your search for a new one.

Who can treat depression in children?

Different types of mental health professionals can help your child with symptoms of depression. Masters-level professionals licensed in the state of Texas include marriage and family therapists (LMFT), professional counselors (LPC) and social workers (LCSW). Doctoral-level mental health professionals include psychologists (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) and psychiatrists (M.D. or D.O.). These abbreviations after a provider's name will tell you what level of training they have.

Psychiatrists typically provide medication management rather than weekly therapy, although some offer both. It is important to know that research shows that medication alone is less effective than a combination of medication plus therapy. However, mild cases of depression may not require medication at all, only therapy/counseling. A licensed mental health provider can help determine the best treatment for your child.

Your child's safety is your number one priority

If your child or teen is engaging in behaviors that cause you concern for their immediate safety - such as discussing plans for suicide or other forms of self-harm - immediately take them to the nearest emergency room or call 911. Your child's safety is the top priority. "Better safe than sorry" should be your guiding philosophy in such situations.

Learn more about depression in children

Children's Health offers one of the most comprehensive specialty programs available for children and teens who need mental health services, staffed by experts with access to the latest research and treatments for depression and other mood disorders. Learn more about our Pediatric Psychiatry and Psychology services.

You can also access emotional care and support from the comfort of your home with Virtual Visit Behavioral Health. With a behavioral health care appointment, you can speak to a board-certified psychiatrist or licensed therapist using video technology. Learn more about Virtual Visit Behavioral Health.

Sign up

Stay current on the health and wellness information that makes a difference to you and your family. Sign up for the Children's Health newsletter and have more expert tips and insights sent directly to your inbox.

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Signs of Depression in Children & How to Help - Children's Health

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Does your child seem unusually sad, irritable or quiet lately? Such changes in mood could be due to a temporary stress in life. But how do you know if it's something more?

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Children sometimes argue, are aggressive, or act angry or defiant around adults. A behavior disorder may be diagnosed when these disruptive behaviors are uncommon for the child's age at the time, persist over time, or are severe. Because disruptive behavior disorders involve acting out and showing unwanted behavior towards others they are sometimes called externalizing disorders.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with peers, they may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD usually starts before 8 years of age, but no later than by about 12 years of age. Children with ODD are more likely to act oppositional or defiant around people they know well, such as family members, a regular care provider, or a teacher. Children with ODD show these behaviors more often than other children their age.

Examples of ODD behaviors include

Often being angry or losing one's temper

Often arguing with adults or refusing to comply with adults' rules or requests

Often resentful or spiteful

Deliberately annoying others or becoming annoyed with others

Often blaming other people for one's own mistakes or misbehavior

Learn more about ODD
Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder (CD) is diagnosed when children show an ongoing pattern of aggression toward others, and serious violations of rules and social norms at home, in school, and with peers. These rule violations may involve breaking the law and result in arrest. Children with CD are more likely to get injured and may have difficulties getting along with peers.

Examples of CD behaviors include

Breaking serious rules, such as running away, staying out at night when told not to, or skipping school

Being aggressive in a way that causes harm, such as bullying, fighting, or being cruel to animals

Lying, stealing, or damaging other people's property on purpose

Learn more about CD
Treatment for disruptive behavior disorders

Starting treatment early is important. Treatment is most effective if it fits the needs of the specific child and family. The first step to treatment is to talk with a healthcare provider. A comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional may be needed to get the right diagnosis. Some of the signs of behavior problems, such as not following rules in school, could be related to learning problems which may need additional intervention. For younger children, the treatment with the strongest evidence is behavior therapy training for parents, where a therapist helps the parent learn effective ways to strengthen the parent-child relationship and respond to the child's behavior. For school-age children and teens, an often-used effective treatment is a combination of training and therapy that includes the child, the family, and the school.

