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President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services. The president gives the government guidance through an executive order on how to operate within the constraints already established by Congress and the Constitution. This effectively enables the president to implement policy changes without consulting Congress.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954

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Before Brown vs The Board of Education, there was

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) and held that "separate but equal" facilities allowed for racial segregation in public institutions and accommodations. But Oliver Brown sued the Topeka, Kansas, Board of Education in 1951. He wished for his 8-year-old daughter to be able to attend a nearby all-white school but since it was an all-white school she couldn't. Thurgood Marshall, who argued the Brown case before the Supreme Court, would be the court's first person of color. Brown argued in his lawsuit that segregation violated the so-called "equal protection clause" of the 14th Amendment, which states that no state may "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws," and that schools for Black children were not equal to schools for white children. In a unanimous 9-0 ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal facilities were fundamentally unequal." eliminating the "separate but equal" idea from public education, According to a Supreme Court decision from 1955, local school boards shall desegregate "with all deliberate speed"*. This led to Rosa Parks a year later.

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Emmett Till, an African American teenager from Chicago, was brutally murdered on August 28, 1955, while visiting family in Money, Mississippi, for reportedly flirting with a white lady four days earlier. Even though Till had attended a segregated primary school while growing up in a working-class area on the south side of Chicago, he was unprepared for Mississippi's level of segregation. Because of his race, his mother warned him to think twice, but Emmett liked playing practical jokes. On August 24, Emmett boasted that his sweetheart back home was white as he stood with his relatives and a few pals outside a country store in Money. Emmett's African American friends challenged him to ask the white woman seated behind the store counter out on a date since they didn't believe him. He ended up flirting with her and a couple days later when the woman's husband came home Roy Bryant, The two made a request to see the boy. Wright begged them not to, but they dragged Emmett into their vehicle. They drove Till down to the Tallahatchie River after driving around in the dark and maybe beating him in a toolhouse behind Milam's house. His body was discovered three days later, but Mose Wright could only identify it by the initial ring because of how horribly mangled it was. Although Till Bradley's mother, Mamie Bradley, asked that it be sent back to Chicago, the authorities intended to bury the body right away. The all-white jury returned a "not guilty" decision on September 23 after less than an hour of deliberation, noting that they thought the state had failed to establish the identity of the deceased. The choice, as well as the state's decision not to charge Milam and Bryant separately with kidnapping, incited fury in a lot of people around the nation.  This case led to the civil rights movement.

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"I was not tired physically… No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”

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Before Rosa Parks, The front of a Montgomery bus was set aside for white passengers, and the seats behind them were designated for Black passengers. Bus drivers, however, had the right to request a Black passenger give up a seat for a white passenger solely by custom. However, at one point along the trip, a white guy was left without a seat because the designated "white" section's available seats were all taken. In order to add another row to the "white" section, the driver instructed the passengers in the four seats of the first row of the "colored" part to stand. The other three people complied. Parks opted out. Two police officers eventually arrived at the halted bus, evaluated the situation, and arrested Parks. This is an important event in history because it led to Bus boycotts.

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"I had no idea history was being made. I was just tired of giving up"      -Rosa Parks

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 5, 1955

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 5, 1955

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African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, boycotted city buses as part of a civil rights demonstration in order to denounce segregated seating. The boycott, which ran from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, is recognized as the country's first significant anti-segregation protest. Rosa Parks, an African American lady, was jailed and fined four days before the boycott started for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. In the end, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered Montgomery to integrate its public transportation system, and one of the boycott's organizers, a teenage pastor named Martin Luther King Jr., went on to become a significant figure in the American civil rights movement.

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 Little Rock, Arkansas (Central High School) 1957

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 Little Rock, Arkansas (Central High School) 1957

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The Little Rock Nine are nine Black students who were denied admission to Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The students are eventually escorted by federal forces sent by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, but not before they endure more harassment.

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Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act September 9, 1957

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Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act September 9, 1957

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To help safeguard voting rights, Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law. The statute permits those who obstruct another person's right to vote to face federal prosecution.

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 Four African American college students in Greensboro February 1, 1960

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 Four African American college students in Greensboro February 1, 1960

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In Greensboro, North Carolina, four African American college students occupying a Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter refuse to leave until they have been served. Gandhi's nonviolent protest served as an inspiration for the Greensboro Four—Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil. The so-called Greensboro Sit-In inspires similar "sit-ins" across the city and in other states.

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Ruby Bridges, age 6, is escorted by four armed federal marshals as she enrolls in New Orleans' William Frantz Elementary School as the school's first integrated pupil.

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Freedom riders, a group of Black and white activists who rode buses through the American South in 1961, tried to use "whites-only" facilities and lunch counters while protesting segregated bus terminals. The Freedom Rides, which were marked by horrifying violence from white protesters, brought attention to their cause on a global scale.