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The Great Mahele was a major event in Hawaiian history that happened in 1848. It was a land redistribution plan initiated by King Kamehameha III. During the Great Mahele, the king divided up the land into three parts: the Crown Lands, the Government Lands, and the Lands of the Konohiki (chiefs). This was done to modernize land ownership and clarify property rights. The Crown Lands were reserved for the king, the Government Lands were for public use, and the Lands of the Konohiki were given to the chiefs and commoners. This event was significant because it changed the way land was owned and used in Hawaii, but it also led to conflicts and disputes over land ownership.

The Great Mahele played a role in the eventual overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Firstly, the redistribution of land caused tensions between native Hawaiians and foreigners who sought to exploit the islands' resources for profit. The introduction of Western land ownership concepts disrupted traditional Hawaiian communal land-use practices, leading to economic disparities and social unrest. Additionally, the division of land empowered foreign interests, particularly American and European sugar planters, who acquired large portions of land and gained significant influence over the Hawaiian government. This heightened foreign influence eventually culminated in the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893, as powerful foreign business interests, backed by the United States government, sought to annex Hawaii for economic and strategic purposes. Thus, the Great Mahele indirectly contributed to the downfall of the Hawaiian monarchy by facilitating foreign dominance and undermining native Hawaiian sovereignty.

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1887: King Kalakaua gets forced to sign Bayonet Constitution

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1887: King Kalakaua gets forced to sign Bayonet Constitution

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King Kalakaua was forced into signing the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 by a group of powerful American and European businessmen and politicians called the Committee of Safety. This constitution limited the king's power and transferred much of it to the white minority in Hawaii. It also imposed property ownership and income requirements for voting rights, effectively disenfranchising many native Hawaiians. The king signed the document under duress, with armed militia surrounding the royal palace, making it clear that refusal would result in violence and potentially his removal from power.

The Bayonet Constitution significantly influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Firstly, it marginalized native Hawaiians politically by restricting their voting rights and diminishing their influence in government. This disenfranchisement paved the way for foreign interests, particularly American sugar planters, to dominate Hawaiian politics and economy. Furthermore, the Bayonet Constitution weakened the monarchy's authority, leaving King Kalakaua with little power to resist foreign interference in Hawaiian affairs. The imposition of the constitution, coupled with growing resentment towards the monarchy's perceived inefficiency and corruption, fueled discontent among both native Hawaiians and foreign settlers, ultimately contributing to the organized effort to overthrow Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893. Thus, the Bayonet Constitution played a crucial role in the events leading to the downfall of the Hawaiian monarchy by consolidating foreign control and undermining native Hawaiian sovereignty.

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1891: Kalakaua dies, Liliʻuokalani takes over

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1891: Kalakaua dies, Liliʻuokalani takes over

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When King Kalakaua passed away in 1891, Queen Liliʻuokalani, his sister, took over the Hawaiian Kingdom. She became the first and only reigning queen of Hawaii. Queen Liliʻuokalani was a strong leader who aimed to restore power to the monarchy and protect Hawaiian sovereignty from foreign influence. However, her reign faced numerous challenges, including economic pressures from American business interests and political turmoil stemming from the Bayonet Constitution.

King Kalakaua's death and Queen Liliʻuokalani's ascension to the throne had significant implications for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. As Queen Liliʻuokalani sought to reverse the limitations imposed by the Bayonet Constitution and assert the monarchy's authority, tensions between native Hawaiians and powerful foreign businessmen intensified. The queen's efforts to restore power to the monarchy and promote Hawaiian nationalism threatened the economic interests of American sugar planters and other foreign investors, who sought to maintain their dominance in Hawaii. This antagonism towards the queen's policies and the broader movement for Hawaiian sovereignty fueled the conspiracies and political machinations that ultimately led to the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893. Thus, King Kalakaua's death and Queen Liliʻuokalani's reign were pivotal moments in Hawaiian history that contributed to the downfall of the monarchy by exacerbating tensions between native Hawaiians and foreign interests and precipitating the events that led to the overthrow.