Get help finding treatment

Here are tools to find a healthcare provider familiar with treatment options:

Managing Symptoms: Staying Healthy

Being healthy is important for all children and can be especially important for children with behavior or conduct problems. In addition to behavioral therapy and medication, practicing certain healthy lifestyle behaviors may reduce challenging and disruptive behaviors your child might experience. Here are some healthy behaviors that may help:

Engaging in regular physical activity, including aerobic and vigorous exercise

Eating a healthful diet centered on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes (for example, beans, peas, and lentils), lean protein sources, and nuts and seeds

Getting the recommended amount of sleep each night based on age

Strengthening relationships with family members

Prevention of disruptive behavior disorders

It is not known exactly why some children develop disruptive behavior disorders. Many factors may play a role, including biological and social factors. It is known that children are at greater risk when they are exposed to other types of violence and criminal behavior, when they experience maltreatment or harsh or inconsistent parenting, or when their parents have mental health conditions like substance use disorders, depression, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The quality of early childhood care also can impact whether a child develops behavior problems.

Although these factors appear to increase the risk for disruptive behavior disorders, there are ways to decrease the chance that children experience them. Learn about public health approaches to prevent these risks:

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children | CDC

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Children sometimes argue, are aggressive, or act angry or defiant around adults. A behavior disorder may be diagnosed when these disruptive behaviors are uncommon for the child's age at the time, persist over time, or are severe. Learn about behavior or conduct problems in children.

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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Does your child go through extreme changes in mood and behavior? Does your child get much more excited or much more irritable than other kids? Do you notice that your child goes through cycles of extreme highs and lows in mood and energy levels more often than other children? Do these mood changes affect how your child acts at school or home?

Some children and teens with these symptoms may have bipolar disorder, a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and day-to-day functioning. With treatment, children and teens with bipolar disorder can improve over time.

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental illness that causes people to experience noticeable, sometimes extreme, changes in mood and behavior. It is a common misperception that children cannot have bipolar disorder. Although most people are diagnosed with bipolar disorder in adolescence or adulthood, the symptoms can appear earlier in childhood.

Bipolar disorder is not the same as the typical ups and downs every child goes through. The mood changes in bipolar disorder are more extreme, often unprovoked, and accompanied by changes in sleep, energy level, and the ability to think clearly.

Children with bipolar disorder sometimes feel very happy or "up" and are much more energetic and active than usual. This is called a manic episode. Children with bipolar disorder sometimes feel very sad or "down" and are much less active than usual. This is called a depressive episode. Bipolar disorder is often episodic, but it usually lasts a lifetime.

Bipolar disorder symptoms can make it hard to perform well in school or get along with friends and family members. Some children and teens with bipolar disorder may try to hurt themselves or attempt suicide. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to better functioning and well-being over the long term.

Signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder may overlap with symptoms of other disorders that are common in young people, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct problems, major depression, and anxiety disorders.

Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be complicated and requires a careful and thorough evaluation by a trained, experienced mental health professional.

With treatment, children and teens with bipolar disorder can manage their symptoms and lead full, active lives.

What causes bipolar disorder?

The exact causes of bipolar disorder are unknown, but several factors may contribute to the illness.

For example, researchers are beginning to uncover genetic factors linked to bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses. Research shows that a person's chances of having bipolar disorder are higher if they have a close family member with the illness, which may be because they have the same genetic variations. However, just because one family member has bipolar disorder does not mean other family members will have it. Many genes are involved in the disorder, and no single gene causes it.

Research also suggests that people with a genetic risk of having bipolar disorder may be more likely to develop the disorder after experiencing trauma or other stressful life events.

Some research studies have found differences in brain structure and function between people with bipolar disorder and people without it. Researchers are examining these differences to learn more about possible causes and effective treatments.

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Mood episodes in bipolar disorder include intense emotions and significant changes in sleep habits, activity levels, thoughts, or behaviors. Children and teens with bipolar disorder may have manic episodes, depressive episodes, or "mixed" episodes. A mixed episode has both manic and depressive symptoms. These mood episodes cause symptoms that often last for several days or weeks. During an episode, symptoms occur every day and last for most of the day.

These mood and activity changes are very different from the child's usual behavior and the behavior of healthy children and teens.

Children and teens having a manic episode may:

Show intense happiness or silliness for long periods of time.

