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People thought of William Shakespeare as Michelangelo when it came to literature. In his tragic themed plays he taught many that there are many sides to tragedy including drama.

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The play writer William Shakespeare had many parts in his plays describing the way he thought of tragedy. One is called "Tragic Hero". He also had many themes and one of them was "Good vs. Evil".

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All of Shakespeare's comedies have a set of shared tropes , which is a particular pattern that helps them identify as comedies. Shakespeare's comedies are quite definitely humorous but are not the defining characteristic.

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In his comedies, he converts his comic forms into " grander realms ." This means he converts it from the TV sitcom level to a tragic and epic level. Most of Shakespeare's comedies contain merely no propose or value at all.

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characters in a comedy do not violate ethic principals in order to come to turns with their conflicts, or at least they do not succeed at it.

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Beyond a Common Joy: An Introduction to Shakespearean Comedy - 2008, Page ix by Paul A. Olson. | Online Research Library: Questia

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Beyond a Common Joy: An Introduction to Shakespearean Comedy - 2008, Page ix by Paul A. Olson. Read Beyond a Common Joy: An Introduction to Shakespearean Comedy now at Questia.

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Tragedy from Shakespeare focused on sadness and on character growth in which lessons are learned from a traumatic event. For example Juliet and Romeo learned the values of love then DIED.

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Comedy's and tragedies both revolve around character development in which the main character undergoes change. Tragedies  end with sadness while comedies end in a lighter mood.

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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TRAGEDY AND COMEDY: 

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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN TRAGEDY AND COMEDY: 

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In Shakespearean comedy there tends to be perfect unison and the same drama . This causes characters to unify and form the same characteristics.

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Summary- An Introduction to Shakespearean Tragedy

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Summary- An Introduction to Shakespearean Tragedy

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Many that enjoy watching or reading Shakespearean tragedy and say that the protagonist usually learns something from the catastrophe. *A protagonist is the central character or leader usually referred to as the hero.
* A catastrophe is the final action completing the plot.

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Muhammad Rafiq is a freelance writer, blogger, and translator with a Master's Degree in English literature from the University of Malakand.

What Is a Shakespearean Tragedy?

A Shakespearean tragedy is a play penned by Shakespeare himself, or a play written in the style of Shakespeare by a different author. Shakespearean tragedy has got its own specific features, which distinguish it from other kinds of tragedies. It must be kept in mind that Shakespeare is mostly indebted to Aristotle's theory of tragedy in his works. The elements of a Shakespearean tragedy are discussed below.

A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language; in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions."

- Aristotle

The 9 Elements of Shakespearean Tragedy at a Glance:

What Is a Tragedy?

The word tragedy was derived from the Greek word tragoidia, which means 'the song of the goat.' It is called "the song of the goat" because in ancient Greece the theater performers used to wear goatskin costumes to represent satyrs.

Today in theater and literature a tragedy is a work that has an unhappy ending. The ending must include the main character's downfall.

Tragedy is a serious play or drama typically dealing with the problems of a central character, leading to an unhappy or disastrous ending brought on, as in ancient drama, by fate and a tragic flaw in this character, or, in modern drama, usually by moral weakness, psychological maladjustment, or social pressures."

- Webster Dictionary

How Is a Shakespearean Tragedy Different From a Regular Tragedy?

A Shakespearean tragedy is a specific type of tragedy (a written work with a sad ending where the hero either dies or ends up mentally, emotionally, or spiritually devastated beyond recovery) that also includes all of the additional elements discussed in this article.

Examples of the Elements in Macbeth

The 9 Elements of a Shakespearean Tragedy

Below we are going to take a more in-depth look at each of the elements of Shakespearean tragedy, as well as explore a few examples.

1. The Tragic Hero

A tragic hero is one of the most significant elements of a Shakespearean tragedy. This type of tragedy is essentially a one-man show. It is a story about one, or sometimes two, characters. The hero may be either male or female and he or she must suffer because of some flaw of character, because of inevitable fate, or both. The hero must be the most tragic personality in the play. According to Andrew Cecil Bradley, a noted 20th century Shakespeare scholar, a Shakespearean tragedy " is essentially a tale of suffering and calamity conducting to death." (Usually the hero has to face death in the end.)