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1893: Committee of Public Safety declares the throne vacant on Jan. 15

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1893: Committee of Public Safety declares the throne vacant on Jan. 15

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On January 15, 1893, the Committee of Public Safety, consisting mostly of American and European businessmen, declared the Hawaiian throne vacant. They claimed that Queen Liliʻuokalani's government was unable to maintain law and order and that it had violated the Bayonet Constitution. With the support of the United States Minister to Hawaii, the committee called on the American military stationed in Honolulu to intervene, effectively overthrowing the queen and seizing control of the Hawaiian government. Subsequently, they established a provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole, a prominent figure among the American settlers in Hawaii.

The declaration of the throne as vacant by the Committee of Public Safety was a pivotal event leading to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. By deposing Queen Liliʻuokalani and establishing a provisional government, the committee aimed to assert American control over Hawaii and advance the interests of American businessmen, particularly those involved in the lucrative sugar industry. This action was supported by the United States government, which sought to expand its influence in the Pacific region. The overthrow of the monarchy marked the culmination of years of political and economic maneuvering by American settlers and businessmen, who viewed Hawaii as a valuable asset and sought to secure control over its resources and government. Thus, the declaration of the throne as vacant by the Committee of Public Safety was a decisive step in the downfall of the Hawaiian Kingdom, as it facilitated the establishment of a government aligned with American interests and paved the way for Hawaii's eventual annexation by the United States.

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1893: Committee of Safety asks U.S. troops to protect Americans to help bring down the Hawaiian monarchy by force

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1893: Committee of Safety asks U.S. troops to protect Americans to help bring down the Hawaiian monarchy by force

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The Committee of Safety, a group of American and European businessmen in Hawaii, asked U.S. troops to protect Americans and their property in Honolulu, which helped bring down the Hawaiian monarchy by force. On January 16, 1893, the committee, with the support of the United States Minister to Hawaii, sought assistance from the U.S. military stationed in Hawaii to ensure the safety of American citizens amidst escalating tensions. This request for protection led to the deployment of U.S. troops to Honolulu, effectively aiding the committee in its efforts to overthrow Queen Liliʻuokalani and establish a provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole.

The Committee of Safety's request for U.S. troops to protect Americans played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. By soliciting military support from the United States, the committee bolstered its position and strengthened its ability to forcibly remove Queen Liliʻuokalani from power. The presence of U.S. troops in Honolulu not only provided protection for American citizens but also signaled American support for the actions of the committee, thereby legitimizing the overthrow in the eyes of the international community. Furthermore, the deployment of U.S. troops underscored the strategic interests of the United States in Hawaii and its willingness to intervene militarily to advance those interests. Thus, the Committee of Safety's request for U.S. troops was a decisive factor in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, as it provided the military muscle necessary to execute the coup and facilitated American control over Hawaii's government and resources.

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1893: President Harrison sends the USS Boston to Hawaii to help assist the overthrow

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1893: President Harrison sends the USS Boston to Hawaii to help assist the overthrow

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President Harrison sent the USS Boston, a United States warship, to Hawaii to help assist the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. The USS Boston arrived in Honolulu on January 16, 1893, under the command of Captain Gilbert C. Wiltse. Upon its arrival, Captain Wiltse landed a detachment of marines and sailors to join the American citizens and businessmen who were already organizing against Queen Liliʻuokalani's government. The presence of the USS Boston and its armed forces provided support and reinforcement for the Committee of Safety's efforts to depose the queen and establish a provisional government.

President Harrison's decision to send the USS Boston to Hawaii significantly influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The arrival of the warship and its armed forces bolstered the position of the Committee of Safety and provided a show of force that intimidated supporters of the monarchy. The presence of the USS Boston also signaled American intervention in Hawaiian affairs and demonstrated the United States' support for the overthrow movement. Additionally, the deployment of the warship underscored the strategic interests of the United States in Hawaii, particularly its desire to expand its influence in the Pacific region. Thus, President Harrison's decision to send the USS Boston played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom by providing military assistance and reinforcement to the forces seeking to establish American control over Hawaii's government and resources.

