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In an article by diversitydatakids.org they sum it up pretty simply: “In the 1930s, HOLC created maps of U.S. cities that were meant to quantify variation in real estate credit risk. Created as part of a New Deal program to assist struggling homeowners, HOLC tasked local officials with creating neighborhood maps that captured credit default risk across neighborhoods.”

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The grades on the maps are as follows: A-signified with green and is the absolute best, B-signified with yellow and is desirable, C-signified with blue and is declining, and D-signified with red and is labeled “hazardous”. These D category areas are considered redlined because of their color.

Badger states in an article by The New York Times states that “The maps became self-fulfilling prophesies, as ‘Hazardous’ neighborhoods — ‘redlined’ ones — were starved of investment and deteriorated further in ways that most likely also fed white flight and rising racial segregation”

(The New York Times)

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This is a specific example but situations like these happened all over the United States because the FHA’ s redlining made mortgages for black people in first or second grade neighbor hoods much higher ending in them losing their homes because they can’t make the high payment. It worthy to not The payment was so high because people believed that the more black people who lived Jin a neighborhood the more the property value went down. So this was another way to segregate black people into reclined areas.

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“I turned aside and looked at the cutter of household objects which the two men continued to pile on the walk. And as the crowd pushed me I looked down to see looking out of an oval frame a portrait of the old couple when young, seeing sad, stiff dignity of the faces there; feeling strange memories that began to awaken in my head like that of a hysterical voice stuttering in a dark street” (Ellison 271)

IM finds himself in the middle of a crowd protesting the removal of a black couple from their apartment. Before reading the book I had never heard of this, but it was a very common thing.

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Housing Segregation and Redlining in America: A Short History | Code Switch | NPR

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The first four and a half minutes of this video are very insightful, If you put it in two times speed it’s only two minutes!

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Housing Segregation and Redlining in America: A Short History | Code Switch | NPR

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Pay attention to the increase in the 1930’s when Invisible Man takes place. The increase in D rated cities is huge compared to A, B, and C rated, creating the stereotype that black people are dangerous.

#notcool

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If they’re both segregation… what’s the difference?

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If they’re both segregation… what’s the difference?

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De Jure (pronounced joo-ray): means literally “by right”; it is the law that defines a situation whether or not the social normalities are different

De Facto: means literally “from the fact”; it is the social position on a topic disregarding what the law says

So if the government mandated that you had to drink five coffees a day, you would drink five coffees a day. But if they got rid of that mandate you would probably still drink five coffees a day because you’re addicted to caffeine even though you don’t have to.

Just like how if it was mandated that black and white people be segregated under law, but when they got rid of the law people were still segregating communities because that was all they knew.

#mandatedrinkingcoffee

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Jim Crow Laws were post-Civil War segregation laws that separated blacks from whites in America. These laws lasted until the 1950’s, almost 100 years after the Civil War and ended with the famous court case of Brown V. Board of Education which found that segregational laws were unconstitutional. The laws themselves are considered De Jure segregation, but the after affects of them are considered De Facto.

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Even though slavery was abolished in 1865, blacks still found that the De Facto segregation that happened after was more unfavorable than slavery. It was society that made them feel inferior after, and not just being worked to death as a slave.

#thankgodforabrahamlincoln #saynotodefacto

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“About eighty-five years ago [his grandparents] were told that they were free, united with others of our country in everything pertaining to the common good, and, in everything social, separate from the fingers of the hand. And they believed it. They exulted in it. They stayed in their place, worked hard, and brought up my father to do the same.” (Ellison 15)

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So.. What is apartheid?                                       + a quick history

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So.. What is apartheid?                                       + a quick history

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Apartheid is essentially De Jure segregation! Apartheid in the Afrikaans word for ‘apartness’ and was officially used in 1948 when the nationalist party took over the South African government. But apartheid had been going for much longer since 1652 when the Dutch established their first colonies in South Africa, and the situation became even worse in 1795 when the British occupied part of South Africa and started the Boer wars. In this war the British and Dutch were fighting against not only each other for the land in South Africa, but the native South Africans or the Boers. This war became intense to the point that the British made the first concentration camps to kill the Boer people in massive amounts. These concentration camps made up a very small percentage of South Africa and are eerily similar to the segregated areas of apartheid.

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You’ve probably heard of Nelson Mandela whether it was for good reasons or bad.. but what did he actually do?

