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STOP-OVER 1

1. In terms of Financial, Statistics is useful for budgeting, tracking expenses, and predicting financial trends, enabling effective planning for savings, investments, and expenditures in our daily lives.

1. Statistics can also helps students analyze study patterns, identify strengths and weaknesses, and optimize learning strategies, fostering a more efficient and personalized approach to academic success.

2. Lastly, Statistics helps in making informed decisions by analyzing data, providing insights, and minimizing uncertainties in various situations.

STOP-OVER 3

The other name to recognized statistical studies is called MICROSOFT EXCEL, a software for organizing data in tables, performing calculations, creating charts, and generating reports, commonly used in education, and research.

Aside from microsoft excel, GOOGLE SHEET also serve the same purpose. It is an online spreadsheet tool provided by Google. It lets you create, edit, and share spreadsheets with others. Similar to Excel, it helps organize data, perform calculations, and create charts, accessible through a web browser.

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RIVERA, RALPH CHRISTIAN A. (CEIT-06-201A) L5: PROJECT RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS PROPOSAL

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RIVERA, RALPH CHRISTIAN A. (CEIT-06-201A) L5: PROJECT RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS PROPOSAL

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STOP OVER 1

1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of:

A. Gender

B. Their homes distance from the school.

C. Status in life.

D. Their means of transportation.

2. How does hybrid learning impact both student engagement and academic achievement in comparison to traditional learning methods?

Hypothesis - Hybrid learning and traditional learning methods do really show a big difference in how much students get involved or how well they do academically.

Null Hypothesis - Hybrid learning and traditional learning methods don't really show a big difference in how much students get involved or how well they do academically.

3. What is the advantage and disadvantage of hybrid learning when it comes on the academic performance of the student?

Hypothesis - There was a significant correlation between the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid learning.

Null Hypothesis - There was no significant correlation between the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid learning.

STOP-OVER 2

1. School-related Practices of Parents of Grade VI Pupils at Palahanan Elementary School, Batangas as Perceived by the Teachers and Parents Themselves during the Academic Year 2018-2019.

- Null Hypothesis: During the academic year 2018–2019, there was not a significant difference in how parents and teachers perceived each other's actions related to the school.
- Alternative Hypothesis: During the academic year 2018–2019, there was a significant difference in the opinions of instructors and parents over the actions of the previous administration towards the school.
- Possible Source of error: Response bias brought on by personal connections or experiences.

2. Culture and Climate at Company ABC in Nags City as Assessed by the Managers and Rank-in-File as Basis for more Efficient Production.

- Null Hypothesis: There is no apparent effect of Company ABC's culture and environment on production efficiency.
- Alternative Hypothesis: Company ABC's atmosphere and culture have significant effects on how efficiently things are produced.

- Possible source of error: Subjectivity in evaluating the culture and climate, including favoritism from managers or regular staff members

3. Philosophical Practices of College Educators and Administrators in a certain University as a Baseline Study to Enhance the Teaching-Learning Process.

- Null Hypothesis: The teaching-learning process is not significantly improved by the philosophical practices of college administrators and instructors.
- Alternative Hypothesis: College administrators' and teachers' philosophical approaches greatly improve the teaching-learning process.

- Possible sources of error: Different interpretations of philosophical practices and possible bias in self-reporting

4. Environmental Performance Based on the Green Audit of Public Elementary Schools as Evaluated by the School Administrators and Teachers in the District of San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna during the academic year 2018-2019.

- Null Hypothesis: There is no apparent connection between the outcomes of the Green Audit and the environmental performance of public elementary schools in the San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna District in the 2018–2019 academic year.
- Alternative Hypothesis: There is a strong correlation between the outcomes of the Green Audit and the environmental performance of public elementary schools in the District of San Vicente, San Pedro Laguna during the 2018–2019 academic year.

- Possible Source of Error: Subjectivity in the assessment of environmental performance and potential errors in the Green Audit

5. Relationship of the Perceptual Strengths of College Students and their Mathematics

Performance during the Academic Year 2018-2019.

-Null Hypothesis: During the 2018–2019 academic year, there was no apparent relationship between college students' perceptual capabilities and their performance in mathematics.
- Alternative Hypothesis: College students' performance in mathematics during the 2018–2019 academic year is significantly correlated with their perceptual skills.

- Possible Source of Error: Varying instructional strategies, each student's unique capacity for learning, and possible bias in self-reporting perceptual strengths.

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RIVERA, RALPH CHRISTIAN - CEIT-06-201A-L5: SAMPLING DESIGN TECHNIQUE

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RIVERA, RALPH CHRISTIAN - CEIT-06-201A-L5: SAMPLING DESIGN TECHNIQUE

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STOP OVER 1 and 2

Stop Over 1

Which of them do you feel would have simple random sampling as an appropriate sampling method?

