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Customs play a crucial role in regulating international trade. By controlling the movement of goods across borders, customs authorities ensure that taxes and tariffs are properly applied, which significantly contributes to a country's revenue.

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Goods declared for export actually leave the territory free of indirect taxation and are not returned to the domestic market.

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In developing economies customs duties are an essential component of public revenues and finances.

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Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are reciprocal preferential trade agreements between two or more partners.

Customs must ensure that imported goods under the agreement comply with the rules of origin to protect revenue and prevent unfair competition.

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Customs must simplify formalities and ensure goods are not misused and are eventually re-exported or correctly declared if they remain in the country.

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Verification of the value declared by traders is an essential task of customs administrations due to VAT is based on the value of the goods.

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1. Customs administration’s mission elements

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1. Customs administration’s mission elements

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The fiscal element: revenue collection, directly and in support of the tax administration

The economic element: implementation and oversight of certain government economic policies

The protection and security element: safeguard of citizens’ health and protection of society from transborder criminal activity

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Should remain under customs control and should be well-delimited and physically protected. Also, goods' movement between them and the rest of the territory should be electronically managed and connected to customs systems.

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Through measures to simplify customs clearance and reduce its cost and time

WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) clarifies all relevant measures in this area.

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WTO agreements authorized:

Agreement on Safeguards

Agreement on Anti- Dumping Duties

Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

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Customs' responsibility is to collect the duties, prevent and detect their possible circumvention, and make available trade data to the authorities that may be useful to initiate permitted actions under the agreements.

Statistical information, classification (WCO), valuation, and origin of goods

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10. APPLICATION OF STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ON IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

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10. APPLICATION OF STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ON IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

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Customs are responsible for enforcing the law and ensuring the review process before releasing the goods through various technical quality standards inspections, and veterinary and plant health regulations.

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10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH PROTECTION

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10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH PROTECTION

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Relevant international conventions (BRS):

Basel Convention; hazardous wastes and their disposal

Rotterdam Convention; hazardous chemicals and pesticides in

international trade

Stockholm Convention; persistent organic pollutants

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To combat drug trafficking effectively, many customs authorities do more than strengthen their traditional intelligence and control capabilities.

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Also includes endangered species, cultural heritage goods, precious minerals and gemstones, food products, and goods subject to high excise duties such as tobacco, alcohol, and fuels, among others.

- Customs contributes to National Security and Combatting Terrorism

- Fight against Cross- Border Crime and Intelligence Gathering

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Customs administration processes are similar worldwide since they have the same objectives and types of expected results in all countries and by the existence of international conventions and standards (global harmonization of steps)

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Customs control is often more present on the import side than on the export side, yet customs is equally in charge of export and import.

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Customs are constantly evolving in favor of well-functioning & effective customs administration, moreover, various events like slowbalization (2008), COVID.19, and temporary blockage of the Suez Canal have forced companies to start reorienting their supply chains from just-in-time to just-in-case

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New technologies and the growth of electronic commerce

bring uncertainty to future trade modalities.

Geopolitical tensions, regional instability, state fragility, and criminal activities are still considerable problems

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13.1 Fragile and Conflict- Affected States (FCS)

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13.1 Fragile and Conflict- Affected States (FCS)

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To enhance performance customs administrations will have to adapt to the global, regional, and national contexts.

Lack of state legitimacy, limited administrative capacity, chronic humanitarian crises, persistent social tensions, and either ongoing violence or a significant legacy from armed conflict and civil war.

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There should be a persistent interagency effort that brings together the work of the WB, the International Trade Centre (ITC), UNCTAD, IMF, WTO, WCO, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), with the support of bilateral donors, to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of capacity development in developing and least developed countries on trade related issues.

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