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In this investigation, sampling is the selection of people for data collection.

There are various sampling methods, such as convenience, simple random and systematic.

But for this GI, we will focus on using the convenience sampling method.

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For this GI, we will focus on conducting surveys.

Recall what a survey involves (from Stage 2a):

A set of pre-planned questions that you come up with in order to gather data about people's opinions and behaviours.

Survey questions can be asked verbally, or the respondent completes the survey on their own.

Most questions are closed-ended with a few open-ended questions.

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Submit your Google Slide by downloading the file and submitting it as an attachment in an email to your teacher.

Avoid sending the link to your file unless you are sure it works and has no access restrictions.

You may submit your reflections separately.

Deadline for submission: Term 2 Week 7-8

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After having represented your data using suitable methods and analysing them, you are now able to draw conclusions.

A conclusion is a judgement or decision about something that you have reached in a logical and sensible way, based on your findings.

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After collecting data, you need to present and analyse them. There are a variety of methods which you can use to present data:

1. Maps

2. Tables

3. Bar graphs

4. Line graphs

5. Pie charts

6. Annotated field Sketches and Photograph

It is important to choose an appropriate method to present your data, as doing so will aid you greatly in meaningfully describing, analysing and explaining the data that you have collected, in order to draw accurate conclusions in Stage 4 of the GI process.

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You may be thinking that a GI should be complete the moment you have managed to draw conclusion(s) based on the data that you have collected.

However, how confident are you that your findings are accurate? Did you encounter any difficulties while carrying out the GI which may have affected your findings, and which you could have avoided? What else can you do with your findings?

A fruitful and effective GI would not be complete without reflecting on the process and taking action to change or improve the situation that you were investigating with the help of your findings!

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“How do amenities in the neighourhood impact residents and the environment?”

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decide what data you need to collect as part of your investigation, and how you will be collecting them.

Data are facts which are collected for reference or analysis, and from which conclusions can be drawn.

They can be classified into primary data and secondary data.

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Setting the Context: Sustainable Development of Housing

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Setting the Context: Sustainable Development of Housing

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Most of us in Singapore live in HDB flats within a neighbourhood that gives us easy access to various amenities.

These amenities may be grocery shops and clinics, as well as spaces for social gatherings like community centres and playgrounds.

While these amenities have been put in place for the benefit of the community, they can actually both positively and negatively affect people and the environment.

With limited land space and a growing population, it is crucial to manage Singapore's housing situation well in order to ensure sustainability for our future generations.

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Geographical Investigation (GI) is the process through which geographers investigate different geographical phenomena.

For example in Sec 1, you discovered the impacts of human activities on tropical rainforests, and issues related to them. You also studied the movement of water in the hydrological cycle, the pollution of water bodies, and issues related to them. All these are geographical phenomena which can be investigated through GI, as we will do so here with the Sec 2 topics.

A GI has 5 stages which are shown in the diagram above.

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This resource builds on the section "What is Geographical Inquiry" (pages 21 to 23) of your Lower Secondary Geography Coursebook One.

It allows you to have a hands-on experience in posing geographical questions, conducting fieldwork, and presenting and analysing data.

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Geographers do sampling because it is often impossible to collect data from everything or interview every single person. For example, it is not possible to interview everyone within a neighbourhood.

Hence we do it as it is:

More practical and feasible to accomplish

Less time required

Less manpower required

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Closed-ended (or close response) questions give people options to choose from. Some common closed-ended question types include:

Multiple Choice

Respondents are given several options to choose from. They may need to make one choice, or you can give them the option to select more than one choice.

For Eg:

Which are the method(s) you used to get to school? Choose all the options which apply.

Walking

Bus

MRT/LRT

Car

Taxi / Private hire

Others (state method: _______________)

Yes/No

It involves questions which only require a yes/no answer. It can also be "true/false".

For Eg:

The school is within 5kms from my home.

Yes

No

Ranking

Give a range of options from respondents to rank using a clear criteria (eg: rank favourite colours, rank based on prices of dishes in canteen, rank based on popularity of a pop star). Make sure you clearly state how it should be ranked (eg: lowest to highest, or the other way round? Indicate "1" for the highest, or lowest?)

For Eg:

Rank the following subjects in terms of how well you do in them in your recent WA. Indicate "1" for the subject you did the best, and "4" for the one you did worst.

