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Medics were really important in the civil war. They assisted the doctors,  dressed wounds, and helped feed the wounded. At the end of the war, there were over 12,000 doctors in the Union Army and over 3000 in the Confederate Army.

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In the civil war, there were new weapons. These weapons included of rifled gun barrels, the Minie ball, and the repeating rifles. A rifled gun barrel is a crucial part of gun-type ranged weapons such as small firearms, artillery pieces and air guns. The Minie ball, is a type of hollow-based bullet designed by Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle, for muzzleloaded rifled muskets. It came to prominence in the Crimean War and the American Civil War. A repeating rifle is a single-barreled rifle capable of repeated discharges between each ammunition reloads. These weapons really impacted the civil war. It has been known that the North has way better weapons than the south. Innovations like these not only affected the way people fought in wras, but it also helped the way people lived their ives back then when the civil war was happening.

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On april 5, 1846, The donner party started their adventure to travel all the way froom Springfield, Illinois, to California. All of these travelers were George Donner, his brother Jacob, and James Frazier Reed, with their families. Each man had three covered wagons and hired teamsters to drive the oxygen that pulled them. Reed also had two servants, which were Eliza and Baylis Williams. There were 87 people in the donner party group. The Donner Party migrated because of the theory of manifest destiny. They wanted to discover the west land. Another reason the group decided to move westward was to take party in the theory of manifest destiny. On December 16, 1846, 15 of the strongest members of the Donner Party strapped on makeshift snowshoes and tried to walk out of the mountains to find help. After wandering the frozen landscape for several days, they were left starving and on the verge of collapse.

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Whether black or white, Northern or Southern, rich or poor, women confronted terrifying and struggling obstacles during the Civil War. They were not treated right, nor the same way as the men were. At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and fought for armies. Women eventually increasingly took over jobs in factories that would steriotypically be for the men. They took over the jobs in farms and factories as the men left for war. The civil war gave women many opportunities to work as nurses and teachers, professions dominated by men before the civil war.

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Sarah Emma Edmonds was on a mission. Once she ran away from home, she need to find something to do. She started selling bibles because she needed more money, bu she had to pretend to be a man so she would get more. In 1861, Sarah was waiting for a train while she was out. She heard a newspaper boy yelling that the president of the Unted States needed 75,000 men to fight for the Union. Sarah wondered what she could do. She hated the thought she wasn't envolved in the war, so she had to make a change. First, she enlisted in the Union army. At first, they didn't accept her because she was too small. She then tried again. SHe pretended she way through a bunch of questions and then became a male nurse in the second volunteers of the US army. But being a nurse wasn't enough for her. She started to get very good at pretending, and changed her name to Cuff. She eventually made it in the army, and was helping so much people. While still pretending. Sarah Emma Edmonds was a great pretender. No one ever knew.

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Sarah Emma Edmonds was a girl in a boys mind. In the 1840s in Canada, Girls weren't allowed to do many things around the world, so she had to pretend she was a boy. Her father, unfortunatley, did not like Sarah being a girl at all. He didn't even like the pretend Sarah as a boy. He wanted the real thing. Sarah's dad got so mad to the point where he would punish her daily. By the 1850s, Sarah ran away from home to the United states. Once she ran away, she started selling bibles to amke money since she didn't have any on her. It was very unusual for  a women to be traveling by herself back then. That resulted in not a lot of people buying her books, so she went on and pretended to be a man again. She called herself Frank Thompson. She then got a lot of money. Nowadays, we are aloud to be ourselves and be women.

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Abraham lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Larue County, KY. Lincoln's childhood was rough. One main tragic event during his childhood was when his mom died when he was age 9. His poor family unfortunatley moved many times, which probably caused him a lot of stress. BEfore he was elected as the 16th president, he became a self-taught lawyer, legislator and vocal opponent of slavery, then was finally elected as president. During his time in office, he oversaw the American Civil War, abolished slavery and changed the role of the federal government in American life and politics. On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was killed at Ford's Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth, who somehow thought he was helping the South. The opposite was the result, for with Lincoln's death, the possibility of peace with magnanimity died.

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Whitney was born in Massachusettes, on December 8, 1765. He is msot famous for his inventon he made that made significant impacts on the United States in the mid-19th century. In 1973, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a mechanical device that removes seeds from cotton. Eli Whitney. After graduating from University. He originally planned to work as a private tutor but instead accepted an invitation to stay with Catherine Greene he made his cotton gin invention. Although it took him 10 years to finish his invention, he was credited with playing a pioneer role in the development of the American system of mass-production. Later on, in 1825, Eli Whitney unfortunetly passed away due to cancer, just a mnth after his birthday.

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The first ship used in the civil war was called "Ironclad". The ironclad was a new kind of warship as it was first used in the Civil War. These ships were proctected by an outer layer of iron. They were so much more difficult to sink with the cannonballs. I think that the iron ships would be the critical in the civil war victory because iron is very important when to comes to protection. I think that the iron would help in the Civil War by making the chances higher for you to survive. I think that if the other side was shooting at you in the war, the iron on the ships will make a big impact and it won't break as easily as if there were no iron.