An important feature of the tragic hero is that he or she is a towering personality in his/her state/kingdom/country. This person hails from the elite stratum of society and holds a high position, often one of royalty. Tragic heroes are kings, princes, or military generals, who are very important to their subjects. Take Hamlet, prince of Denmark; he is intellectual, highly educated, sociable, charming, and of a philosophic bent. The hero is such an important person that his/her death gives rise to full-scale turmoil, disturbance, and chaos throughout the land. When Hamlet takes revenge for the death of his father, he is not only killing his uncle but inviting his own death at the hands of Laertes. And as a direct result of his death, the army of Fortinbras enters Denmark to take control.

Characteristics of a Tragic Hero

2. Good vs. Evil

Shakespearean tragedies play out the struggle between good and evil. Most of them deal with the supremacy of evil and suppression of good. According to Edward Dowden, a 19th century noted poet and literary critic, "Tragedy as conceived by Shakespeare is concerned with the ruin or restoration of the soul and of the life of man. In other words, its subject is the struggle of Good and Evil in the world." Evil is presented in Shakespearean tragedies in a way that suggests its existence is an indispensable and ever-enduring thing. For example, in Hamlet, the reader is given the impression that something rotten will definitely happen to Denmark (foreshadowing). Though the reader gets an inkling, typically the common people of the play are unaware of the impending evil.

In Julius Caesar, the mob is unaware of the struggle between good and evil within King Caesar. They are also ignorant of the furtive and sneaky motives of Cassius. Goodness never beats evil in the tragedies of Shakespeare. Evil conquers goodness. The reason for this is that the evil element is always disguised, while goodness is open and freely visible to all. The main character (the most pious and honest person in the tragedy) is assigned the task of defeating the supreme evil because of his goodness. As a result, he suffers terribly and ultimately fails due to his fatal flaw. This tragic sentiment is perfectly illustrated by Hamlet in the following lines:

O cursed spite,

That ever I was born to set it right."

3. Hamartia

Hamartia is the Greek word for "sin" or "error", which derives from the verb hamatanein, meaning "to err" or "to miss the mark". In other words, hamartia refers to the hero's tragic flaw. It is another absolutely critical element of a Shakespearean tragedy. Every hero falls due to some flaw in his or her character. Here I will once again reference A. C. Bradley, who asserts, "The calamities and catastrophe follow inevitably from the deeds of men and the main source of these deeds is character." As a result of the fatal flaw, the hero falls from a high position, which usually leads to his/her unavoidable death.

A good example of hamartia can be seen in Hamlet when Hamlet's faltering judgment and failure to act lead him to his untimely death. He suffers from procrastination. He finds a number of opportunities to kill his uncle, but he fails because of his indecisive and procrastinating nature. Every time, he delays taking action. In one case he finds an opportunity to kill Claudius while Claudius is praying. Still, Hamlet forgoes the excellent opportunity to achieve his goal with the excuse that he doesn't want to kill a man while he is praying. He wants to kill Claudius when he is in the act of committing a sin. It is this perfectionism, failure to act, and uncertainty about the correct path that ultimately result in Hamlet's death and lead Denmark into chaos.

Hamartia, also called tragic flaw, (hamartia from Greek hamartanein, "to err"), inherent defect or shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy, who is in other respects a superior being favoured by fortune."

- Encyclopedia Britannica

4. Tragic Waste

In Shakespearean tragedies, the hero usually dies along with his opponent. The death of a hero is not an ordinary death; it encompasses the loss of an exceptionally intellectual, honest, intelligent, noble, and virtuous person. In a tragedy, when good is destroyed along with evil, the loss is known as a "tragic waste." Shakespearean tragedy always includes a tragic waste of goodness. Hamlet is a perfect example of tragic waste. Even though Hamlet succeeds in uprooting the evil from Denmark, he does so at the cost of his death. In this case, the good (Hamlet) gets destroyed along with evil (Claudius). Neither of them wins. Instead, they fail together.

