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Learn how Wundt trained subjects to self-observe, shaping early psychology.

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William James - The Principles of Psychology (1890)

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Wilhelm Wundt -The Birth of Experimental Psychology

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Wilhelm Wundt -The Birth of Experimental Psychology

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What did Wundt contribute to psychology?

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What did Wundt contribute to psychology?

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Wundt’s lab and introspection method laid the foundation for experimental psychology, influencing modern cognitive science and research methodologies.

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What was Wilhelm Wundt famous for? | Philosophy

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James brought psychology to America, blending science with practicality.

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William James - The Pragmatic Approach to Consciousness

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William James - The Pragmatic Approach to Consciousness

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William James (1842-1910), America’s psychology pioneer, wrote The Principles of Psychology (1890) and founded functionalism, exploring how consciousness aids survival. His stream of consciousness theory emphasized mental flow.

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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), known as the "father of modern psychology," founded the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, marking psychology’s shift from philosophy to science. His work on introspection aimed to analyze the structure of consciousness.

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See how James linked mental activities to adaptation.

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Psychology Schools of Thought: William James and Functionalism

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Reflect on a recent decision: how did your mind adapt?

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Reflect on a recent decision: how did your mind adapt?

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James’s functionalism influences modern cognitive psychology, particularly in understanding perception and decision-making.

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Functionalism in Psychology (Functionalism in Psychology Explained)

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Titchener carried Wundt’s torch, refining the mind’s structure.

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Edward B. Titchener - Structuralism: Decoding the Mind’s Blueprint

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Edward B. Titchener - Structuralism: Decoding the Mind’s Blueprint

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Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927), Wundt’s student, developed structuralism, focusing on the mind’s elemental parts via introspection . His work at Cornell shaped early American psychology.

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Explore structuralism’s brief but influential reign.

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Animation on structuralism’s rise and fall

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Animation on structuralism’s rise and fall

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Structuralism in Psychology (Structuralism in Psychology Defined, Psychological Structuralism)

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Structuralism vs. Functionalism  Edward B. Titchener-style.

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Structuralism vs. Functionalism  Edward B. Titchener-style.

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Structuralism, Wilhelm Wundt, & Edward Titchener - Psychology

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Titchener’s structuralism faced criticism for its reliance on introspection but helped establish a foundation for experimental psychology. His ideas influenced later schools of thought, including cognitive psychology.

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Dewey linked psychology to learning, shaping progressive education.

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John Dewey - Functionalism: The Mind Adapts

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John Dewey - Functionalism: The Mind Adapts

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Dewey’s view: the mind as a tool for adaptation.

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John Dewey (1859-1952) advanced functionalism, emphasizing how consciousness helps adapt to environments, with lasting impact on education . His work bridged psychology and pedagogy.

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See Dewey’s practical psychology in action.

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John Dewey's Theories on Education and Learning: An Introduction to His Life and Work, a preview

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Dewey’s functionalism continues to influence educational psychology and adaptive learning theories

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Dewey’s functionalism influenced both educational psychology and modern cognitive psychology, emphasizing the role of learning and adaptation in the human mind.

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James’s theories on consciousness and the self laid the groundwork for modern cognitive psychology, influencing the way psychologists understand perception, memory, and decision-making.

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Watson’s experiment conditioned fear, redefining psychology.

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John B. Watson - Behaviorism: The Science of What We See

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John B. Watson - Behaviorism: The Science of What We See

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John B. Watson (1878-1958) founded behaviorism in 1913, rejecting introspection for observable behavior, shaping modern therapy. His Little Albert experiment is iconic.

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Watson’s experiment conditioned fear, redefining psychology.

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A video of the Little Albert experiment and its impact on the field.

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Watson’s behaviorism drives modern behavioral therapies and learning models.

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Wundt’s laboratory influenced modern psychological research, introducing empirical methods that allowed psychology to grow as a scientific discipline. His legacy paved the way for experimental psychology.

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Freud’s office, where psychoanalysis was born.

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Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: The Unconscious Mind

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Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: The Unconscious Mind

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Freud’s office, where psychoanalysis was born.

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed psychoanalysis, revealing the unconscious mind’s role in behavior and personality . His work revolutionized therapy and culture.

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Freud’s developmental theory, shaping clinical psychology.

