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pop go the weasel

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she created the under ground rail road witch helped a bunch of slaves

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OUTRAGE

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The Maryland Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes and Others Unlawfully Held in Bondage was founded in 1789, the same year the former colonies replaced their Articles of Confederation with the new Constitution, “in order to form a more perfect union.”

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Abolitionist Appeal to WomenAbolitionist materials aimed at women often appealed to their sympathetic feeling as wives and mothers for the plight of slave women who might be separated from their husbands or children.

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Abolitionist Appeal to WomenAbolitionist materials aimed at women often appealed to their sympathetic feeling as wives and mothers for the plight of slave women who might be separated from their husbands or children.

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Allen

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some  qeql dleved in  slavre  and ok too tochr them.

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some  qeql dleved in  slavre  and ok too tochr them.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. This was a best selling novel that changed the way most Americans felt about and viewed slavery. She was born in Connecticut.

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Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolutionand in the Upper South during the 1820s, the abolitionist movement did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s.

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While Sojourner Truth, Douglass, Delaney and others wrote and spoke to end slavery, a former slave named Harriet Tubman, nee Harriet Ross, was actively leading slaves to freedom. After escaping from bondage herself, she made repeated trips into Dixie to help others. Believed to have helped some 300 slaves to escape, she was noted for warning those she was assisting that she would shoot any of them who turned back, because they would endanger herself and others she was assisting.

Tubman was an agent of the Underground Railroad, a system of “safe houses” and way stations that secretly helped runaways. The trip might begin by hiding in the home, barn or other location owned by a Southerner opposed to slavery, and continuing from place to place until reaching safe haven in a free state or Canada. Those who reached Canada did not have to fear being returned under the Fugitive Slave Act. Several communities and individuals claim to have created the term “Underground Railroad.” In the southern section of states on the north bank of the Ohio River, a “reverse underground railroad” operated; blacks in those states were kidnapped, whether they had ever been slaves or not, and taken South to sell through a series of clandestine locations.

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John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States. He was also the eldest son of President John Adams, the second U.S. president.

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The abolitionist movement in the united state of america was an effort to end slavery in a nation the valued

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Collection box for Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Circa 1850. Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism is a historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free.

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Blanche Glassman Hirsh, The Feminist Abolitionists (1978); Benjamin Quarles, The Black Abolitionists (1970); James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (1986).

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Elizur Wright

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William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalistic crusader who helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States.

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The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.

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From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination.

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William Seward was a New York governor and U.S. senator before serving as secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

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Frederick Douglass—a former slave who had been known as Frederick Bailey while in slavery and who was the most famous black man among the abolitionists—broke with William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper, The Liberator, after returning from a visit to Great Britain, and founded a black abolitionist paper, The North Star. The title was a reference to the directions given to runaway slaves trying to reach the Northern states and Canada: Follow the North Star. Garrison had earlier convinced the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society to hire Douglass as an agent, touring with Garrison and telling audiences about his experiences in slavery. In England, however, Douglass had experienced a level of independence he’d never known in America and likely wanted greater independece for his actions here.

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From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their propounding of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War.

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A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change.

One of the earliest known mathematicians was Thales of Miletus ( c. 624 - c. 546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales's theorem.

The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos ( c. 582 - c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean school, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins.

The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypatia of Alexandria ( c.  AD 350 - 415). She succeeded her father as librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).

Science and mathematics in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas. Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs, and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated, and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was al-Khawarizmi. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on optics, maths and astronomy of Ibn al-Haytham.

The Renaissance brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations: Luca Pacioli (founder of accounting); Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (notable engineer and bookkeeper); Gerolamo Cardano (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); Robert Recorde (physician) and François Viète (lawyer).

As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had begun in Britain's oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the scientists Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, and at Cambridge where Isaac Newton was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the "regurgitation of knowledge" to "encourag[ing] productive thinking." In 1810, Humboldt convinced the king of Prussia, Fredrick William III, to build a university in Berlin based on Friedrich Schleiermacher's liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to "take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking." Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve.

