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1. Be respectful.

2. Have fun!

3. Complete each section in this Padlet as you tour around The Rocks.

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When the Endeavour had sailed past the location 18 years earlier, Cook had simply noted: “About two or three miles from the land and abreast of a bay or harbour wherein there appeared to be safe anchorage, which I called Port Jackson.”

Early in the afternoon of the second day of their exploration, Phillip and his party discovered a large sheltered bay with a freshwater stream flowing into it. As Phillip later relayed to England, they “had the satisfaction of finding the finest harbour in the world”. It was decided that their new home would be here, not Botany Bay. It was named Sydney Cove after Lord Sydney, the home secretary of England at that time. John White was even more blown away by Port Jackson, gushing that it was “without exception, the finest and most extensive harbour in the universe”.

On 23 January 1788, Phillip and his party returned to Botany Bay and gave orders for the entire fleet to immediately set sail for Port Jackson. But the next morning, strong headwinds blew, preventing the ships from leaving the harbour. On 25 January, King wrote: “The wind blowing strong from the NNE prevented … our [the Supply] going out,” adding that they were obliged “to wait for the ebb tide and at noon we weighed and turned out of the harbour”. In the meantime, the rest of the fleet was still trying to sail out of Botany Bay.

According to Lieutenant Ralph Clark:

If it had not been by the greatest good luck, we should have been both on the shore [and] on the rocks, and the ships must have been all lost, and the greater part, if not the whole on board drowned, for we should have gone to pieces in less than half of an hour.

Finally... by 3 p.m. on January 26, 1788, all 11 ships of the First Fleet had safely arrived in Port Jackson.

Meanwhile, while waiting for the others to arrive, Phillip and a small party from the Supply had rowed ashore and planted a Union Jack, marking the beginning of European settlement in Australia.

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Black skies and raging seas: how the First Fleet got a first taste of Australia's unforgiving climate

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The women screamed as the huge waves crashed loudly on the wooden deck. Horrified, they watched the foaming torrent wash away their blankets. Many dropped to their knees, praying for the violent rocking to stop. The sea raged around them as the wind whipped up into a frenzy, damaging all but one of the heavily loaded ships.

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Using the three sources above, briefly (note briefly Sir - no novels :)) explain why the British chose Sydney Cove as the place to begin colonisation in Australia rather than Botany Bay. Write your name in the comments below and then write your answer.

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Did you know?

The cottage is believed to have been built on the site of a former Aboriginal camp.

The cottage is Sydney's third-oldest building and it may be where Arthur Phillip stepped ashore on January 26 to plant the British flag.

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Sydney Gaol was a temporary goal built in 1797. The prison was described as 'a strong double logged gaol of 80 feet in length, with separate cells for prisoners' but was 'afterwards burnt by design, but no discovery of the incendiary'.

Upon the burning down of the timber structure, a permanent Sydney Gaol was planned in 1799 and erected the following year. It was 'a handsome and commodious stone gaol at Sydney with separate apartments for the debtors, and six strong and secure cells for condemned felons.' Behind a high wall on the corner of George and Essex Streets in the Rocks, it housed both male and female prisoners. Executions took place in its grounds, viewable by the public who could watch from a nearby hill.

However, too soon the gaol became overcrowded and dilapidated and in 1833 Governor Bourke recommended the erection of a new gaol at the Colony's expense because of the 'ruinous state' of the existing premises: 'The gaol in its present crowded state, without classification or labour, is a moral pestilence, and from its confined and low situation in the most populous part of the Town, appears likely at any moment to generate a physical one.'

Sydney Gaol closed in 1841 and the prisoners were transferred to the new Gaol in Darlinghurst.

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It's January 1788 and a mysterious fleet is amassing in the harbour. Seven clan leaders must make a momentous decision: to send these strangers on their way or welcome them?

Based on the source above, how did the Eora people view the arrival of the British?

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"The Visitors" a play by Jane Harrison - Sydney Festival 2020 Performance Teaser

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The Rocks has a fascinating history that’s shaped the precinct into what it is today. We’re looking back at the story of Australia’s most historic precinct.

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My search results from City of Sydney Archives

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Check out the results of my search at City of Sydney Archives

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Foundation Park is formerly the site of eight colonial housing ruins built on this sandstone cliff and rocky hill from 1874 - 1878. It was only until 1972 when this site was transformed into a park, featuring archaeological remains of the long-vanished houses with collection of artwork which models the 19th century furniture.

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Hickson Road Reserve overlooks the harbour and here you can imagine how the Eora Clans reacted to strange visitors landing in Wocconmagulli - now known as Bennelong Point and Circular Quay.

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The Argyle Gallery has a large collection of unique Aboriginal art and fine crafts, sourced directly from Aboriginal communities and the artists themselves. This 20 year old gallery has a collection of Aboriginal art which is available to buy and features dreamtime stories which tell the tales of Indigenous bloodlines and languages.

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Ann Marsh - The Story of a Female Convict

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Ann Marsh - The Story of a Female Convict

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In the 1790s, searching for a means of supporting herself and her children, convict Ann Marsh established the first commercial boat service between Sydney and Parramatta, making the most of the opportunities available to industrious convicts in this era.

As a young woman in Devon, England, Ann’s life changed dramatically in early 1789, when she was convicted for stealing a bushel of wheat, and was transported to New South Wales for seven years.

She left from Plymouth on the Lady Juliana, a convict ship that formed part of the Second Fleet and contained 229 female convicts and six of their children. This vessel was nicknamed ‘the floating brothel’ and formed part of a move to address the gender imbalance in the penal colony. As a result of this, a number of women who might otherwise have received lighter sentences, were transported instead.

On board the Lady Juliana, Ann became pregnant to ship’s surgeon Richard Alley, who abandoned her after arrival in Sydney. Ann then met convict apothecary John Irvine, and was pregnant with his child when he died. With her later husband William Chapman, Ann had eight children and ran a bakery, a butchery and general store, as a sideline to the ferry businesses which she established in about 1798.

Ann also seems to have got involved in the illegal sale of grog. In 1802, she was:

Convicted of selling spirits without a license on the Sabbath, and bribing a Constable to say she had only half-a-gallon in her house when she had eight gallons. Exclusive of the forfeiture of the spirits and the bribe of five pounds, she incurred the different Penalties amounting to twenty pounds sterling, which has been levied on her effects. This example, it is hoped, will deter others from incurring similar losses. It is the Governor's express Orders that no Spirits are even to be given by any person, or sold by any licensed person, upon the Sabbath.

But by 1811, she had become a legal operator, holding a wine and spirit licence for the King’s Head Tavern (pin dropped here).

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By 1823, about 1,200 people lived in The Rocks, most of them emancipists and convicts and their children. The 1820s and 1830s were marked by the expansion and consolidation of trade, as the houses, stores and wharves of merchants and ship-owners expanded right around Dawes Point to Millers Point and Cockle Bay (now Darling Harbour).

A substantial stone bond store, built from 1826 in Argyle Street, served as the first Customs House, and still stands as part of the Argyle Stores. The buildings on the surrounding slopes ranged from substantial two-storey residences, shops and hotels to small rental tenements of one or two rooms. Nearby, massive quarries around Observatory Hill supplied stone for building and left behind sheer cliff faces.

After the end of transportation in 1840 and with the discovery of gold in 1851, immigration to the colony rose dramatically, resulting in an intense demand for housing. The Rocks became a place where immigrant people found their first foothold, squeezed into existing houses and even converted stables.