English language [Ranking: ]

Mother tongue language [Ranking: ]

Mathematics [Ranking: ]

Science [Ranking: ]

Rating

Respondents rate each item on its own. You must clearly tell the respondent how the rating is to be done.

For Eg:

On a scale of 1 to 4, indicate how often you buy from the following canteen stalls. Indicate "1" for very often, "2" for often, "3" for sometimes and "4" for seldom. If you never purchased from a stall before, indicate "Nil".

Drinks stall [Rating: ]

Noodles stall [Rating: ]

Economy rice stall [Rating: ]

Korean food stall [Rating: ]

Muslim food stall [Rating: ]

Vegetarian food stall [Rating: ]

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Based on the data you have collected during your fieldwork, craft an evidence-based response that answers your inquiry question.

You may refer to this template to help guide your response if needed.

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Follow the steps shown below to create your own simple bar graph.

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A simple bar graph is made up of rectangular bars whose lengths are proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be vertical, such as in the example shown below, or horizontal. A bar graph is usually used to represent categorical variables (i.e. variables that have 2 or more categories e.g. age, gender, colour, location etc.).

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Reflecting involves examining and thinking about the experiences, actions, feelings and responses that you had during the course of conducting the GI, with the aim of learning from the process.

Although you could simply describe what you did or felt during each of the GI stages, it would be more useful to ask yourself the questions listed above after completing each GI stage.

If you are able to answer these questions honestly and without being influenced by your own opinions, you could potentially gain valuable insights which will help guide you to make further improvements the next time around.

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Breaking down the Inquiry Question into Guiding Questions

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Breaking down the Inquiry Question into Guiding Questions

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This Inquiry Question can be broken down to three main areas to be investigated:

The people using the amenities

The activities occurring at the amenities

The impact of these activities on people and the environment.

You may then use methods such as 5W1H to further break down the above areas into guiding questions.

For example, to find out more about the people using the amenities, your guiding question may be "Who are the people using the amenities"?

This guiding question can then be used to come up with specific survey questions (more on this later in Section 2c).

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To conduct any GI, one needs to clearly define the physical boundaries in which you will conduct your research, called the Study Area. This ensures that your research is manageable and remain relevant to your investigation.

For this particular GI, your group will select one study area. Some examples of what a "Study Area" may mean in the north-east part of Singapore are shown below.

Your group may choose other study areas, as long as at least one group member stays in that area.

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Watch the video to find out more about the different GI stages and how they may be carried out.

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Amenities build in our neighbourhoods are designed to encourage physical activity and social interaction

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As you go through each stage of our GI, you will have the opportunity to:

explore and learn about living in a neighbourhood,

discover why certain amenities in a neighbourhood are used more than others, and

uncover how the provision and use of these amenities impact residents and the environment.

This will in turn enable you to develop solutions and take appropriate actions to maintain or improve people’s quality of life, as well as the quality of the environment.

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Convenience sampling involves selecting members of a population because they are conveniently available. This sampling method is easy and fast, but the sample obtained is biased i.e. it may not be an accurate reflection of the overall population.

For example, if you approach the nearest passers-by outside a busy supermarket to answer your survey, you would be conducting convenience sampling.

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Open-ended (or open response) questions require people to answer in their own words.

Eg: Why do you prefer to take the bus?

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How to Create Bar Graphs in Google Slides

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What can we do with all our findings at the end of the GI?

We can go one step further by coming up with an action plan based on our findings. This action plan can involve efforts to change or improve the issue, phenomenon or problem that we had been investigating through the GI.

We should use the data that we collected and analysed during the GI to inform and justify our action plan.

When coming up with an action plan, you may ask youself the following questions:

what objectives do you wish to achieve?

what steps do you have to take in order to achieve those objectives?

who will be involved and/or will benefit as a result?

which steps are more important and should be taken first?

what will you do if your original plan is unsuccessful?

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Make a copy of this file and save into your Google Drive.

Share the file with your groupmates, and also with teo_huai_wei_edmund@moe.edu.sg

This document will be used to record your investigations and will be submitted as part of your WA work. Your teacher may decide to use alternative apps for this purpose.

Start your slides by including the information from the tasks below, ie: names of group members, chosen study area (you may copy the map into your slides), and the specific location of your chosen amenity (you may indicate on the same map, or on another map).