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Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development

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Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development

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Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development

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 Part 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

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Clinical Psychology Part 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

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Clinical Psychology Part 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

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Clinical Psychology Part 1: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

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Clinical Psychology Part 2: Present-Day Therapy

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Clinical Psychology Part 2: Present-Day Therapy

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Clinical Psychology Part 2: Present-Day Therapy

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Freud’s theories on the unconscious mind and psychosexual stages revolutionized psychology and psychotherapy. His legacy continues in psychoanalysis and modern clinical practices.

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Wertheimer’s motion illusion, Gestalt’s spark.

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 Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology: The Whole is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts

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 Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology: The Whole is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts

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Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) co-founded Gestalt psychology, arguing we perceive wholes, not parts, revolutionizing perception studies . His phi phenomenon is iconic.

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Do Only WEIRD People See Optical Illusions?

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Do Only WEIRD People See Optical Illusions?

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Do Only WEIRD People See Optical Illusions?

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Gestalt psychology significantly influenced cognitive psychology, particularly in the understanding of perception, learning, and problem-solving.

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Experience Gestalt principles in action.

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Module 7A - Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology

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Rogers’s empathy, the heart of humanistic therapy

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Carl Rogers - Humanism: Embracing the Whole Self

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Carl Rogers - Humanism: Embracing the Whole Self

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Carl Rogers - Humanism: Embracing the Whole Self

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Carl Rogers (1902-1987) pioneered humanistic psychology, focusing on self-actualization and client-centered therapy. His empathy-driven approach transformed counseling

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Carl Rogers on Person-Centered Therapy Video

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Rogers’s humanism revolutionized therapy and counseling, laying the groundwork for modern therapeutic practices focused on empathy and unconditional positive regard.

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Humanistic theory is a way of looking at human behavior. It focuses on the individual's unique experience and potential for growth.

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Humanistic Theory (Explained in 3 Minutes)

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Neisser brought the mind back to psychology.

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Ulric Neisser - Cognitive Revolution: Mind Reclaimed

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Ulric Neisser - Cognitive Revolution: Mind Reclaimed

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Ulric Neisser: Father of Cognitive Psychology  #sciencefather #memory   #cognitivepsychology

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Ulric Neisser (1928-2012), the "father of cognitive psychology," reignited focus on mental processes, sparking a scientific shift . His 1967 book Cognitive Psychology was pivotal.

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Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think, learn, and remember. It focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.

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What is Cognitive Psychology? (Explained in 3 Minutes)

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Neisser’s work sparked a cognitive revolution in psychology, leading to the growth of cognitive science and the understanding of memory, perception, and thinking.

Neisser’s work fuels today’s cognitive science and AI research.

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George Miller - The Magic of Seven: Mind’s Limits

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George Miller - The Magic of Seven: Mind’s Limits

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George Miller (1920-2012) is known for his research on short-term memory and his groundbreaking theory of the magical number seven, which describes the capacity limits of human memory.

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Unlocking the Secrets of Working Memory | Miller's Law Explained

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Cognitive load theory tells us that we humans can keep 7 plus or minus two pieces of discrete information in our short-term memory.

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Miller's magic number | Unlocking the Secrets of Working Memory | Miller's Law Explained

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Miller’s contributions to cognitive psychology shaped the way we understand memory, cognitive processing, and human limitations.

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A toy that taught us observation matters.

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Albert Bandura - Social Learning: We Watch, We Learn

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Albert Bandura - Social Learning: We Watch, We Learn

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B.F. Skinner - Radical Behaviorism: Shaping Lives

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B.F. Skinner - Radical Behaviorism: Shaping Lives

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B.F. Skinner - Radical Behaviorism: Shaping Lives

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B.F. Skinner Demo of operant conditioning

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B.F. Skinner Demo of operant conditioning

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Operant Conditioning - The Skinner box experiment

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Skinner’s work on behaviorism and operant conditioning has had a profound impact on behavior therapy, education, and experimental psychology.

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Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments

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Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments

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Operant conditioning is based on the idea that we can increase or decrease a certain behavior by adding a consequence.

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Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments

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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) expanded behaviorism with operant conditioning, showing how reinforcement molds behavior. His work influenced education and therapy.

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Summary of Bobo Doll experiment

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The Bobo Doll Experiment - Albert Bandura on Social Learning

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What do you think? Can we learn only through direct experience, or also from studying others? To prove that children can learn by mere observation, american-canadian psychologist Albert Bandura came up with the Bobo Doll

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Social Learning Theory: Bandura’s Bobo Beatdown Experiments

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Bandura’s social learning theory continues to influence areas such as educational psychology, media studies, and behavioral therapy.