Have a very short temper or seem extremely irritable.

Talk fast about a lot of different things.

Have trouble sleeping but do not feel tired.

Have trouble staying focused and experience racing thoughts.

Seem overly interested or involved in pleasurable but risky activities.

Do risky or reckless things that show poor judgment.

Have an inflated sense of ability, knowledge, and power.

Children and teens having a depressive episode may:

Feel frequent and unprovoked sadness.

Show increased irritability, anger, or hostility.

Complain a lot about physical pain, such as stomachaches and headaches.

Start sleeping a lot more.

Have difficulty concentrating.

Feel hopeless and worthless.

Have difficulty communicating or maintaining relationships.

Eat too much or too little.

Have low energy and no interest in activities they usually enjoy.

Think about death or have thoughts of suicide.

Can children and teens with bipolar disorder have other problems?

Young people with bipolar disorder can have several problems at the same time. For example, they may also be at risk of misusing alcohol or drugs. Sometimes extreme behaviors go along with mood episodes. During manic episodes, young people with bipolar disorder may take extreme risks that they wouldn't usually take or that could cause them harm or injury. During depressive episodes, some young people with bipolar disorder may think about running away from home or have thoughts of suicide.

If your child shows signs of suicidal thinking, take these signs seriously and call your child's health care provider.
If your child is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org . This service is confidential, free, and available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

How is bipolar disorder diagnosed?

A health care provider will ask questions about your child's mood, sleeping patterns, energy levels, and behavior. There are no blood tests or brain scans that can diagnose bipolar disorder. However, the health care provider may use tests to determine if something other than bipolar disorder is causing your child's symptoms. Health care providers may need to know about medical conditions in the family, such as depression or substance use.

Other disorders-such as ADHD, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and anxiety disorders-have symptoms like those of bipolar disorder. It can be challenging to distinguish bipolar disorder from depression that occurs without mania, referred to as "major depression." A health care provider who specializes in working with children and teens can carefully evaluate your child's symptoms to provide an accurate diagnosis.

How is bipolar disorder treated?

Children and teens can work with their health care provider to develop a treatment plan to help them manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. It is important to follow the treatment plan, even when your child is not currently experiencing a mood episode. Steady, dependable treatment works better than treatment that starts and stops.

Several types of medication can help treat symptoms of bipolar disorder. Children respond to medications in different ways. They may need to try different types of medication to find the one that works best for them. Some children may need more than one type of medication because their symptoms are complex. Health care providers usually try to prescribe the fewest number of medications and the smallest doses possible to help treat a child's symptoms. Always tell your child's health care provider about any medication side effects. Do not stop giving your child a prescribed medication without speaking to a health care provider. Stopping medication suddenly can be dangerous and can make symptoms worse.

Different kinds of psychosocial therapy can also help children and their families manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Therapies based on scientific research-including cognitive behavioral approaches and family-focused therapy-can provide support, education, and guidance to youth and their families. These therapies teach skills that can help people manage bipolar disorder, including skills for maintaining routines, enhancing emotion regulation, and improving social interactions.

What can children and teens expect from treatment?

With treatment, daily functioning and well-being can improve over time. Treatment is more effective when health care providers, caregivers, and young people work together.

Sometimes a child's symptoms may change or disappear and then come back. When this happens, your child's health care provider may recommend changes to the treatment plan. Treatment can take time but sticking with the treatment plan can help young people manage their symptoms and reduce the likelihood of future episodes.

Your child's health care provider may recommend keeping a daily life chart or mood chart to track your child's moods, behaviors, and sleep patterns. This may make it easier to track the illness and see whether treatment is working.

How can I help my child or teen?

Help begins with an accurate diagnosis and treatment. Talk to your child's health care provider about any symptoms you notice.

If your child has bipolar disorder, here are some basic things you can do:

Be patient.

Encourage your child to talk, and listen to your child carefully.

Pay attention to your child's moods, and be alert to any major changes.

Understand triggers and learn strategies for managing intense emotions and irritability.

Help your child have fun.

Remember that treatment takes time: Sticking with the treatment plan can help your child get better and stay better.

