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Christopher Columbus, under the auspices of Spain, sets sail to find a western sea route to Asia, resulting in the accidental discovery of the Americas. This monumental voyage marks the beginning of European exploration and eventual colonization of the New World.

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1519-1521: The Conquest of the Aztec Empire

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1519-1521: The Conquest of the Aztec Empire

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Led by Hernán Cortés, Spanish conquistadors overthrow the mighty Aztec Empire, utilizing superior military technology and forming alliances with local tribes. The fall of Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, symbolizes the dramatic shift of power and the start of Spanish dominance in the region.

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Francisco Pizarro leads an expedition that captures and eventually executes the Inca emperor Atahualpa, effectively dismantling the Inca Empire. This event underscores the vulnerability of Native American empires to European diseases and military conquest.

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In response to the exploitation of the indigenous people, Spain enacts the New Laws, aimed at protecting them by outlawing the most severe forms of their exploitation. However, enforcement proves difficult and the laws face stiff opposition from colonial settlers.

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1565: The Establishment of the Manila Galleon Trade

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1565: The Establishment of the Manila Galleon Trade

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The Spanish establish the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade, linking Asia, the Americas, and Europe in a global exchange that introduces new goods and cultures to Latin America. This trade route plays a critical role in the economic and cultural development of the Spanish colonies.

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A series of administrative and economic reforms implemented by the Bourbon monarchs of Spain aim to increase revenue and tighten control over the colonies. These reforms, however, lead to increasing discontent and set the stage for independence movements across Latin America.