5. Conflict

Conflict is another imperative element of a Shakespearean tragedy. There are two types of conflicts:
External Conflict
External conflict plays a vital role in the tragedies of Shakespeare. External conflict causes internal conflict in the mind of the tragic hero. Every tragic hero in a Shakespearean play is confronted with external conflicts that must be addressed. Hamlet, for example, is confronted with external conflict in the shape of his uncle, Claudius. He has to take revenge, but as a result of his uncle's craftiness and effective security, Hamlet isn't able to translate his ideas into action. This external conflict gives rise to internal conflict, which hinders Hamlet from taking any action.
Internal Conflict
Internal conflict is one of the most essential elements in a Shakespearean tragedy. It refers to the confusion in the mind of the hero. Internal conflict is responsible for the hero's fall, along with fate or destiny. The tragic hero always faces a critical dilemma. Often, he cannot make a decision, which results in his ultimate failure. Again, Hamlet is a perfect example. He is usually a doer, but over the course of the play, his indecision and frequent philosophical hangups create a barrier to action. Internal conflict is what causes Hamlet to spare the life of Claudius while he is praying.

6. Catharsis

Catharsis is a remarkable feature of a Shakespearean tragedy. It refers to the cleansing of the audience's pent-up emotions. In other words, Shakespearean tragedies help the audience to feel and release emotions through the aid of tragedy. When we watch a tragedy, we identify with the characters and take their losses personally. A Shakespearean tragedy gives us an opportunity to feel pity for a certain character and fear for another, almost as if we are playing the roles ourselves. The hero's hardships compel us to empathize with him. The villain's cruel deeds cause us to feel wrath toward him. Tears flow freely when a hero like Hamlet dies. At the same time we feel both sorry for Hamlet and happy that Claudius has received his proper punishment.

7. Supernatural Elements

Supernatural elements are another key aspect of a Shakespearean tragedy. They play an import role in creating an atmosphere of awe, wonder, and sometimes fear. Supernatural elements are typically used to advance the story and drive the plot. The ghost Hamlet sees plays an important role in stirring up internal conflict. It is the ghost who tells Hamlet his father was killed by his uncle Claudius and assigns him the duty of taking revenge. Similarly, the witches in Macbeth play a significant role in the plot. These witches are responsible for motivating Macbeth to resort to murder in order to ascend the throne of Scotland.

8. Absence of Poetic Justice

Poetic Justice means good is rewarded and evil is punished; it refers to a situation in which everything comes to a fitting and just end. There is no poetic justice in the tragedies of Shakespeare, rather, these plays contain only partial justice. Shakespeare understood that poetic justice rarely occurs outside of fiction. Good deeds often go without reward and immoral people are often free to enjoy life to its fullest. "Do good and have good" was considered an outdated ethos in the time of Shakespeare, which is why we don't find any poetic justice in his tragedies. Good is crushed along with evil. Hamlet dies along with Claudius.

9. Comic Relief

Comic relief is our final key element. Shakespeare didn't follow in the footsteps of his classical predecessors when writing tragedies. Greek and Roman writers didn't use comic relief. But Shakespeare wanted to relieve the tension for the reader and lighten up the mood here and there. A few examples of comic relief scenes include the grave digger scene in Hamlet, the drunken port scene in Macbeth, the fool is smarter than the king dialogue in King Lear, and the Polonius in the wings speech in Hamlet. We also have the following scene in Romeo and Juliet:

MERCUTIO: "No, 'tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church-door, but 'tis enough; 'twill serve. Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man. I am pepper'd, I warrant, for this world."

HAMLET: Whose Grave's this, sirrah?

CLOWN/GRAVEDIGGER: Mine, sir....

HAMLET: What man dost thou dig it for?

CLOWN: For no man, sir.

HAMLET: What woman then?

CLOWN: For none neither.

HAMLET: Who is to be buried in't?

CLOWN: One that was a woman, sir; but, rest her soul, she's dead.

HAMLET: How absolute the knave is! We must speak by the card, or equivocation will undo us.