Help your child understand that treatment can make life better.

How does bipolar disorder affect caregivers and families?

Caring for a child or teenager with bipolar disorder can be stressful for parents and families. Coping with a child's mood episodes and other symptoms-such as short tempers and risky behaviors-can challenge any caregiver.

It is important that caregivers take care of themselves, too. Find someone you can talk to or consult your health care provider about support groups. Finding support and strategies for managing stress can help you and your child.

Where do I go for help?

If you're unsure of where to get help, your doctor, pediatrician, or other family health care provider is a good place to start. A health care provider can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, who has experience treating bipolar disorder and can evaluate your child's symptoms.

Learn more about getting help on the NIMH website. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has an online treatment locator to help you find mental health services in your area.

What should I know about clinical trials?

NIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions-including bipolar disorder. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with patients and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. Learn more about  participating in clinical trials.

Reprints

The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

For More Information

MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) ( En español )

ClinicalTrials.gov ( En español )

NIH Publication No. 23-MH-8081
Revised 2023

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Information about bipolar disorder in children and teens including causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and how to help a child or teen who has bipolar disorder.

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How is bipolar disorder treated?

Treatment can help many people, including those with the most severe forms of bipolar disorder. An effective treatment plan usually includes a combination of the following therapies:

Psychotherapy (talk therapy).

Medications.

Self-management strategies, like education and identifying the early symptoms of an episode or possible triggers of episodes.

Helpful lifestyle habits, such as exercise, yoga and meditation. These can support, but not replace, treatment.

Other therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in cases that are poorly responsive to medication or where rapid control of symptoms is necessary to prevent harm.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, so treatment is a lifelong commitment. It can sometimes take several months to years before you and your healthcare provider find a comprehensive treatment plan that works best for you. Although this can be discouraging, it's important to continue treatment.

Episodes of mania and depression typically come back over time. Between episodes, many people with bipolar disorder don't have mood changes, but some people may have lingering symptoms. Long-term, continuous treatment can help manage these symptoms.

If you have other mental health conditions in addition to bipolar disorder, such as anxiety or ADHD, it can be more difficult to treat the conditions. For example, the antidepressants healthcare providers prescribe to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the stimulants they prescribe to treat ADHD may worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder and may even trigger a manic episode.

Again, even though it may be difficult to treat these conditions, it's not impossible. Be sure to stay committed to finding a treatment plan that works for you.

What types of therapy are used to treat bipolar disorder?

Psychotherapy, also called "talk therapy," can be an effective part of the treatment plan for people with bipolar disorder.

Psychotherapy is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help you identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Working with a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, can provide support, education and guidance to you and your family.

Different types of therapy for bipolar disorder include:

Psychoeducation: Psychoeducation is the way mental health professionals teach people about their mental health conditions. As bipolar disorder is a complex condition, learning about the condition and how it can affect your life can help you and your loved ones manage and cope with it better.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT): This therapy is designed to help you improve your moods by understanding and working with your biological and social rhythms. IPSRT is an effective therapy for people with mood disorders, including bipolar disorder. It emphasizes techniques to improve medication adherence (taking your medication regularly), manage stressful life events and reduce disruptions in social rhythms (day-to-day differences in habitual behaviors). IPSRT teaches you skills that let you protect yourself against the development of future manic or depressive episodes.

Family-focused therapy: This therapy is for adults and children with bipolar disorder and their caregivers. During this treatment, your loved ones will join you in therapy sessions of psychoeducation regarding bipolar disorder, communication improvement training and problem-solving skills training.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is a structured, goal-oriented type of therapy. Your therapist or psychologist helps you take a close look at your thoughts and emotions. You'll come to understand how your thoughts affect your actions. Through CBT, you can unlearn negative thoughts and behaviors and learn to adopt healthier thinking patterns and habits.

What medications are used to treat bipolar disorder?

Certain medications can help manage symptoms of bipolar disorder. You may need to try several different medications, with guidance from your healthcare provider, before finding what works best.

