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https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/akbar/

britannica.com/biography/Akbar

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britannica.com/art/Mughal-architecture

https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/the-mughal-art-and-architecture/

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kidskonnect.com/history/the-great-indian-uprising-of-1857

https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/revolt-of-1857/

https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs302.pdf

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https://www.vedantu.com/general-knowledge/jallianwala-bagh-massacre

https://www.britannica.com/event/Jallianwala-Bagh-Massacre

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https://kids.kiddle.co/Salt_March

https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/Salt%20Satyagraha%20and%20Dandi%20March-2624.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March

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https://kids.kiddle.co/Non-cooperation_movement

https://www.vedantu.com/history/non-cooperation-movement

https://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-exam/non-cooperation-movement/

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https://www.britannica.com/event/assassination-of-Mahatma-Gandhi

https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-mahatma-gandhi

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britannica.com/event/Partition-of-India

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britannica.com/biography/Indira-Gandhi

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/indira-gandhi-assassinated

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Leila Seth - We The Children of India -The Preamble To Our Constitution (1) (1)

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Differences between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

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Differences between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

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Lok Sabha Vs Rajya Sabha: Difference between them with features & comparison chart

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Explained | Powers of the President of India | The Hindu

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Decision making process in Neev Student Government

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Decision making process in Neev Student Government

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decision making process in the Neev student government

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Importance of making the right electoral choice

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Importance of making the right electoral choice

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importance of making the right electoral choice

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Right to Freedom of Movement - Case study

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Right to Freedom of Movement - Case study

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Right to Freedom of Movement-Case study Analysis

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Bandhua Mukti Morcha-Case study Analysis

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Articles of the Constitution connected to rights and responsibilities

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Articles of the Constitution connected to rights and responsibilities

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Articles of the Constitution connected to rights and responsibilities

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The Constitution of India- Basic Features class-5

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The U.S. Constitution took effect in 1789. It is now the oldest written constitution. It has set a pattern for many other countries. Today almost all countries have written constitutions. Many have had several in their history.

One country without a written constitution is Saudi Arabia. It uses the Koran and other Islamic teachings as its highest law. The most famous example of a country without a written constitution is the United Kingdom. The British constitution is a group of laws that have built up throughout history. Its elements include the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights of 1689, laws passed by Parliament, court decisions, and other sources.

Not all constitutions come from the people of the country. For example, the United States set up the Japanese constitution of 1947 after it defeated Japan in World War II. And even the finest constitution does not guarantee that the government will follow it. Dictators, or rulers who take unlimited power, often ignore their country's constitution.

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The U.S. Constitution took effect in 1789. It is now the oldest written constitution. It has set a pattern for many other countries. Today almost all countries have written constitutions. Many have had several in their history. One country without a written constitution is Saudi Arabia.

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The constitution of India is the document and related practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of the Republic of India. It came into effect on January 26,...

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Skip to content

Welcome to this section where we'll take you through a stage-by-stage overview of how the Indian Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution of India. We've provided you with links to primary and secondary resources to help you delve deeper. Be sure to check out our popular video on constitution-making!

13 DEC 1946 - 22 JAN 1947

First Session of the Constituent Assembly

27 FEB 1947 - 30 AUG 1947

Committee Stages and Second Session of Constituent Assembly Debates

01 FEB 1947 - 31 OCT 1947

Draft Constitution by the Constitutional Adviser

Based on the reports of various committees and discussions in the Constituent Assembly mentioned in the previous stages, B.N. Rau, the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly, prepared a Draft Constitution. The Draft Constitution was completed by October 1947 and submitted to the Drafting Committee.

RESOURCES

The Draft Constitution prepared by the Constitutional Adviser can be accessed in Volume 3 of Shiva Rao's Framing of India's Constitution: Select Documents, p. 4.

27 OCT 1947 - 21 FEB 1948

First Draft Constitution

On 27 October 1947, the Drafting Committee began scrutinising the Draft Constitution prepared by the Constitutional Advisor, along with other notes, reports, and memoranda. After making changes, the committee submitted its final Draft Constitution to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.

RESOURCES

The minutes of meetings of the Drafting Committee can be found in Volume 3 of Shiva Rao's Framing of India's Constitution: Select Documents, pp. 316- 506. The Draft Constitution 1948 can be accessed here.

21 FEB 1948 - 26 OCT 1948

Public Circulation of First Draft

After the Draft Constitution was submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly, it was published and circulated among the public. Many comments, critiques, and suggestions were received, which were then scrutinized by a Special Committee comprising members of the Union Constitution Committee, Provincial Constitution Committee, Union Powers Committee, and the Drafting Committee itself. The Drafting Committee took these inputs into account and held discussions on 23, 24, 27 March and 18 October 1948. On 26 October 1948, the Committee reprinted and resubmitted the version of the Draft Constitution that had been submitted on February 21st, 1948, along with a set of amendments appended to clauses it intended to amend.

RESOURCES

Comments and suggestions on the Draft Constitution and the Minutes of Meetings of the Special Committee and the Drafting Committee can be located in Volume 4 of Shiva Rao's Framing of India's Constitution, on pages 3-416.

4 NOV 1948

15 NOV 1948 - 17 OCT 1949

Second Reading of the Draft Constitution

In the second reading of the Draft Constitution, the Constituent Assembly engaged in a clause-by-clause discussion of every Article in the Draft Constitution. Most significant and extensive debates of the Constituent Assembly occurred during this period, which lasted until 17 October 1949. During this stage, Assembly members frequently proposed amendments to the Draft Constitution, seeking to modify or eliminate specific articles or clauses. But the majority of amendments were ultimately rejected.

RESOURCES

The proceedings of the Constituent Assembly, which contain the debates on the Draft Constitution, are available in Volumes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Revision of the Draft Constitution

After the debates surrounding the Draft Constitution concluded, the Drafting Committee proceeded to revise it in accordance with decisions made in the Constituent Assembly. This involved tasks such as renumbering articles, making minor changes to the language, and adding or removing clauses. The revised Draft Constitution was then submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 3 November 1949. It was subsequently introduced in the Assembly on 14 November 1949.

RESOURCES

The revised Draft Constitution can be found in Volume 4 of Shiva Rao's Framing of India's Constitution: Select Documents p. 750

14 NOV 1949 - 26 NOV 1949

Third Reading of Drafting Constitution

During the third reading of the Draft Constitution there were only a few significant debates, and most of the speeches consisted of general comments on the Constitution as a whole. While some members expressed satisfaction with the final version of the Constitution, others raised concerns.

RESOURCES

Debates which were part of the third reading of the Draft Constitution can be found in Volume 11 of the Proceedings of the Constituent Assembly.

26 JAN 1950

Enactment and Adoption of the Constitution of India

RESOURCES

The final Constitution of India, 1950 text can be accessed here.

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Stages of Constitution Making - Constitution of India

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Skip to content Welcome to this section where we'll take you through a stage-by-stage overview of how the Indian Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution of India. We've provided you with links to primary and secondary resources to help you delve deeper. Be sure to check out our popular video on constitution-making!

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Constitution of India - The Largest Digital Archive of India’s Constitutional History

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Building a robust constitutional culture in India through a shared understanding of our constitutional origins.