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1893: President Harrison presents annexation treaty to the Senate

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1893: President Harrison presents annexation treaty to the Senate

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President Harrison presented an annexation treaty to the Senate following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. On February 15, 1893, just weeks after the coup, President Harrison submitted a treaty to annex Hawaii to the United States. This treaty proposed to incorporate Hawaii as a territory of the United States, granting it full rights and privileges as a part of the nation. The treaty was negotiated and signed by representatives of the provisional government established by the Committee of Safety, led by Sanford B. Dole. President Harrison argued that annexation was necessary to protect American interests in Hawaii and to ensure stability and security in the region.

President Harrison's presentation of the annexation treaty to the Senate had significant implications for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The treaty represented a formal attempt by the United States to annex Hawaii and incorporate it into the American territory. By submitting the treaty to the Senate, President Harrison sought to legitimize the actions of the Committee of Safety and the provisional government, thereby solidifying American control over Hawaii. The treaty also reflected the strategic interests of the United States in Hawaii, particularly its desire to expand its influence in the Pacific region and to establish a foothold in the growing sugar trade. However, the annexation treaty faced opposition in the Senate, where concerns were raised about the legality and morality of annexing Hawaii without the consent of its native population. Thus, President Harrison's presentation of the annexation treaty to the Senate was a crucial moment in the history of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, as it marked the formalization of American efforts to annex Hawaii and bring it under American control.

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1893: Grover Cleveland is elected POTUS and withdraws annexation treaty from the Senate

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1893: Grover Cleveland is elected POTUS and withdraws annexation treaty from the Senate

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Grover Cleveland was elected President of the United States in 1892, winning the election against the incumbent President Benjamin Harrison. Shortly after taking office, President Cleveland withdrew the annexation treaty from the Senate. This decision came as a result of Cleveland's opposition to the annexation of Hawaii without the consent of the Hawaiian people. Cleveland believed that the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the subsequent establishment of a provisional government were unjust and illegal. He argued that annexation would be a violation of the principles of self-determination and sovereignty, and he sought to restore Queen Liliʻuokalani to the throne.

Grover Cleveland's election as President and his withdrawal of the annexation treaty had significant implications for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. President Cleveland's opposition to annexation undermined the efforts of American businessmen and politicians who sought to incorporate Hawaii into the United States. His decision to withdraw the treaty reflected growing concerns about the legality and morality of annexing Hawaii without the consent of its native population. Additionally, Cleveland's support for Queen Liliʻuokalani and his condemnation of the overthrow movement bolstered the legitimacy of the Hawaiian monarchy in the eyes of the international community. However, despite Cleveland's efforts to restore the queen to power, the annexationists in Hawaii continued to push for American control, eventually succeeding in securing annexation in 1898 under President William McKinley. Thus, while Cleveland's actions temporarily halted the annexation of Hawaii, they ultimately did not prevent the downfall of the Hawaiian Kingdom or the incorporation of Hawaii into the United States.

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1893: Cleveland sends James Blount to Hawaii and releases the Blount Report in July of that year

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1893: Cleveland sends James Blount to Hawaii and releases the Blount Report in July of that year

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After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, President Grover Cleveland sent James Blount to Hawaii to investigate the events leading to the coup. Blount was tasked with gathering information and reporting back to the President. In July of that year, Blount released his report, known as the Blount Report, which detailed the circumstances surrounding the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani. The report criticized the actions of the Committee of Safety and the role of the United States Minister to Hawaii in supporting the overthrow. Blount concluded that the United States had played an improper role in the events and recommended that the United States withdraw its recognition of the provisional government and restore Queen Liliʻuokalani to the throne.