Medications healthcare providers generally prescribe to treat bipolar disorder include:

Mood stabilizers.

Second-generation ("atypical") neuroleptics (also called antipsychotics).

Antidepressants.

If you're taking medication for bipolar disorder, you should:

Talk with your healthcare provider to understand the risks, side effects and benefits of the medication.

Tell your healthcare provider about any prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications or supplements you're already taking.

Tell your healthcare provider right away if you're experiencing concerning side effects. They may need to change your dose or try a different medication.

Remember that medication for bipolar disorder must be taken consistently, as prescribed.

Mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder

People with bipolar disorder typically need mood-stabilizing medication to manage manic or hypomanic episodes.

Types of mood stabilizers and their brand names include:

Lithium (Eskalith®, Lithobid®, Lithonate®).

Valproic acid (Depakene®).

Divalproex sodium (Depakote®).

Carbamazepine (Tegretol®, Equetro®).

Lamotrigine (Lamictal®).

Lithium is one of the most widely prescribed and studied medications for treating bipolar disorder. Lithium is a natural salt and will reduce symptoms of mania within two weeks of starting therapy, but it may take weeks to months before the manic symptoms are fully managed. Because of this, healthcare providers often prescribe other drugs like antipsychotic drugs or antidepressant drugs to help manage symptoms.

Thyroid gland and kidney problems can sometimes develop when taking lithium, so your healthcare provider will monitor the function of your thyroid and kidneys, as well as monitor the levels of lithium in your blood, as levels can easily become too high.

Anything that lowers the level of sodium in your body, such as switching to a low-sodium diet, heavy sweating, fever, vomiting or diarrhea may cause a toxic buildup of lithium in your body. Be aware of these conditions and alert your doctor if you're on lithium and experience them.

The following are signs of lithium toxicity (lithium overdose). Call your healthcare provider immediately or go to the nearest emergency room if you experience:

Blurred vision or double vision.

Irregular pulse.

Extremely fast or slow heartbeat.

Difficulty breathing.

Confusion and dizziness.

Severe trembling or convulsions.

Passing large amounts of pee.

Uncontrolled eye movements.

Unusual bruising or bleeding.

Neuroleptic medications for bipolar disorder

Healthcare providers often prescribe second-generation or atypical neuroleptics (antipsychotics) in combination with a mood stabilizer for people with bipolar disorder. These medications help with both manic and depressive episodes.

Only four of these drugs are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to help treat bipolar depression, including:

Cariprazine (Vraylar®).

Lurasidone (Latuda®).

Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination (Symbyax®).

Quetiapine (Seroquel®).

However, other medications, such as olanzapine (Zyprexa®), risperidone (Risperdal®) and aripiprazole (Abilify®), are commonly prescribed as well.

Antidepressants for bipolar disorder

Healthcare providers sometimes prescribe antidepressant medication to treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, combining the antidepressant with a mood stabilizer to prevent triggering a manic episode.

Antidepressants are never used as the only medication to treat bipolar disorder because only taking an antidepressant drug can trigger a manic episode.

What are the side effects of bipolar disorder medications?

Side effects of bipolar disorder medications are common and vary by medication. It's important to talk with your healthcare provider about what you can expect when taking certain medications. It's also important to tell them if you're experiencing side effects.

Never stop taking your medication unless your healthcare provider tells you to do so. Abruptly stopping medication can cause severe side effects and trigger severe episodes.

The most common side effects of bipolar disorder medications include:

Weight gain.

Metabolic dysregulation, including abnormal lipid levels (dyslipidemia), high blood pressure (hypertension) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

Drowsiness.

Akathisia - feelings of restlessness and agitation with a compelling need to move, rock or pace.

What other medical treatments are used for bipolar disorder?

Other treatment options your healthcare provider may consider for treating bipolar disorder include:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): This is a procedure in which a brief application of an electric current to your brain, through your scalp, induces a seizure. It's most often used to treat people with severe depression. ECT is very safe and highly effective for medication-resistant depression or acute life-threatening mania. It's the best treatment for mania in people who are pregnant. ECT is uses general anesthesia, so you'll be asleep during the procedure and won't feel any pain.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): This therapy involves a short electromagnetic coil that passes an electric current into your brain. Healthcare providers sometimes use it to treat medication-resistant depression. It's an alternative to ECT. TMS isn't painful and doesn't require general anesthesia.