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What are some common primary data collection methods?

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What are some common primary data collection methods?

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Taking field photographs

Drawing field sketches

Taking field notes

Conducting surveys and interviews

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Within the area bounded by Buangkok Drive, Sungei Punggol, Yio Chu Kang Road, Upper Serangoon Road, Upper Paya Lebar Road, Barley Road East, Hougang Avenue 3, Defu Avenue 1 and Sungei Serangoon.

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What must I consider when crafting my survey questions?

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What must I consider when crafting my survey questions?

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When coming up with each survey and interview question, you should consider:

What is the purpose of your survey and interview?

What kind of relevant questions should you ask?

Can my questions cause offence or a misunderstanding?

Considerations when structuring your survey and interview questions:

Keep the survey short. Preferably 10 questions or less.

Use simple and clear language.

Consider having multiple language versions.

Each question should only ask for one piece of information.

Begin with close-ended questions (E.g. information about the respondent) and end with open-ended questions.

Start with simple questions that will gradually lead on to more specific and complex questions.

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Follow the steps shown below to create your own simple line graph.

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A simple line graph is basically a series of points that are connected by a single line that passes through all of them. It is often used to display data that change over time.

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This will be an individual assignment.

Your Task

Write a personal reflection comprising of the following:

Part 1: Post-GI reflection

Think about the tasks you have completed and reflect on these procedures using the following questions to help you:

What are the strengths of my group's investigation methods?

What are the limitations of my group's investigation methods?

What are the ways you can improve your investigation methods?

NOTE: you are to judge your GI based on the GI methods. For example,

your choice of study area and survey location(s),

the timing(s) and frequency of your survey,

your choice of survey questions, your data presentation methods, etc.

You do not discuss about non-GI issues such as

your time management (eg: we should have started earlier),

group management (eg: some of our group members did nothing),

personal skills or human emotional issues (eg: Our strength was we were confident in talking to strangers), etc.

Part 2: Taking Action

Use these questions to help you come up with an action plan based on your research and conclusion:

Based on your findings, write an evidence-based conclusion (you may refer to template shown in Stage 4).

Based on your conclusion, what aspects of the amenity in your study area needs improvement? Describe and explain.

What original ideas can you suggest to bring about the improvements that you identified? Describe and explain.

Take note of the following requirements:

Word limit: Between 100 to 200 words (G2) / Between 200 and 300 words (G3), excluding text in diagrams, tables, and references.

You can include non-text elements like pictures, diagrams, etc, but do not include videos.

If you referred to any other source for information, then include a reference list.

You have two submission options. Either:

Use the same Google Slide file and add slides for each individual reflection. You can use more than one slide for each reflection.

Submit your reflection separately using either Powerpoint/Google Slide or Word/Google Docs. Your teacher will give you specific instructions if you prefer this option.

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Task 1:

For your groups. Each group should have 3 to 4 students. Select your roles for each member and update in the slides.

Task 2:

In your groups, decide on one study area as described in the "Study Area" section. Copy the Google Map screenshot of your Study Area in the next slide.

Task 3:

As a group, identify one amenity that your group would like to investigate. Take note that amenities are structures which can be used by the community, but do not include infrastructure or general residential and industrial-related land-uses.

Examples of acceptable amenities include parks, shopping malls, schools, basketball courts, convenience shops, fire stations, hospitals, police stations, etc.

Examples of infrastructure which are not accepted include bus stops, traffic lights, bridges, link-ways, shelters, etc.

Examples of general land-use which are not accepted include housing (eg: HDB blocks, condos, etc) and industrial (eg: factory).

Check with your teacher if your chosen feature is suitable before proceeding.

If there are several of the same chosen amenity in your study area, decide on one specific amenity for this GI. Eg: if your group chose schools, please choose only one school to investigate.

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Annotated field photograph of a bus stop in Punggol to explain why people use it to get around the area.

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Within the area bounded by Sungei Punggol, Tampines Expressway, Sungei Serangoon, Coney Island and the coast along the Straits of Johor.

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Decide the specific location(s), frequency, day(s) and timing of your survey.

For your sample size, each group will survey at least three people per group member. ie, if there are four members in your group, your group will survey 12 people at least. Decide on the actual number as a group.