- Shakespeare

Other Types of Shakespearean Plays

Shakespeare's tragedies are certainly among his most famous works. They include classics like Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Julius Caesar, and Romeo and Juliet, all of which are mentioned above. However, tragedies were not the only type of play he wrote. In fact, many of his other works fall into three distinct categories. They include comedies (like A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, and The Taming of the Shrew), histories (such as Anthony and Cleopatra, Henry VIII, and Richard III), and romances (including The Tempest, Cymbeline, and The Winter's Tale). Each type of Shakespearean play, the tragedies, comedies, histories, and romances, have their own set of defining characteristics uniquely attributed to The Bard himself, and those characteristics are responsible for the enduring popularity of his works and style today.

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Definition and Characteristics of Shakespearean Tragedy

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Muhammad Rafiq is a freelance writer, blogger, and translator with a Master's Degree in English literature from the University of Malakand. A Shakespearean tragedy is a play penned by Shakespeare himself, or a play written in the style of Shakespeare by a different author.

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1000 words and writing

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One of the main features of Renaissance art is that it was inspired by classical art and philosophy. This is evident in the work of such artists as Michelangelo who, caught up in the spirit of Humanism that was sweeping across Europe, focused on the human form. Focusing on the human form during Mediaeval times would have been impossible as it would have been a distraction from the necessary focus on God.

The essence of Humanistic art was that human beings were created in God's image so it was possible for Michelangelo even to portray God - as a beautiful and physically powerful man with realistic human features, presented as perfection - in fact, the human form at its most beautiful. Artists became anatomists, going as far as buying human bodies for dissection. The result was a new realism in the representation of human beings in art.

Shakespeare is, in a way, the Michelangelo of literature. That he could, in one play, Othello, written four hundred years ago, represent what we can recognise as a modern psychopath and a modern alcoholic, in Iago and Cassio respectively, is incredible. Iago is a fully realised physochological character just as the David is a fully realized man physically.

Greek drama was an important model for Renaissance drama after the flat, unrealistic morality plays of the mediaval centuries. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, defined tragedy and asserted that it was the noblest and most serious, dignified and important form of drama. Many of the plays of the Renaissance resembled those Greek tragedies. In several of Shakespeare's plays there is a central protagonist who undergoes a harrowing experience as he is brought down from his lofty height, ending up dead. There is also a special feeling created in an observer of those Shakespearedramas, similar to the feeling described by Aristotle as the effect of tragedy on an observer. Critics thus thought of those Shakespeare plays as tragedies and that notion has remained with us to this day, although many of those interested inShakespeare are now thinking differently about the plays. There are still teachers, though, who teach the 'tragedies' as though they were Aristotelian tragedies and miss a great deal of what those plays are doing.

In his Poetics Aristotle outlines tragedy as follows: The protagonist is someone of high estate; a prince or a king. He is like us - perhaps a bit different in his level of nobility so that we can both identify with him and admire him as a man as well as respect him for his high estate. The protagonist has a 'tragic flaw' in his character which makes him contribute to his own destruction. This can take the form of an obsession. The flaw is often part of his greatness but it also causes his downfall. The flaw causes the protagonist to make mistakes and misjudgments. That in turn begins to alienate him from his supporters so that he becomes isolated. He begins to fall from his high level. He struggles to regain his position but fails and he comes crashing down. He eventually recognises his mistakes, but too late. An important aspect is the suffering he undergoes, which the audience observes and identifies with. We experience 'pity' and 'terror' as we watch what seems to us an avoidable suffering. At thend the air is cleared by the restoration of the order that existed before the events of the story and we experience what Aristotle calls 'catharsis' - a feeling of relief and closure.