Thyroid medications: These medications can sometimes act as mood stabilizers. Studies have shown positive results in reducing symptoms in people AFAB with hard-to-treat, rapid-cycling bipolar disorder.

Ketamine treatment: Ketamine, an anesthetic, given at low doses through an IV, has been proven to provide short-term antidepressant and antisuicidal effects for people with bipolar disorder.

Hospitalization: This is considered an emergency option in bipolar disorder care. It becomes necessary when someone is experiencing a severe depressive or manic episode and they're an immediate threat to themselves or others.

What lifestyle changes can help with bipolar disorder?

Your healthcare team will likely recommend making lifestyle changes to stop patterns of behavior that worsen the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Some of these lifestyle changes include:

Quit drinking alcohol and/or using recreational drugs and tobacco: It's essential to quit drinking and using drugs, including tobacco, since they can interfere with medications you may take. They can also worsen bipolar disorder and trigger a mood episode.

Keep a daily diary or mood chart: Keeping track of your daily thoughts, feelings and behaviors can help you be aware of how well your treatment is working and/or help you identify potential triggers of manic or depressive episodes.

Maintain a healthy sleep schedule: Bipolar disorder can greatly affect your sleep patterns, and changes in your frequency of sleep can even trigger an episode. Prioritize a routine sleeping schedule, including going to sleep and getting up at the same times every day.

Exercise: Exercise has been proven to improve mood and mental health in general, so it may help manage your symptoms related to bipolar disorder. Since weight gain is a common side effect of bipolar disorder medications, exercise may also help with weight management.

Meditation: Meditation has been shown to be effective in improving the depression that's part of bipolar disorder.

Manage stress and maintain healthy relationships: Stress and anxiety can worsen mood symptoms in many people with bipolar disorder. It's important to manage your stress in a healthy way and to try to eliminate stressors when you can. A big part of this is maintaining healthy relationships with friends and family who support you, and letting go of toxic relationships with people who add stress to your life.

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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels and behavior. Manic episodes are the main sign of the co

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Anxiety & Depression Association of America. (2019). Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA. Adaa.org. https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

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Obsessive and compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms intensely impact individuals and the entire system...

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA

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People with GAD don't know how to stop the worry cycle and feel it is beyond their control.

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Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

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Separation anxiety disorder causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. Learn more from Boston Children’s Hospital.

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Binge Eating Disorder | National Alliance for Eating Disorders

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With Binge Eating Disorder (BED), people experience recurring episodes of overeating that happen in a rapid manner and short timeframe. These episodes usually occur when they are not hungry and can extend past the point of a person reaching extreme fullness.

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Eating Disorder Information for Parents of Junior High

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Eating Disorder Information for Parents of Junior High

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Bulimia is an eating disorder. It is characterized by uncontrolled episodes of overeating, called bingeing. This is followed by purging with methods such as vomiting or misuse of laxatives. Bingeing is eating much larger amounts of food than you would normally eat in a short period of time, usually less than 2 hours.

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Overview

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa - often simply called anorexia - is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat. They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics or enemas. They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to fear weight gain.

Anorexia isn't really about food. It's an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth.

Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over your life and can be very difficult to overcome. But with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse some of anorexia's serious complications.

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Symptoms

The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

It may be difficult to notice signs and symptoms because what is considered a low body weight is different for each person, and some individuals may not appear extremely thin. Also, people with anorexia often disguise their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.

