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Lack of Contextualization: The teacher introduced the past perfect mechanically, focusing only on rules and isolated sentences. Grammar is best taught in meaningful contexts (e.g., through stories, dialogues, or real-life situations).

No Engagement or Discovery: Students weren’t given a chance to notice the grammar in authentic texts or deduce rules themselves (e.g., via examples in a short narrative).

Over-reliance on Drills: The exercise was purely structural (transforming sentences), which doesn’t guarantee understanding or ability to use the tense communicatively.

Ineffective Game: “Hangman” is a vocabulary game with no connection to the lesson’s grammar goal—it wasted time instead of reinforcing the past perfect.

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In my opinion, the teacher in this lesson didn’t follow an important rule of effective language teaching: introducing grammar in context. Instead of presenting the past perfect through a story, dialogue, or meaningful situation, the teacher explained the rules in an abstract way and focused mostly on form. There was very little interaction or opportunity for the students to use the structure in a communicative way, which made the lesson feel quite teacher-centered. Also, the final activity—playing Hangman—seemed unrelated to the lesson objective and didn’t reinforce the past perfect.

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What technology could improve this lesson?

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What technology could improve this lesson?

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- Interactive Videos/Stories: Use platforms like Edpuzzle or YouTube to show clips where the past perfect appears naturally (e.g., a character recalling an event). Pause to analyze usage.

- Collaborative Tools: Padlet or Google Jamboard for students to share past perfect examples from their own experiences (e.g., “Before I came to class, I had forgotten my notebook”).

- Gamified Practice: Use Quizlet Live or Kahoot for tense-conjugation races or sentence-ordering games (e.g., matching causes/effects: “I was tired because I had stayed up late”).

- AI Chatbots: Tools like ChatGPT or Grammarly could generate personalized past perfect scenarios for students to complete (e.g., “Write what you had done before your last birthday”).

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What technology could improve this lesson?

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What technology could improve this lesson?

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To make the lesson more engaging and effective, I believe using technology could help a lot. For example, showing a short video clip that includes natural uses of the past perfect could provide useful context. Tools like Kahoot or Quizizz could make grammar practice more interactive, and students could even work together on Google Docs to write short stories using the target structure. In this way, the grammar point would be more meaningful, memorable, and communicative.