1. Survey of disco goers on a Friday or Saturday night:

-It is difficult to identify and reach every disco patron on a Friday or Saturday night, so simple random sampling is inappropriate. Since this population is migratory, it would be challenging to obtain a representative sample, and there is no formed sampling frame.

-Limitations: Difficulty in identifying and accessing the entire population of disco goers may lead to sampling bias.

2. Study of employees' attitude towards family planning in DR. VICTOR R. POTENCIANO MEDICAL CENTER:

-It's appropriate to use simple random sampling. A list of every employee at the DR. VICTOR R. POTENCIANO MEDICAL CENTER can be used to create a sampling frame. This would ensure that the sample is random because every employee would have an equal chance of being chosen.

-Limitations: If certain employees are not accessible or willing to participate, it could introduce bias into the sample.

3. Survey of Olongapo City residents' attitude to Nuclear Power Plants:

-If a precise and comprehensive list of residents is available, then simple random sampling is appropriate. A random sample can then be drawn from this list, ensuring that every resident has an equal chance of being selected. This method helps to minimize bias and ensure the generalizability of findings.

-Limitations: Difficulty in obtaining a complete and accurate list of residents may introduce selection bias.

4. Survey of TikTok users following a Famous TikTok Celebrity:

-In this case, simple random sampling is inappropriate. It is difficult to find and reach every TikTok user who follows a particular celebrity, and there is no set sampling frame. Furthermore, bias may enter the sample due to the celebrity's effect on their fan base.

-Limitations: The sample may not be representative of all TikTok users due to the specific focus on followers of a particular celebrity, potentially leading to biased results.

5. College students' acceptability of school policies on discipline:

-Simple random sampling is appropriate if a comprehensive list of all college students is available. Subsequently, every student would have an equivalent probability of being chosen for the survey, guaranteeing the randomness of the sample and the applicability of the findings to the full student body.

-Limitations: Potential bias may arise if certain groups of students are less likely to participate in the survey.

6. The mental well-being of RTU students enrolled in remote learning:

-If a complete list of RTU students enrolled in online courses is available, then simple random sampling is appropriate. Because every student would have an equal chance of being chosen for the survey, the sample would be random and the results would be applicable to the whole student body. By using this approach, bias is reduced and the validity of the results is guaranteed.

-Limitations: Similar to the previous scenario, potential bias may arise if certain groups of students are less likely to participate.

Stop Over 2

1. Different Strata for a Stratified Sample:

-Employment status: This could include categories such as employed full-time, employed part-time, unemployed, self-employed, etc. For example, you could sample from each stratum proportionally to reflect the distribution of employment statuses in the city.

-Educational attainment: Strata could include categories like high school diploma or less, some college or vocational training, bachelor's degree, postgraduate degree, etc. Sampling from each stratum ensures representation across different educational backgrounds in the population.

2. Stratified Sample for GRAB Company:

-Since there are 150 part-time staff and 550 full-time staff, you can proportionally sample from each group.

Part-time staff:

150/150+550×20= 3.75 or 4.

Full-time staff:

550/150+550×20= 16.25 or 16

3. Sampling Frames and Multi-stage Cluster Sampling for DENR Study:

-Possible sampling frames: Voter registration lists, utility bills, telephone directories, or GIS data.

-Multi-stage cluster sampling: Divide the country into regions, then further divide each region into smaller sections such as provinces, municipalities, and barangays. From each section, randomly select clusters (e.g., households), and then sample individuals within those clusters.

4. Purposive Sample in Zambales:

- Identify community centers, health clinics, or local organizations in Zambales.

- Visit these locations to meet a diverse range of people aged 60 and over.

- Interview participants from various genders, age groups, and socio-economic backgrounds to ensure representation.

5. Convenience Sample in Boracay Island:

-Over-represented: Tourists, leisure seekers, individuals with disposable income.

-Under-represented: Local residents, workers, individuals with limited mobility or who don't frequent tourist areas.

6. Convenience Sample at Students Organization in a College:

-Over-represented: Active and engaged students who participate in extracurricular activities.

-Under-represented: Commuter students, part-time students, students who are not involved in student organizations.

7. Drawing Attention for Self-Selected Sample:

-Ways to draw attention: Advertising the study on social media platforms, distributing flyers on campus, posting notices in community centers or online forums.

-Main disadvantage: Self-selection bias, where individuals who choose to participate may have different characteristics or opinions compared to those who do not, leading to results that may not be representative of the population.