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Frederick Frobel could be considered the founder of kindergarten. He believed in natural growth and play for the purpose of encouragement and guidance. He was also the first to provide children with toys such as blocks and balls, which have become very popular in society today.

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The psychoanalytical perspective splits the personality into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is used first, as it is logical and primitive. The ego is a realistic awareness that develops next. Then the superego is the last to develop, as it structures moral reasoning. He also believed that children develop through the way they handle sexual and aggressive drives.

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John Dewey supported guiding children in a democratic style. This made an impact on the way society viewed children, as presenting them with choice was encouraged, rather than strict authoritative methods.  He also supported hands on, varied activities rather than formal lecture.

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Maria Montessori looked at children as valuable individuals. She believed that education should be child centered, which can be seen at work today. She also supported tools such as child-sized furniture, which is seen in many preschool classrooms.

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Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory stated that learning takes place when children interact with skilled adults. He impacted education by putting an emphasis on the importance of play in a child's development. He drew connections between language and thought. Vygotsky also identified the zone of proximal development. This zone includes tasks children can do with help, which is where learning occurs.

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Jean Piaget believed that development was split into four stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations and formal operations. He helped modern caregivers to understand that young children may lack things such as object permanence and understanding of conversion. Young children are also egocentric, meaning they think their perspective is the only one.