Using the term 'tragedy' about Shakespeare's plays invites attempts to fit them to the Aristotelian pattern but none of them fits. Othello seems to conform to the pattern but when one thinks about it, Othello, superficially resembling a tragic hero, doesn't even seem to be the main character in the play. It can be seen as a modern psychological drama about a psychopath who manipulates everyone around him just for fun - just because he has nothing better to do - and destroying other human beings gives him pleasure or is necessary because they get in his way. Othello may seem to have a fatal flaw - too trusting, gullible - but so do all the other characters, because Iago has deceived them all with his psychopathic charm and a deliberate effort of making himself appear trustworthy. Every misjudgment Othello makes is the hard work of Iago. Easily manipulated? Jealous? Does he have all those 'tragic flaws' as well? The feeling at the end is not quite Aristotle either. Perhaps it is more of a disgust for Iago than pity for Othello, who comes across as more stupid than tragic. And to make things more complicated, our feeling of pity is directed more to Desdamona. And yet some teachers miss the meaning of this play by their insistence on teaching it as an Aristotelian tragedy.

Antony and Cleopatra is sometimes called a 'double tragedy'. While Othello appears to fit the Aristotelian pattern because of the huge charisma of Othello at the beginning of the play Antony and Cleopatra cannot fit it in any shape or form. In tragedy the focus is on the mind and inner struggle of the protagonist. The emotional information comes to the audience from that source. In comedy the information comes from a variety of sources and the comic effect is produced by a display of many different points of view, coming at the audience from different angles. That is exactly what happens in Antony and Cleopatra , so we have something very different from a Greek tragedy. What we have is a miracle - a tragic feeling coming out of a comic structure.

So what is Shakespearean tragedy? Perhaps there is no such thing. And yet we can identify a tragic feeling and even a cathartic effect in some of the plays. We must be very careful not to insist on fitting them to any pattern because that wouldn't help us understand the plays. We must look elsewhere for our understanding of them. Moreover, all of Shakespeare's plays have elements of both tragedy and comedy, sometimes very finely balanced, creating effects that Aristotle could never have dreamt of.

List of Shakespeare's Tragedy Plays

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Using the term 'tragedy' about Shakespeare's plays invites attempts to fit them to the Aristotelian pattern but none of them fits. Othello seems to conform to the pattern but when one thinks about it, Othello, superficially resembling a tragic hero, doesn't even seem to be the main character in the play.

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Complete list of Shakespeare's plays, by genre :|: Open Source Shakespeare

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An introduction to Shakespearean tragedy | The British Library

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By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. For more details of these cookies and how to disable them, see our cookie policy. An introduction to Shakespearean tragedy Despite their dazzling diversity, the tragedies of Shakespeare gain their enduring power from a shared dramatic vision, argues Kiernan Ryan.

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Main Difference - Comedy vs Tragedy

Comedy and Tragedy are two genres of literature that traces their origins back to the Ancient Greece. In simple terms, the main difference between comedy and tragedy is that the comedy is a humorous story with a happy ending while a tragedy is a serious story with a sad ending. Before moving into analyzing the difference between comedy and tragedy further, let us first look at these genres separately.

What is a Comedy

A comedy can be simply defined as a story with a happy ending that makes the audience laugh. A comedy is a story that illustrates idiosyncrasies of ordinary people, has a happy ending where protagonist achieves his goal at the end. A successful comedy not only has the ability to make the audience happy and amused but can also make the audience understand serious social or individual problems. A Comedy can be categorized into various genres like Farce, Burlesques, Satire, Domestic Comedy, Comedy of Manners, Comedy of errors, etc. Some examples of famous comedies include Shakespeare's: "As you like it", "Much ado about nothing", "A midsummer night's dream" Moliere's "The Imaginary Invalid", "The Miser"

What is a Tragedy

In simple terms, a tragedy is a story with a sad and depressing ending. A tragedy always deals with an extraordinary person who is led to downfall through his own weakness. A successful tragedy has the ability to evoke pity and fear in the audience. In a tragedy, the protagonist's (who is noble and powerful) life goes from good to bad. Some famous tragedies include Hamlet (Shakespeare), Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (Christopher Marlow) and Le Cid (Corneille)

Tragedy can be further categorized into genres such as revenge tragedy, domestic tragedy, Bourgeois tragedy, Shakespearean tragedy, etc.

However, it should be noted another genre of plays that contain both tragic and comic elements. This is called a tragicomedy.