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Albert Bandura (1925-2021) developed social learning theory, proving we learn by observing, as seen in his Bobo Doll experiment. His work shaped education and media studies.

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Unit 7: Contemporary Issues in Psychology

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Unit 7: Contemporary Issues in Psychology

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Loftus’s research has transformed my view of memory from a fixed record to a fragile, editable story. Her findings challenge me to question my own recollections and highlight psychology’s power to influence justice, making me appreciate its real-world stakes. Her legacy in cognitive psychology and legal reform is undeniable.

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Loftus’s expertise reshaped courtroom trust in memory.

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Elizabeth Loftus - Memory’s Malleable Master: Unraveling the Mind’s Deceptions

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Elizabeth Loftus - Memory’s Malleable Master: Unraveling the Mind’s Deceptions

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Elizabeth Loftus (1944-present), a trailblazing cognitive psychologist, revolutionized our understanding of memory through her research on the misinformation effect, demonstrating how memories can be altered by suggestion. Her work has profound implications for psychology and the legal system.

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Watch Loftus reveal memory’s tricks.

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How reliable is your memory? | Elizabeth Loftus

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Elizabeth Loftus, psychologist and distinguished professor, University of California, Irvine, takes the audience at the Nobel Prize Summit 2023 inside the effect misinformation has on our brains, including the limits of human memory.

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The misinformation effect | Elizabeth Loftus | Nobel Prize Summit 2023

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Unit 7: Contemporary Issues in Psychology - Additions for Second Part

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Unit 7: Contemporary Issues in Psychology - Additions for Second Part

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Seligman, inspiring a focus on human strengths.

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Martin Seligman - The Father of Positive Psychology: Building a Life Worth Living

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Martin Seligman - The Father of Positive Psychology: Building a Life Worth Living

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His early discovery: we can learn to give up.

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Martin Seligman (1942-present), a visionary psychologist, shifted the field’s focus from despair to flourishing by founding positive psychology in the late 1990s. His earlier work on learned helplessness paved the way for this optimistic turn.

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Learned Optimism Positive Psychology - Martin Seligman - Animated Book Review

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Learned Optimism Positive Psychology - Martin Seligman - Animated Book Review

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See Seligman redefine psychology’s mission.

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On positive psychology - Martin Seligman

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On positive psychology - Martin Seligman

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Martin Seligman talks about psychology -- as a field of study and as it works one-on-one with each patient and each practitioner. As it moves beyond a focus on disease, what can modern psychology help us to become?

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On positive psychology - Martin Seligman

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Seligman’s positive psychology has reframed my understanding of the field as not just fixing what’s broken, but nurturing what’s best in us. His shift from learned helplessness to flourishing inspires me to seek meaning in my own challenges, showing psychology’s potential to uplift lives. His influence on modern therapy and education feels deeply personal and transformative.

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An Introduction To The History Of Psychology ( B. R. Hergenhahn, Tracy Henley) (z Lib.org) : Hergenhahn : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control.

This laboratory became a focus for those with a serious interest in psychology, first for German philosophers and psychology students, then for American and British students as well. All subsequent psychological laboratories were closely modeled in their early years on the Wundt model.

Wundt's background was in physiology, and this was reflected in the topics with which the Institute was concerned, such as the study of reaction times and sensory processes and attention. For example, participants would be exposed to a standard stimulus (e.g. a light or the sound of a metronome) and asked to report their sensations.

Wundt's aim was to record thoughts and sensations, and to analyze them into their constituent elements, in much the same way as a chemist analyses chemical compounds, in order to get at the underlying structure. The school of psychology founded by Wundt is known as voluntarism, the process of organizing the mind.

During his academic career Wundt trained 186 graduate students (116 in psychology). This is significant as it helped disseminate his work. Indeed, parts of Wundt's theory were developed and promoted by his one-time student, Edward Titchener, who described his system as Structuralism, or the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.

Wundt wanted to study the structure of the human mind (using introspection). Wundt believed in reductionism. That is, he believed consciousness could be broken down (or reduced) to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.

Wundt argued that conscious mental states could be scientifically studied using introspection. Wundt's introspection was not a casual affair, but a highly practiced form of self-examination. He trained psychology students to make observations that were biased by personal interpretation or previous experience, and used the results to develop a theory of conscious thought.

Highly trained assistants would be given a stimulus such as a ticking metronome and would reflect on the experience. They would report what the stimulus made them think and feel. The same stimulus, physical surroundings and instructions were given to each person.