British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the Italian and German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and autonomy the changes there had begun with the Age of Enlightenment, the same influences that inspired Humboldt. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge emphasized the importance of research, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt's idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority. Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content. According to Humboldt, the mission of the University of Berlin was to pursue scientific knowledge. The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France. In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of "freedom of scientific research, teaching and study."

Required education

Mathematicians usually cover a breadth of topics within mathematics in their undergraduate education, and then proceed to specialize in topics of their own choice at the graduate level. In some universities, a qualifying exam serves to test both the breadth and depth of a student's understanding of mathematics; the students who pass are permitted to work on a doctoral dissertation.

Activities

Emmy Noether, mathematical theorist and teacher

Applied mathematics

Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called applied mathematicians. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and professional methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields. With professional focus on a wide variety of problems, theoretical systems, and localized constructs, applied mathematicians work regularly in the study and formulation of mathematical models. Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers.[citation needed ]

The discipline of applied mathematics concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving, applied mathematicians look into the formulation, study, and use of mathematical models in science, engineering, business, and other areas of mathematical practice.

Pure mathematics

Pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts. From the eighteenth century onwards, this was a recognized category of mathematical activity, sometimes characterized as speculative mathematics, and at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of navigation, astronomy, physics, economics, engineering, and other applications.

Another insightful view put forth is that pure mathematics is not necessarily applied mathematics: it is possible to study abstract entities with respect to their intrinsic nature, and not be concerned with how they manifest in the real world. Even though the pure and applied viewpoints are distinct philosophical positions, in practice there is much overlap in the activity of pure and applied mathematicians.

To develop accurate models for describing the real world, many applied mathematicians draw on tools and techniques that are often considered to be "pure" mathematics. On the other hand, many pure mathematicians draw on natural and social phenomena as inspiration for their abstract research.

Mathematics teaching

Many professional mathematicians also engage in the teaching of mathematics. Duties may include:

teaching university mathematics courses;

supervising undergraduate and graduate research; and

serving on academic committees.

Consulting

Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting. For instance, actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.

As another example, mathematical finance will derive and extend the mathematical or numerical models without necessarily establishing a link to financial theory, taking observed market prices as input. Mathematical consistency is required, not compatibility with economic theory. Thus, for example, while a financial economist might study the structural reasons why a company may have a certain share price, a financial mathematician may take the share price as a given, and attempt to use stochastic calculus to obtain the corresponding value of derivatives of the stock ( see: Valuation of options; Financial modeling).

Occupations

In 1938 in the United States, mathematicians were desired as teachers, calculating machine operators, mechanical engineers, accounting auditor bookkeepers, and actuary statisticians.

According to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles occupations in mathematics include the following.

Mathematician

Operations-Research Analyst

Mathematical Statistician

Mathematical Technician

Applied Statistician

Weight Analyst

Prizes in mathematics

There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics, though sometimes mathematicians have won the Nobel Prize in a different field, such as economics or physics. Prominent prizes in mathematics include the Abel Prize, the Chern Medal, the Fields Medal, the Gauss Prize, the Nemmers Prize, the Balzan Prize, the Crafoord Prize, the Shaw Prize, the Steele Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Schock Prize, and the Nevanlinna Prize.

The American Mathematical Society, Association for Women in Mathematics, and other mathematical societies offer several prizes aimed at increasing the representation of women and minorities in the future of mathematics.

Mathematical autobiographies

Several well known mathematicians have written autobiographies in part to explain to a general audience what it is about mathematics that has made them want to devote their lives to its study. These provide some of the best glimpses into what it means to be a mathematician. The following list contains some works that are not autobiographies, but rather essays on mathematics and mathematicians with strong autobiographical elements.

1. ^ "Medieval Sourcebook: Socrates Scholasticus: The Murder of Hypatia (late 4th Cent.) from Ecclesiastical History,Bk VI: Chap. 15". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14.

2. Röhrs, "The Classical Idea of the University", ^ Tradition and Reform of the University under an International Perspective p.20

3. See for example titles of works by ^ Thomas Simpson from the mid-18th century: Essays on Several Curious and Useful Subjects in Speculative and Mixed Mathematicks, Miscellaneous Tracts on Some Curious and Very Interesting Subjects in Mechanics, Physical Astronomy and Speculative Mathematics.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Simpson, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135.

