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Date: April 12–13, 1861
Winner: 🟥 Confederate Victory
Summary: The Battle of Fort Sumter opened the Civil War. The Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was ordered to surrender by the Confederates. The Confederates started shelling the fort on April 12, 1861, after Union Major Robert Anderson refused. The Union soldiers surrendered after being heavily bombarded for 34 hours. This incident brought the South together and forced the North to prepare for war, even though no one had been killed. It was the first battle of the Civil War, officially making the war legal.

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Date: July 21, 1861
Winner: 🟥 Confederate Victory
Summary: The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major land battle of the Civil War. Union forces under General Irvin McDowell advanced in the region around Manassas, Virginia, against the Confederates under Generals Pierre G.T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston. The Union initially pushed the Confederates back but then found itself confronting reinforcements. The Union troops routed in disarray as the Confederates counterattacked. The battle put paid to the thought that the conflict would be simple and short-lived, meaning it would be drawn-out and gruesome. It further boosted Confederate spirits.

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Date: March 8–9, 1862
Winner: 🟦 Union Victory
Summary: A milestone in the course of naval warfare history was the Battle of Hampton Roads, the opening battle between ironclad warships. Off Norfolk, Virginia, Confederate CSS Virginia and Union's USS Monitor engaged. Converted from a scuttled Union ship, the Virginia attacked nearby Union vessels. John Ericsson's Monitor fought the Virginia in an intense but fruitless battle. Although there was no definitive victor towards the later part of the battle, it demonstrated that ironclad warships were the future of naval warfare and made wooden warships redundant.

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Date: September 17, 1862
Winner: 🟦 Union Victory

Summary: The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single day in U.S. military history, claiming over 23,000 casualties. Union forces, commanded by General George McClellan, fought Confederate forces, commanded by General Robert E. Lee, in the state of Maryland. Lee invaded the North to try to take pressure off the South and obtain foreign recognition. The battle was fiercely fought with highlights being the bitter fighting in the Sunken Road and at Burnside's Bridge. The battle was a tactical draw but a strategic Union victory since it halted Lee's invasion of the North. President Lincoln used this victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which transformed the aim of the war to include the abolition of slavery.

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Date: April 30 – May 6, 1863
Winner: 🟥 Confederate Victory
Summary: The Battle of Chancellorsville was one of General Robert E. Lee's greatest victories despite being greatly outnumbered. Confederate forces fought General Joseph Hooker's Union Army in Virginia. Lee divided his forces and launched a surprise assault on the Union's right flank. This led to a decisive Confederate victory but at a terrible cost. General Stonewall Jackson, one of Lee's most trusted generals, was mistakenly shot by his own men and shortly afterwards died. Despite the brilliance of Lee's plan, the loss of Jackson was a devastating blow to the Confederate army.

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Date: July 18, 1863
Winner: 🟥 Confederate Victory
Summary: The Battle of Fort Wagner is remembered because of the bravery of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, one of the Union Army's first African American regiments. The Union army, led by General Quincy Adams Gillmore, attempted to attack the Confederate fort in Charleston, South Carolina. The 54th Massachusetts, led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, charged boldly but was confronted with fierce Confederate resistance. Although the Union failed to capture the fort, the 54th Massachusetts's valor earned national recognition and helped bring about the shift in public perception of African American soldiers.

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Date: May 18 – July 4, 1863
Winner: 🟦 Union Victory
Summary: The Siege of Vicksburg was a resounding Union victory that gave the North control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two. General Ulysses S. Grant besieged the Confederate city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, for over 40 days. The Confederate forces, led by General John Pemberton, were trapped and cut off from supplies. The Union artillery bombarded the city, and the Confederates were subjected to severe hunger and privation. Pemberton surrendered on July 4, 1863. The victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, severely crippling the Confederate war effort.

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Date: July 1–3, 1863
Winner: 🟦 Union Victory
Summary: The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the Civil War. The Union Army, commanded by General George Meade, battled the Confederate Army, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Lee invaded the North in the hopes of defeating the Union army on their own soil, but the Union army stood strong. After three days of intense fighting, including the famed Pickett's Charge, the Confederates were forced to retreat. This Union victory was a huge turning point in the war, repelling Lee's invasion of the North and providing much-needed morale for the Union. It also set the stage for President Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address.

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Date: April 6–7, 1862

Winner: 🟦 Union Victory

Summary: The Battle of Shiloh was one of the deadliest battles early in the Civil War, with over 23,000 casualties. The Confederates, under General Albert Sidney Johnston, surprised the Union forces, led by General Ulysses S. Grant, at Shiloh, Tennessee. The Confederates initially gained the upper hand, pushing the Union back, but Union reinforcements arrived the next day. Grant launched a counterattack, and the Confederates were forced to retreat. The battle was a sobering reminder of the war's brutality and the heavy toll it would take. The Union's victory gave Grant national recognition and proved that the war would be a long and costly struggle.

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Date: April 9, 1865

Winner: 🟦 Union Victory

Summary: The Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse marked the end of the Civil War. After months of retreat and defeat, General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to General Grant of the Union Army on April 9, 1865, in Appomattox, Virginia. Lee’s army was surrounded and had no choice but to surrender. Grant was generous, allowing Confederate soldiers to return home with their horses and sidearms. This event led to the collapse of the Confederacy and began the process of healing and reconstruction in the United States.