Decide if you will split up or do the survey together. For safety reasons, minimum two students to be together at all times.

Introduce yourself and your group members briefly, as well as the purpose of your survey/interview.

Be polite at all times, and thank your respondents at the end of the survey/ interview.

Do not force people to do your survey or take part in your interview if they are uncomfortable.

Ask for permission before recording the interview.

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How to Create Line Graphs in Google Slides

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Refer to the above marking rubrics to understand what your teachers are looking for in your reflection.

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Annotated field sketch of Chinatown to explain why it attracts tourists.

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Within the area bounded by Tampines Expressway, Sengkang West Road, Yio Chu Kang Road, Buangkok Drive and Sungei Serangoon.

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In summary, your survey may include the above components, with a proper introduction with intentions clearly stated.

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Follow the steps shown below to create your own pie chart.

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A pie chart is a circle that is divided into 2 or more "slices". The thickness of each "slice" depends on the particular value being represented in relation to the total amount (e.g. the number of respondents who visit Jurong Lake to do watersports as a percentage of the total number of respondents). Thus, all the "slices" in a pie chart will add up to the total amount (e.g. 100%). A pie chart is best used to present values that are expressed as a percentage of a total.

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Field notes taken down by someone who was recording the layout and observations of the exhibits in the Asian Civilisations Museum.

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Within the area bounded by Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, Central Expressway, Braddell Road, Bartley Road, Upper Paya Lebar Road, Upper Serangoon Road and Yio Chu Kang Road.

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This will be a group assignment.

Part 1 (assessed)

Come up with questions for a survey with the help of the guiding questions (see Stage 1b). Make sure your questions covers all three areas (people, activities, impact) sufficiently.

Take note of the following requirements:

Come up with 10 questions for your survey.

Between 2 to 3 of these questions must be open-ended questions. The rest will be closed-ended questions.

There should be different types of closed-ended questions (multiple-choice, yes/no, ranking, rating, etc)

Follow the considerations when crafting the survey (eg: length, sorting, etc).

You can either:

Create the survey in Google Forms, then insert the link into your Google Slide file, or

Add your survey questions directly in the Google Slide file. You may spread your questions over several slides.

Each group is to show your first draft to your teacher by a deadline they set. Your teacher will give you feedback to improve your survey only once.

Your work will then be graded.

Your teacher may give more suggestions after this, but any further changes from now will not influence the score for this task. You will proceed to conduct the survey only after your teacher has given permission to do so.

Part 2 (to be assessed in Stage 4)

Before you proceed, you must:

Decide the specific location(s), frequency, day(s) and timing of your survey.

Decide on your sample size (minimum 3 persons per group member).

Share your decisions with your teacher first before you proceed to avoid wasting your effort and having to redo your survey.

Important: During your survey, you must take at least four photos or videos as evidence that the survey was actually conducted. Ask for permission from the public first before taking these photos or videos.

Include these photos and/or videos in your Google Slides.

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How to Create Pie Charts in Google Slides

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Differences between surveys and interviews.

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Refer to the above marking rubrics to understand what your teachers are looking for in your survey.

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After we present our data in various forms, we need to look at it closely (that is, analyse the data) so that we can eventually draw some conclusions in the next stage of GI.

These are some guiding questions that may help us when analysing the data collected that we have presented in a graph:

What are the highest and lowest average values? What are the possible reasons for these?

Are there data that stand out or are anomalies? Are there any reasons why?

What do the results tell us about the features and their impact in your study area?

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This will be a group assignment.

Using the data you have gathered from Stage 2, plot two separate graphs to represent your most important findings in order to answer the inquiry question.

You must use two different types of the following graphs types only: Bar graph, line graph or pie chart. Choose the most appropriate type for representing your data. You can do simple or multiple bar/line graph if you wish (google for more information).

Make a decision if you need to do any calculations first before plotting your graphs.

Make sure your graphs includes all necessary graph elements.

Use the 'Chart' function in Google slides to produce your graph.

Alternatively, you can either construct the graphs using other computer software, or manually plot them on graph paper and take photographs/scan them.

Add each graph on one Google slide, so there should be a total of two slides for this task. Add these slides to the back of your existing Google Slides after Tasks 1 and 2.

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Refer to the above marking rubrics to understand what your teachers are looking for in your graphs.