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Memory Types:

Sensory Memory – Captures fleeting sensory info (e.g., sights, sounds).

Short-Term Memory (STM) – Holds limited info briefly (e.g., a phone number).

Long-Term Memory (LTM) – Stores info for extended periods (e.g., facts, experiences).

🧠 Brain Function:
The hippocampus helps move memories into long-term storage. Emotional or repeated learning strengthens this process.

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Retention = Remembering over time

Transfer = Using knowledge in new situations
👩‍🏫 Why it matters: Students need to not only memorize but apply knowledge.
✅ Retention + Transfer = Deep Learning

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How Trauma Disrupts Learning:

Trauma overstimulates the amygdala (fear center)

Blocks the hippocampus (memory formation)

Impairs the prefrontal cortex (focus, reasoning)
😞 This causes memory gaps, trouble concentrating, and fear-based responses.

📖 Reference: Karemaker et al., 2022

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 Brain with stress or lightning bolts over the amygdala

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: Strategy 1 – Make Meaningful Connections

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: Strategy 1 – Make Meaningful Connections

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✨ Help students connect lessons to personal experiences
🔗 Builds stronger emotional ties → better long-term memory
❤️ Especially helpful for students affected by trauma

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 Students thinking with heart icons or puzzle pieces connecting

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Activate the Senses:
🎨 Combine visuals, sound, movement, and touch
🧠 Engages multiple brain regions
🎯 Improves retention and focus—especially helpful for trauma-affected learners

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🔁 Revisit content through games, discussions, and visuals
🛠️ Builds stronger neural pathways
📚 Students retain more and apply knowledge better

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Immordino-Yang, M. H., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). The brain basis for integrated social, emotional, and academic development. Aspen Institute.
PDF Link

Karemaker, A., Tapia, M., & Verhaeghe, P. (2022). Trauma and memory: The neuroscience of disrupted learning. Educational Neuroscience, 9(3), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969415211023843

Willis, J. (2021). The neuroscience of joyful education. Educational Leadership, 78(6), 70–74.

Van der Kolk, B. (2015). The body keeps the score. Penguin.

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Stress is a normal and natural part of life. But why do some people manage stress well and build resiliency, while others seem to struggle? In this series of conversations, Dr. Bruce Perry explores the impact of stress and trauma on the brain, and the resulting effect on learning. His teachings have helped schools significantly decrease behavior problems and create safe learning environments.

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Stress, Trauma, and the Brain | Insights for Educators | PBS LearningMedia

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Stress is a normal and natural part of life. But why do some people manage stress well and build resiliency, while others seem to struggle? In this series of conversations, Dr. Bruce Perry explores the impact of stress and trauma on the brain, and the resulting effect on learning.