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The Fugitive slave act all started on September 18, 1850 by congress. This act was all started so that the slaves could be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying to free the slaves. Under this law, however, law fugitives could not testify on their own behalf, nor were they permitted a trial by jury. Heavy penalties were imposed upon federal marshals who refused to enforce the law or from whom a fugitive escaped; penalties were also imposed on individuals who helped slaves to escape. Republican and Free Soil congressmen regularly introduced bills and resolutions related to repealing the act, but the law persisted until after the beginning of the Civil War. It wasn't until June 28, 1864, that both of the Fugitive Slave Acts were repealed by an act of Congress.

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What a "Ticket to freedom" means to me is when you do stuff that could lead to success. Harriet Tubman's ticket to freedom was working as a slave to finally becoming free and also freeing 300 more slaves. One modern-day ticket to freedom is education. This means when you go to school/work, the ticket to freedom is a successful life and money. Education is a ticket to freedom to me because I relate to it. I relate to it because I do school, and once I'm out of school I get my freedom by getting a degree and a successful life and even a family. This relates to Harriet Tubman's story because we both worked hard to finally get our freedom.

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The telgraph is an invention made in the 1830s-1840s by Samuel Morse and other inventors. It was invented in order to communicate from long distance. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. When the telegraph opened, $7.40 for ten words, while a ten word message sent to england was $100. The first telegraph message was made by the inventor of the telegraph, "What hath God wrought?" Taken from the bible, 23:23. 144 years after Samuel Morse sent the first telegram in Washington, the world's final telegram will be sent in India on July 14, 2013. Telegraph services ended in the United States seven years ago. In India, the century old communication medium is still widely used to send messages.

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The corporal punishment was a phsical punishment to cause physical pain to a person. It started in the 18th century,  and was used in instances that did not call for a death penatly. Some conorporal punishments happened in school, which is the one I will be talking about.  School corporal punishments are a disipline method which the supervisors use to disipline the children to bring physicsl pain to them in repsonse of bad behavior, not following set rules, not following dress code, being tardy, running in the hallway, going to the bathroom without permission, or innapropiate language. Some forms of this punishment are flogging, beating, spanking, slapping, pinching pulling and many more. Some people say that this is a good thing because it motivates kids to do good in school, but some people dissgaree. The other people say that this isn't a good exmple and can caue more harm then good. As of 2018, corporal punishment is still legal in private schools in every U.S. state except New Jersey and Iowa, legal in public schools in nineteen states and practiced in fifteen.

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A major reform movement that was given a lot of support was the education reform movement. The education reform movement was made to make education more available for children. The man who led this movement was called Horace Mann. The purpouse of this movement was to transform school structures with the aim of raising the quality of education in a country.  Many education scholars made an end of the common-school era around 1900. In the early 1900s, schools generally became more regional and local and control of schools moved away from elected school boards and toward professionals.

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Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside of prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, or implement alternitives to incarnation. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes. The prison reforment was so important because not only because it helps prisoners to be procted and to have human rights, but also to ame sure that the rincple is respected. In 1644-1718, William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, played a amjor role in getting society to treat prisoners humanely and respectfully. Public outcry toward this reform led to an end to debt laws in most states by the 1850s. Those convicted of minor crimes had also been housed with serious offenders. However, during the mid-1800s separate "houses of correction" were built for petty criminals.

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Slavery started in 1619, when white people called native-americans slaves and racial slurs. They were treated like animals. This lead to many deaths. The Portguese were the first to start the slave trade. The slave trade took place in africa, where whte europians would sell, capture, and buy enslaved people. Slavery has existed throughout the world in ancient times, and trading slaves has been univerisly equal. As of 2018, the country with the most slaves is India, with around 8 million. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, and on January 1, 1863, he made it official that “slaves within any State, or designated part of a State…in rebellion,… shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”

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Working as a mill was very hard. Most millhands woke up very early in the morning, working ten to twelve hours straight. Mill owners only hired women and children to take advantage of them. They would pay them less, because they thought that they could get away with it. They were still happy with this, not knowing they were being treated terribly, because they were excited to actually work and not be in the house all the time. One hundred years ago, on March 25, fire spread through the factory on floors 8 ,9, 10 which caused to take many women and childrens lives.

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Although 20,000 people have died in the Orgeon trail, it was very intresting. Most deaths were casued by starvation and scarce amount of water. But, some deaths were caused by attacks. For example, rattlesnake attacks. It took the people on the walk 4-6 months to finally arrive to Oregon. It was roughly a 2,000 mile walk from Missouri to Oregon. The trail pointed the way to the UNited States to acheive what is now called "Manifest Destiny" to reach "From sea to shining sea. One of the biggest challenges during the trail was faced by most travelers was to steady their usage of money along the Oregon trail. Many children were born during the trail. It was estimated that 40,000 of the emigrants were children. The Oregon Trail was finally ended in 1869, when the railroad was completed. Settlers chose way more faster transportations.

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The fur trade began in the 1500's. It continued for more than 250 years. Fur trappers hunted animals and made clothing from their fur. They also hunted the animals for food, since they were scarce on it. Some fur trappers did their work alone. However, most worked for the fur companies that sent trappers out in small groups. The fur trappers headed west not because they wanted more money, but really because they loved the land there. As of 2013, the average amount per trapper was $3,759. Today, the averge income is closer to $2,000.  in 1701, the French and their allies reached a truce, which effectively ended the fur trade.