Difference Between Comedy and Tragedy

Characters

tend to be ordinary, common: people we meet in everyday life.

Protagonist

Comedy: Protagonist is an ordinary person, but shows a willingness to learn and change.

Tragedy: Protagonist is a member of royalty, a nobleman or a divine being and shows reluctance to change.

Hero

Tragedy: Protagonist of a tragedy is called a tragic hero.

Tone

Purpose

Tragedy: Tragedy emphasizes on human idiosyncrasies and make suggestions for improvements.

Conflict

Language

View

Tragedy: Tragedy takes the view that life is a misfortune because it is filled with pain and suffering and always inevitably ends in death, loss etc.

Ending

Tragedy: Tragedy has a mournful ending.

Image Courtesy:

"Johann Heinrich Füssli 039″ by Henry Fuseli - The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH.(Public Domain) via Commons

"Edwin Austin Abbey King Lear, Act I, Scene I The Metropolitan Museum of Art" by Edwin Austin Abbey - Metropolitan Museum of Art. (Public Domain) via Commons

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Comedy and Tragedy are two genres of literature that traces their origins back to the Ancient Greece. In simple terms, the main difference between comedy and tragedy is that the comedy is a humorous story with a happy ending while a tragedy is a serious story with a sad ending.

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What is the difference between tragedies, comedies, and histories and what are they?

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No Sweat Shakespeare. n.d. Web. 23 Feb, 2011. William Shakespeare. n.d. Web. 24 Feb, 2011. Shakespeare Resource Centre. 6 Feb, 2011. Web. 26 Feb, 2011. http://www.bardweb.net/works.html By Catherine L. Cannell

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mistaken identity comedic characters traits outline shakespeare comedy traits of shakespeare comedy drama elements tragedy vs. comedy

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Elements of Shakespearean Comedy - Exploring what makes a comedy a comedy

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An examination of the differences between tragedy and comedy and the elements of Shakespearean comedy

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Although their final acts couldn't be any more dissimilar, classic tragedies and comedies share a wide range of similarities. In fact, other than the difference in the hero's fate at the end, well structured comedies and tragedies are built around the same basic principles, as both use intimate looks at characters to extrapolate themes about the world in which they are set.

Character Development

Both tragedies and comedies hinge upon their characters and their characters' personal development over the course of the play. Like modern fiction, there isn't much of a story in a play unless one of the characters undergoes a significant change in outlook or personal growth as part of the conflict. In most cases, this character development isn't independently triggered by events unfolding in the plot, but is a central catalyst to the story. Situations create self-awareness in characters, who apply their new outlook to their lives, further driving conflict or forcing change. In "Romeo and Juliet" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream," both Juliet and Hermia's awareness of love against proscribed social bonds is created, and then drives each play.

Morally Flawed Characters

Although the Greeks introduced the notion of the tragic flaw into their characters, Renaissance writers refined the idea. No longer was a flaw limited to epic heroes and laid the grounds for their undoing, but a symptom present in almost all common men. These moral flaws are either tested against societal rules, as Romeo and Juliet's love and commitment is tested by the feud between their families, or society exposes the moral flaw in a character driving the story, such as in Voltaire's "Tartuffe," which centers on the titular characters' moral shortcomings and hypocrisy.

Examination of Social Issues

While the draw of a tragedy or comedy is the power that their highly emotionally identifiable characters bring to the stage, comedies and tragedies use people to expose societal issues. Whether it's by showing the emotional turmoil caused by social pressures or by plotting the undoing of social norms, social issues provide the foundation for every comedy and tragedy. Euripides' "Medea" explores the role of women in Greek society, Shakespeare's "Hamlet" centers around the machinations of a royal court and "A Raisin in the Sun" confronts de facto racism in America in the middle of the 20th century.

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The Similarities Between Tragedy & Comedy

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Although their final acts couldn't be any more dissimilar, classic tragedies and comedies share a wide range of similarities. In fact, other than the difference in the hero's fate at the end, well structured comedies and tragedies are built around the same basic principles, as both use intimate looks at characters to ...