4. Andy Magid, Letter from the Editor, in ^ Notices of the AMS, November 2005, American Mathematical Society, p.1173. [1] Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

5. ^ "020 OCCUPATIONS IN MATHEMATICS". Dictionary Of Occupational Titles. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02.

6. ^ Littlewood, J. E. (1990) [Originally A Mathematician's Miscellany published in 1953], Béla Bollobás (ed.), Littlewood's miscellany, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33702 X

7. ^ Harris, Michael (2015), Mathematics without apologies / portrait of a problematic vocation, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15423-7

Bibliography

Abattouy, Mohammed; Renn, Jürgen; Weinig, Paul (2001). "Transmission as Transformation: The Translation Movements in the Medieval East and West in a Comparative Perspective". Science in Context. Cambridge University Press. 14 (1-2): 1-12. doi:10.1017/S0269889701000011. S2CID 145190232.

Boyer (1991). A History of Mathematics.

Dunham, William (1994). The Mathematical Universe. John Wiley.

Halmos, Paul (1985). I Want to Be a Mathematician. Springer-Verlag.

Hardy, G.H. (2012) [1940]. A Mathematician's Apology (Reprinted with foreword ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60463-6. OCLC 942496876.

Rüegg, Walter (2004). "Themes". In Rüegg, Walter (ed.). A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1.

Further reading

External links

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A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. One of the earliest known mathematicians was Thales of Miletus ( c. 624 - c. 546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.

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William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalistic crusader who helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States.

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Harriet Beacher

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In the 1830s, American abolitionists, led by Evangelical Protestants, gained momentum in their battle to end slavery.

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         Allen    The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.

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         Allen    The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.

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Solomon Northup was an African-American farmer and musician who was taken hostage and sold into slavery in 1841; his story is told in the film 12 Years a Slave.

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susan b anthony publisher

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Elizur Wright was an American mathematician and abolitionist. He is sometimes described as the "father of life insurance" in the United States. He is also sometimes called the "father of insurance regulation", as he campaigned that life insurance companies must keep reserves, provide surrender values, and served as an insurance commissioner for the State of Massachusetts.

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William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalistic crusader who helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States.

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Arthur Tappan

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     Allen   African slavery began in North America in 1619 at Jamestown, Virginia

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     Allen   African slavery began in North America in 1619 at Jamestown, Virginia

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william seward governor

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Mum Bett (Elizabeth Freeman) was among the first slaves in Massachusetts to successfully sue for her freedom, encouraging the state to abolish slavery.

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Harriet Tubman

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(especially prior to the Civil War) a person who advocated or supported the abolition of slavery in the U.S.

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Gerrit Smith

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The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society; writers such as John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

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A person who advocated or supported the abolition of slavery in the U.S.

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John Brown (1800-1859), abolitionist who advocated armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery. He organized the Pottawatomie massacre (1856) and was later executed for leading an unsuccessful 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

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David Walker.

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An abolitionist was someone ho wanted to end slavery, especially in the united state before the civil war

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a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment.

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franklin pierce military leader

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Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War.

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The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.

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abolitionist john brown and harriet tubman are abolitionists and the definition is a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or slavery.

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Sojourner truth women's rights

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A person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery. John Brown and Harriet tubman were abolitionists.

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william LIoyd garrison wrote the liberater a news paper about slavery.

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Allen    a person who likes the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or) slavery.

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Allen    a person who likes the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or) slavery.

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Elizabeth Cady was a public figure in changing female rights

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The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.

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William Garrison from the Anti-Slavery Society and was friends with Fredrick Douglas!Josiah Henson was another famous abolitionist he was a minister and activist he was also born into slavery.

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John Brown just whent and attacked 20 men.

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Fredrick Douglas  wanted to abolish slavery everywhere in the U.S.A.

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Fredrick Douglas wanted to abolish slavery everywhere in the United States. Also Harriet Tubman escaped her owners and trekked miles to be free. She also went back to get her family and other slaves. She was risking getting caught to save the people that she loved.

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Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott were all abolitionists.