Grover Cleveland's decision to send James Blount to Hawaii and the release of the Blount Report had significant implications for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The Blount Report provided a detailed account of the events leading to the coup and highlighted the involvement of the United States in supporting the overthrow movement. This undermined the legitimacy of the provisional government established by the Committee of Safety and called into question the legality of its actions. Additionally, Cleveland's willingness to investigate the overthrow and consider restoring Queen Liliʻuokalani to power reflected a shift in American policy towards Hawaii and a recognition of the importance of Hawaiian sovereignty. However, despite the findings of the Blount Report, the United States ultimately did not take action to restore the queen to the throne, and Hawaii was eventually annexed by the United States in 1898. Thus, while the Blount Report shed light on the injustices of the overthrow, it ultimately did not prevent the annexation of Hawaii or the downfall of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

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1897: William McKinley is elected president of the US

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1897: William McKinley is elected president of the US

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William McKinley was elected President of the United States in 1896, defeating his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's campaign focused on issues like the economy and tariffs, and he was supported by business interests and Republicans. He won the election with a comfortable margin in the Electoral College, securing his place as the 25th President of the United States.

McKinley's election as President had significant implications for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. McKinley was a supporter of annexing Hawaii and expanding American influence in the Pacific region. His presidency marked a continuation of American efforts to annex Hawaii, which had begun under his predecessors. McKinley's administration worked to secure the annexation of Hawaii through diplomatic and legislative means, eventually succeeding in passing a joint resolution in Congress in 1898. This resolution led to the formal annexation of Hawaii as a territory of the United States. Thus, McKinley's election and his policies regarding Hawaii furthered the downfall of the Hawaiian Kingdom by facilitating its annexation by the United States.

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1898: McKinley signs a bill that annexed the Hawaiian Islands

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1898: McKinley signs a bill that annexed the Hawaiian Islands

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William McKinley, as President of the United States, signed a bill in 1898 that officially annexed the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. This bill, known as the Newlands Resolution, was passed by the U.S. Congress and ratified by President McKinley on July 7, 1898. The annexation followed years of political maneuvering and diplomatic efforts by American businessmen and politicians to assert American control over Hawaii. With the signing of the Newlands Resolution, Hawaii became a territory of the United States, subject to American laws and governance.

McKinley's signing of the Newlands Resolution had a significant impact on the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The annexation of Hawaii solidified American control over the islands and marked the culmination of decades of efforts by American interests to expand their influence in the Pacific region. The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom paved the way for annexation by creating political instability and providing a pretext for American intervention. McKinley's signing of the Newlands Resolution further entrenched American dominance in Hawaii, stripping away any remaining semblance of sovereignty for the native Hawaiian population. Despite opposition from some quarters, particularly native Hawaiians who resisted American annexation, the United States moved forward with its expansionist agenda, ultimately reshaping the political landscape of Hawaii and its relationship with the United States.

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William McKinley signed the Organic Act in 1900, which officially established the territorial government of Hawaii under the United States. This act, also known as the Hawaiian Organic Act, outlined the structure and functions of the new territorial government and granted citizenship to residents of Hawaii. The Organic Act established a governor appointed by the President of the United States, along with a territorial legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. It also provided for the appointment of judges and other officials, laying the groundwork for American governance in Hawaii.

The signing of the Organic Act by William McKinley further solidified the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the annexation of Hawaii by the United States. By establishing a territorial government under American control, the Organic Act completed the process of integrating Hawaii into the United States political system. The act replaced the provisional government established after the overthrow with a more formal structure aligned with American governance practices. Additionally, the Organic Act extended American citizenship to the residents of Hawaii, further integrating them into the American political and legal system. However, the act also perpetuated the marginalization of native Hawaiians, who had been disenfranchised and marginalized since the overthrow of their monarchy. Thus, while the Organic Act provided a framework for governance in Hawaii, it also underscored the lasting effects of the overthrow and annexation on the native Hawaiian population.