Physical symptoms

Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia may include:

Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains

Thin appearance

Abnormal blood counts

Fatigue

Insomnia

Dizziness or fainting

Bluish discoloration of the fingers

Hair that thins, breaks or falls out

Soft, downy hair covering the body

Absence of menstruation

Constipation and abdominal pain

Dry or yellowish skin

Intolerance of cold

Irregular heart rhythms

Low blood pressure

Dehydration

Swelling of arms or legs

Eroded teeth and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting

Some people who have anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia. But people with anorexia generally struggle with an abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms

Behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by:

Severely restricting food intake through dieting or fasting

Exercising excessively

Bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products

Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include:

Preoccupation with food, which sometimes includes cooking elaborate meals for others but not eating them

Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat

Denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating

Eating only a few certain "safe" foods, usually those low in fat and calories

Adopting rigid meal or eating rituals, such as spitting food out after chewing

Not wanting to eat in public

Lying about how much food has been eaten

Fear of gaining weight that may include repeated weighing or measuring the body

Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws

Complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat

Covering up in layers of clothing

Flat mood (lack of emotion)

Social withdrawal

Irritability

Insomnia

Reduced interest in sex

When to see a doctor

Unfortunately, many people with anorexia don't want treatment, at least initially. Their desire to remain thin overrides concerns about their health. If you have a loved one you're worried about, urge her or him to talk to a doctor.

If you're experiencing any of the problems listed above, or if you think you may have an eating disorder, get help. If you're hiding your anorexia from loved ones, try to find a person you trust to talk to about what's going on.

Causes

The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it's probably a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

Biological. Although it's not yet clear which genes are involved, there may be genetic changes that make some people at higher risk of developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance - all traits associated with anorexia.

Psychological. Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which causes them to think they're never thin enough. And they may have high levels of anxiety and engage in restrictive eating to reduce it.

Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to be thin, particularly among young girls.

Risk factors

Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However, boys and men have increasingly developed eating disorders, possibly related to growing social pressures.

Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. Still, people of any age can develop this eating disorder, though it's rare in those over 40. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They may also face increased peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.

Certain factors increase the risk of anorexia, including:

Genetics. Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. Those with a first-degree relative - a parent, sibling or child - who had the disorder have a much higher risk of anorexia.

Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.

Transitions. Whether it's a new school, home or job; a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia.

Complications

Anorexia can have numerous complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may occur suddenly - even when someone is not severely underweight. This may result from abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or an imbalance of electrolytes - minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in your body.

Other complications of anorexia include:

Anemia

Heart problems, such as mitral valve prolapse, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure

Bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing the risk of fractures

Loss of muscle

In females, absence of a period

In males, decreased testosterone

Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea

Electrolyte abnormalities, such as low blood potassium, sodium and chloride

Kidney problems

If a person with anorexia becomes severely malnourished, every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.

In addition to the host of physical complications, people with anorexia also commonly have other mental health disorders as well. They may include:

Depression, anxiety and other mood disorders

Personality disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Alcohol and substance misuse

Self-injury, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts

Prevention

There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians and internists) may be in a good position to identify early indicators of anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown illness. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments.

If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe dieting habits and dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier behavior or treatment options.

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Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight.

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What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that can affect children and teenagers. Kids with OCD experience unwanted thoughts, worries or impulses called obsessions. Obsessions are very upsetting and hard to control. Children with OCD develop repetitive actions - called compulsions- to calm the anxiety caused by their obsessions.

Often, compulsions are not connected to obsessions in a realistic way. For example, a child might have an obsessive fear that their parents will be in a car accident. To deal with that fear, they might turn a light on and off five times. Even if they know it doesn't make sense, they feel that the ritual will keep their parents from getting hurt. Professionals call that feeling "magical thinking."

Children as young as five can develop OCD. At that age, they may not even realize that their thoughts and fears are exaggerated or unrealistic.

A child with OCD may hide their rituals until they get to be too overwhelming. They may be able to suppress their rituals at school and then act out when they get home.

Some children suddenly develop OCD symptoms, along with other disturbing symptoms, after they have had an infection, such as a staph infection. This is a disorder called PANDAS or PANS.

What are the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Kids with OCD usually experience both obsessions and compulsions. They use compulsions to control the anxiety that obsessions cause.

Common obsessions that kids experience include:

Fear of contamination (germs, waste, vomit, chemicals, etc.)