Wundt's method of introspection did not remain a fundamental tool of psychological experimentation past the early 1920″s. His greatest contribution was to show that psychology could be a valid experimental science .

Therefore, one way Wundt contributed to the development of psychology was to do his research in carefully controlled conditions, i.e. experimental methods. This encouraged other researchers such as the behaviorists to follow the same experimental approach and be more scientific. However, today psychologists (e.g. Skinner ) argue that introspection was not really scientific even if the methods used to introspect were. Skinner claims the results of introspection are subjective and cannot be verified because only observable behavior can be objectively measured.

Wundt concentrated on three areas of mental functioning; thoughts, images and feelings. some of these areas are still studied in cognitive psychology today. This means that the study of perceptual processes can be traced back to Wundt. Wundt's work stimulated interest in cognitive psychology.

On the basis of his work, and the influence it had on psychologists who were to follow him, Wundt can be regarded as the founder of experimental psychology, so securing his place in the history of psychology. At the same time, Wundt himself believed that the experimental approach was limited in scope, and that other methods would be necessary if all aspects of human psychology were to be investigated.

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Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to

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A Brief History of Psychology: From Plato to Pavlov

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A Brief History of Psychology: From Plato to Pavlov

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Video shows psychology’s rise, early theories, experiments, shift to behavior.

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A Brief History of Psychology: From Plato to Pavlov

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- Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism. Knopf.

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- Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism. Knopf.

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m. e. p. (1991). learned optimism. new york knopf.

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Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York Knopf. - References - Scientific Research Publishing

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Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York Knopf.

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Britannica. (2023). William James and Sigmund Freud.

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Britannica. (2023). William James and Sigmund Freud.

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If the troubled history of its institutionalization served to call psychoanalysis into question in certain quarters, so too did its founder’s penchant for extrapolating his clinical findings into a more ambitious general theory. As he admitted to Fliess in 1900, “I am actually not a man of science a…

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Unit 4:  Chapter 10 : Evolution and Individual Differences

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Unit 4:  Chapter 10 : Evolution and Individual Differences

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Short animated clip on how natural selection works

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Short animated clip on how natural selection works

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Darwin’s theory come to life through visual explanation.

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Charles Darwin - The Theory Of Natural Selection

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Darwin’s theory has reshaped my view of psychology as deeply tied to biology, showing how behaviors evolve to aid survival. His emphasis on variation makes me see individual differences as natural, not random, influencing modern fields like evolutionary psychology. Exploring his work feels like uncovering the roots of why we are who we are.

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Darwin, whose theory reshaped science and psychology

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Charles Darwin – The Architect of Evolution: Shaping Psychology’s Roots

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Charles Darwin – The Architect of Evolution: Shaping Psychology’s Roots

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Charles Darwin (1809–1882), a British naturalist, revolutionized science with his theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species (1859). His insights into adaptive behavior and variation laid the groundwork for understanding individual differences and influenced the foundation of evolutionary psychology.

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What did Darwin contribute to psychology?

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What did Darwin contribute to psychology?

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160 years ago, the British naturalist published his famous book “On the origin of species”. His theory radically transformed Biology, offering a new explanation of the ancestry and evolution of living beings.

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Theory of Evolution: How did Darwin come up with it? - BBC News

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Hall’s work opened my eyes to psychology’s practical side, showing how our minds adapt to real-world demands. His focus on development makes me think about my own growth and how education shapes us. His legacy in the APA and child psychology feels like a bridge between past theories and today’s applications, inspiring me to value psychology’s everyday impact.

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The Milgram Experiment: Obedience to Authority

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The Milgram Experiment: Obedience to Authority

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Explore how Hall and others shaped psychology’s practical focus.

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The Milgram Experiment: Obedience to Authority

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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924), a key figure in American psychology, founded the American Psychological Association (APA) and championed functionalism, focusing on how mental processes serve practical purposes. His work on child development and education left a lasting mark.

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What did Stanley contribute to psychology?

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What did Stanley contribute to psychology?

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Hall leading the early days of American psychology.

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G. Stanley Hall - The Pioneer of American Psychology: Functionalism’s First Voice

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G. Stanley Hall - The Pioneer of American Psychology: Functionalism’s First Voice

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Unit 4:  Chapter 11 : American Psychology and Functionalism

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Unit 4:  Chapter 11 : American Psychology and Functionalism