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This is a rather iconic picture of Nelson Mandela before he went on trial for treason and sabotage against South Africa. Mandela and a few other member of the ANC (African National Conference) were sentenced to life in prison after trying to de-establish apartheid. Mandela wore his traditional African garb to show that he was forever a part of South Africa and never committed treason because his goal was to fix the issues in South Africa.

#icon

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In chapter 13 the narrator, Invisible Man, is walking through the city of Harlem in New York. Harlem had a large issue with redlining in the early 1900’s. He witnesses the eviction on the streets of a black woman. On page 267 Ellison writes that the narrator saw “two white men [who] were totting out a chair in which an old woman sat; who, as i watched, struck at them feebly with her fists.” The Invisible Man watched as they burned her furniture and destroyed everything else they didn’t burn. One of the items they almost burned was her Bible.

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Yes, even though the segregation of races in schools was deemed unconstitutional by 1954 with the supreme court case of Brown v. Board of Education, black communities and students are still affected 70 years later.

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This map shows the racial inequalities of schools in the US in 2015 proving that the truth is that De Facto segregation still exists.

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Is There Racial Inequality at Your School?

Based on civil rights data released by the U.S. Department of Education, ProPublica has built an interactive database to examine racial disparities in educational opportunities and school discipline. Look up more than 96,000 individual public and charter schools and 17,000 districts to see how they compare with their counterparts. | About Our Data | Related Story Local Stories

This database was last updated in October 2018, and its latest data is from the 2015-16 school year. Researchers can find more recent data at the U.S. Department of Education's Civil Rights Data Collection site.

School districts where White students are more likely to be in an Advanced Placement class or gifted and talented program, compared with Black students.

Note: When unified school districts do not exist, we display secondary school districts. In districts where there are too few students of a specific group to calculate a measure, we omitted the result.

Nationally, White students are 1.8 times as likely as Black students to be in an Advanced Placement class.

Compare student access to opportunities and discipline on average, across states. Click on each state for full details.

State

Nonwhite Students

Students Who Get Free/Reduced-Price Lunch

High School Graduation Rate

Opportunity (White students are this number of times as likely to be in an AP class, compared with Black students)

Discipline (Black students are this number of times as likely to be suspended, compared with White students)

State

Nonwhite Students

Students Who Get Free/Reduced-Price Lunch

High School Graduation Rate

Opportunity (White students are this number of times as likely to be in an AP class, compared with Hispanic students)

Discipline (Hispanic students are this number of times as likely to be suspended, compared with White students)

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Is there racial inequality at your school? Based on civil rights data released by the U.S. Department of Education, ProPublica built an interactive database to examine racial disparities in educational opportunities and school discipline. Look up more than 96,000 individual public and charter schools and 17,000 school districts to see how they compare.

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Predominantly black schools have less money distributed to them. In a New York Times article they write “School districts that predominantly serve students of color received $23 billion less in funding than mostly white school districts in the United States in 2016, despite serving the same number of students, a new report found.” Again, De Facto segregation still occurs in the United States, it’s just not talked about.

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This chart shows the attendance of black students in white schools within the south.

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Washington was an advocate for black rights but not an advocate for desegregation. People like Washington although they promoted black education, equality and rights, hindered those same goals because as they said that segregation was okay as long as black people had access to the same education, professions, and living amenities that white people had.

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Start the video at 4 minutes and just watch the last minute and a half

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“‘Let’s put it this way’ he said, ‘How would you like to be the next Booker T Washington?’” (Ellison 305)

This was said by Brother Jack who was a sort of role model and employer to Invisible man, who in the last chapters in the book became invisible man’s enemy in a way.

In this section it relates IM to Booker T Washington, personally I think that IM wouldn't have liked this. At the time he was asked, I think he may not have minded but definitely in the later book I think he would’ve disliked this very much because I believe he would not have supported Washington’s theory that desegregation would follow black rights, because of the experiences IM has gone through.

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The main character in the book was given a “scholarship to the state college for Negroes”. He was too poor to pay for schooling like many black people in the 1900’s, and was not allowed to go to a white school. (Ellison 32)

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MLK Advocated for Blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other basic civil rights, by leading marches and protests

It was actually only after Kings assassination that the Civil Rights Act, or Fair Housing Act it is sometimes called, was passed and actually enforced.

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A little more in-depth explanation of how apartheid affected South Africa. I suggest watching after the five minute mark.

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Martin Luther King Jr. discusses segregation in Milwaukee

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Martin Luther King Jr. discusses segregation in Milwaukee