Needing everything to be even or symmetrical

Extreme worry about safety, like thinking that the house will burn down or a parent will get hurt

Fear that they might do something violent or terrible

Common compulsions include:

Washing their hands repeatedly

Locking and relocking doors a certain number of times

Lining up objects or touching parts of their bodies symmetrically, like scratching both ears

Counting a certain number of times or repeating something mentally

Repeatedly asking parents for reassurance that something bad isn't going to happen

Compulsions can be thoughts instead of behaviors, so they can be hard to spot. For example, a child's compulsion might be counting to 20 in their head.

How is obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosed?

To be diagnosed with OCD a child has to have obsessions, compulsions or both. They must get in the way of the child's normal life.

The severity of the symptoms can be measured using a rating scale called Y-BOCS, or the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.

How is obsessive-compulsive disorder treated?

The most effective treatment for OCD is a form of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) called exposure and response prevention.

In this therapy, the therapist exposes the child to small amounts of the thing that usually triggers their obsession. That way, the child gets practice dealing with their anxiety in a safe environment. The therapist helps the child avoid using their compulsion. Over time, the child feels less anxious, and they don't need the compulsion anymore. The therapist can also train the child's family to practice at home.

More severe cases of OCD are often treated with a combination of CBT and medication. The most effective medication for anxiety is SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The medication can reduce anxiety and help the child get more out of therapy. Once kids learn skills in therapy, they can take less medication or stop altogether.

Kids with OCD will often return to their clinician in the years after their treatment for "booster sessions" to freshen up the skills they learned to control their anxiety.

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Quick Guide to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Child Mind Institute

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Lo sentimos, la página que usted busca no se ha podido encontrar. Puede intentar su búsqueda de nuevo o visitar la lista de temas populares. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that can affect children and teenagers. Kids with OCD experience unwanted thoughts, worries or impulses called obsessions.

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What is OCD? | International OCD Foundation

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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder that affects people of all ages and walks of life, and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings.…

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) - Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses

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The Division of Intramural Research Programs (IRP) is the internal research division of the NIMH. Over 40 research groups conduct basic neuroscience research and clinical investigations of mental illnesses, brain function, and behavior at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Learn more about research conducted at NIMH.

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From Dr. Tamar Chansky Creator of Worrywisekids.org

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Empowering adults with adhd to live their best lives A Different Brain Requires a Different Approach Whether you're newly diagnosed, wondering if you have ADHD, or simply ready to take charge of your life - we're here to help. Have ...

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Quick Guide to Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Child Mind Institute

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Download our free guide to oppositional defiant disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a children’s mental health disorder that involves defying parents, breaking rules, and other serious behavior problems.

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Website for parents of children with attentional issues.

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ADHD symptom tests, ADD medication & treatment, behavior & discipline, school & learning essentials, organization and more information for families and individuals living with attention...

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The NAMI HelpLine now has extended hours and is open from 10 a.m. - 10 p.m., ET, by phone 800-950-NAMI (6264) or email at [email protected]

NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, is the nation's largest grassroots mental health organization dedicated to building better lives for the millions of Americans affected by mental illness.

Helping Those In Need

NAMI started as a small group of families gathered around a kitchen table in 1979 and has blossomed into the nation's leading voice on mental health. Today, we are an alliance of more than 600 local Affiliates and 48 State Organizations who work in your community to raise awareness and provide support and education that was not previously available to those in need.

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NAMI State Organizations and NAMI Affiliates across the country

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Home | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness

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The NAMI HelpLine now has extended hours and is open from 10 a.m. - 10 p.m., ET, by phone 800-950-NAMI (6264) or email at [email protected] NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness, is the nation's largest grassroots mental health organization dedicated to building better lives for the millions of Americans affected by mental illness.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts, ideas or sensations (obsessions) that make them feel driven to do something repetitively (compulsions). The repetitive behaviors, such as hand washing, checking on things or cleaning, can significant…

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Thomas, MD, L. (2019, February 26). Depression in Children. News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2016%2F11%2FDepression_symptoms_infographic_x1000_-_Salapao2u_.jpg